-
| ?: |
- [1][2][3] (, . Analog-to-digital converter, ADC) , ( ). (- , DAC).
, , . , , , , -. .
|
|
[]
, « »[4] (« -»). , , , 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,... ( 2), , , 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, ( 3, A000244 OEIS) [5].
[]
, . .
, . , . , 8- , 256 (0255),
, 8- , 6561 ,
.
, , . :
- 1
- = 0 10
- 12 : 212 = 4096
- : (10-0)/4096 = 0,00244 = 2,44
- 12 : 312 = 531 441
- : (10-0)/531441 = 0,0188 = 18,8
- 2
- = 10 +10
- 14 : 214 = 16 384
- : (10-(-10))/16384 = 20/16384 = 0,00122 = 1,22
- 14 : 314 = 4 782 969
- : (10-(-10))/4782969 = 0,00418 = 4,18
/ . , . (effective number of bits ENOB), , . , . / 6 .
[]
[]
, , , , k
- m(k + b)
- m(k + 1 + b),
m b . b, , 0 0.5. b = 0, (mid-rise), b = 0,5, (mid-tread).
[]
[]
. (, ) - . , (. jitter) , ( ).
, . 8- 1 1/256 , 0,4 %, 5- 1 1/243 , 0,412 %, 8- 1 1/6561, 0,015 %.
[]
. - . .
[]
, , (INL) (DNL).
[] ()
. . - (clock jitter). ,
, , , ,
.
, , .
,
.
| 44,1 | 192 | 1 | 10 | 100 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 | 28,2 | 6,48 | 1,24 | 124 | 12,4 |
| 10 | 7,05 | 1,62 | 311 | 31,1 | 3,11 |
| 12 | 1,76 | 405 | 77,7 | 7,77 | 777 |
| 14 | 441 | 101 | 19,4 | 1,94 | 194 |
| 16 | 110 | 25,3 | 4,86 | 486 | 48,6 |
| 18 | 27,5 | 6,32 | 1,21 | 121 | 12,1 |
| 24 | 430 | 98,8 | 19,0 | 1,9 | 190 |
, (clock jitter). , 24- , .
, . , AD9218 (Analog Devices):
Any high speed ADC is extremely sensitive to the quality of the sampling clock provided by the user. A track-and-hold circuit is essentially a mixer. Any noise, distortion, or timing jitter on the clock is combined with the desired signal at the analog-to-digital output.
[]
( T ) . . - , .
- , ( ). - . , , , : ( ), . , .
[] ()
. , , . , , . , , , - . , , , .
, , - - , , . , , , . ( ) alias ( , ). . , 2 , 1.5 500 . (aliasing).
, . , , , . , , , , , , : 10 , , , .
, . , ( ). , , , ( ) . , , / .
[] (dither)
(. dither). ( ) . , , . , 0 1 ( 0 1 ). , , , . , , , . . , . , . . . , ( ), , , .
, , . .
, (2009 ), 24- , dither 120 , , . , , - .
[]
[]
:
- :
-
-
- - ,[6] , (
, n - , k - ), ( 8- 2- 30 ). (k) -. k . , .. . ( ). , ( , ). , . , . - .
- - ,[6] , (
-
-
- , - , - , , .
-
-
- , (k=n), - , (
, n - , k - ) ( 8- 8 ). 1,5 [7].
- , (k=n), - , (
-
- (. delta-encoded ADC) , . . , . , , . , , . Tmax=(2q)/f, q , f . , . : ; , , .
- ( , ) , , , . ( ). ( ), , . TN, T , N ( , ). . , , . , . . . , n, , : n=UN(RI0)1, U , N ( ), R , , I0 , . , ( , ) . : , , . : , ( 2TN). , ( ) (n N , ) . 10 18 . , (, ) . . .
- . , -. , . , , , , . , .
- -- ( - ) - , .
.
[]
6 24 , 1 . - ( 2002). , - . ±0,5 ±1,5 .
[]
, , 192 . , , , ( -). , , , Hi-Fi- 44,1 ( -) 48 ( ). , , .
- 100 10 . . .
, , . PulseAudio Linux, / .
[]
- , .
[] .
[]
- . : . 1 / . . . . . .: , 1989. 168 . 55 000 . ISBN 5-7050-0155-X
- = Dictionary of Computing / . . .: . . . . .; . . . . .: , 1990. 560 . 70 000 (.) . ISBN 5-217-00617-X (), ISBN 0-19-853913-4 ()
- . . - ( ). .: , 1990. 335 . 50 050 (.) . ISBN 5-200-01169-3
- http://www.xfibo.ru/fibonachi/leonardo-pisano-fibonacci.htm
- http://www.pcweek.ru/themes/detail.php?ID=62567 . : . 24.09.2002
- -
- 4- . 6.
[]
- ., . . 3- : . 2. . . 4- ., . . .: , 1993. 371 . ISBN 5-03-002338-0.
- S. Norsworthy, R. Schreier, G. Temes. Delta-Sigma Data Converters. ISBN 0-7803-1045-4.
- Mingliang Liu. Demystifying Switched-Capacitor Circuits. ISBN 0-7506-7907-7.
- Behzad Razavi. Principles of Data Conversion System Design. ISBN 0-7803-1093-4.
- David Johns, Ken Martin. Analog Integrated Circuit Design. ISBN 0-471-14448-7.
- Phillip E. Allen, Douglas R. Holberg. CMOS Analog Circuit Design. ISBN 0-19-511644-5.
- . . . , 1969. / . ., . . . . .: . , 1974. 288 . 621.372.541.061
[]
- . - WBC GmbH « » № 3 2005
- - ,
- Learning by Simulations A simulation showing the effects of sampling frequency and ADC resolution.
- «Understanding analog to digital converter specifications» article by Len Staller 2005-02-24.
- Understanding Flash ADCs Tutorial on how flash analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) work.


. 8- 0,113 % .
.
,
).
, n - , k - ), ( 8- 2- 30 ). (k) -. k . , .. . ( ). , ( , ). , . , . - .
, n - , k - ) ( 8- 8 ). 1,5