azərbaycanlılar آذربایجانلیلار, azərilər آذری لر |
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́ (. azərbaycanlılar آذربایجانلیلار, azərilər آذری لر, azərbaycan/azəri türkləri)[36][37][38] [36][39] , - . 29 [1]. (), () ( ). ( ). .
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| The life styles of urban Azerbaijanis do not differ from those of Persians, and there is considerable intermarriage among the upper classes in cities of mixed populations. Similarly, customs among Azerbaijani villagers do not appear to differ markedly from those of Persian villagers.[191] |
:
| Azeris are famously active in commerce and in bazaars all over Iran their voluble voices can be heard. Older Azeri men wear the traditional wool hat, and their music & dances have become part of the mainstream culture. Azeris are well integrated, and many Azeri-Iranians are prominent in Persian literature, politics, and clerical world[192] |
. . ( ) ( ), [193]. , . « » (. « »), « əə» (« »)[194]. 14-16 . « , 19001914 ., 15 .. 11,8 %»[193].
, . XIX . . : « . ( ) , , -»[195]. , . : « - ( ) . . . , »[196]. [197], 1919 [198].
[] .
[]
- 1 2 3 Joshua Project Ethnic People Groups of the Turkic Peoples Affinity Bloc. Joshua Project. 25 2011. 3 2009.
- 1 2 Ethnologue report for language code: azb
- Iran People Groups. Joshua Project
- 1 2 UNPO Southern Azerbaijan
- 1 2 3 4 Islamic Fundamentalism In Azerbaijan: Myth Or Reality? The Jamestown Foundation
- 1 2 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009
- «Turkey: Religions & Peoples», Encyclopedia of the Orient (retrieved 7 June 2006)
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- - - ; () 8282 . (2010 .) 8918 . (2002 .)
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- 1 2 3 State Statistics Department of Georgia: 2002 census (retrieved 16 July 2006)
- «Population by selected ethnic origins, by province and territory (2006 Census)». statcan.gc.ca. 2009-07-28. http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo26a-eng.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-10. NB Canadian census on ancestry may not reflect current ethnic affiliation in Canada. (retrieved 7 June 2006). In the 2006 census, 1,480 people indicated 'Azeri'/'Azerbaijani' as a single response and 1,985 as part of multiple origins.
- http://www.azembassy.ca/ada/2008/ADA_8102.pdf
- Azeri population
- . 2009. ( .rar)
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- 1989 . 44,4 . ([1])
- People Population census of Turkmenistan 1995, Vol. 1, State Statistical Committee of Turkmenistan, Ashgabat, 1996
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- National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyz Republic 2009.
- cache:Jwobw381IYMJ:www.angelfire.com/az3/AzeriVoice/newsletter2.doc «azeris in britain» Google Search
- 2009 . . belstat.gov.by. 3 2012.
- 01.07.2010 (.)
- Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Azerbaijan-Austria relations: Diaspora Info (February 2008). NB Of these, about 70-75 % are Iranian Azeris, 15-20 % are Turkish Azeris and 5-10 % are Azeris originally from Azerbaijan and the former Soviet Union.
- 2000 : , , , . «». 25 2011.
- 2006 Australian Census. NB According to the 2006 census, 290 people living in Australia identified themselves as of Azeri ancestry, although the Australian-Azeri community is estimated to be larger. . Retrieved 1 April 2008.
- WebCite query result
- Azerbaijanis POPULATION
- Azerbaijani world
- 1 2 Tore Kjeilen Azerbaijanis. Looklex Encyclopaedia. 25 2011.
- 1 2 Boyle, Kevin and Juliet Sheen. Freedom of Religion and Belief. Routledge, 1997. ISBN 0-415-15978-4; p. 273
- . ., . . 5.5.3. // / : , . . , . . . .
- 1 2 3 4
- Helena Bani-Shoraka. «Language Policy and Language Planning: Some Definitions» in Annika Rabo, Bo Utas. The Role of the State in West Asia, Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, 2005, ISBN 91-86884-13-1, 9789186884130, p. 144
- Stephan Thernstrom, Ann Orlov, Oscar Handlin. Harvard Encyclopedia of American ethnic groups, Harvard University Press, 1981, p. 171, quote: In their homeland the Azerbaijanis, or Azeri Turks as they are sometimes called
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 . 6 . . 2. . ., « », 2002. ISBN 5-02-017711-3
- Field Listing :: Ethnic groups (.). The World Factbook. . 23 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 Iran. Azarbaijanis
- Kordestan (.)
- hamedanmiras.ir
- Southern Azerbaijan
- IRANS AZERI QUESTION: WHAT DOES IRANS LARGEST ETHNIC MINORITY WANT? Afshin Molavi:4/15/03 A EurasiaNet Commentary
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- 1 2 18.10.2000 N 191 . lawru.inf. 25 2011.
- « »
- 2002. ( . .)
- // : 86 (82 . 4 .). ., 18901907.
- 1897 .
- ..
- Stuart James An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994. P. 27. ISBN 0313274975
- 1 2 .. : , . «», 2002. . 197. ISBN 5-94628-118-6
(.)
. , XIXIII ., .
- Azerbaijani. Article from the Encyclopædia Britannica
- George A. Bournoutian. A brief history of the Aghuankʻ region. Mazda Publishers, 2009. ISBN 1-56859-171-3. . 28
- . - , 2002. . 419. ISBN 5846500323, 9785846500327
(.)
«» , , , - , - . , .
- . ︣, 1954. . 513. ISBN 5846500323, 9785846500327
(.)
(, ) , 611 . - -; .
- Grand Dictionnaire Encyclopédique Larousse (1982). Page 921, ISBN 2-03-102301-2 (retrieved 17 February 2007).
- Minorsky, V. "( Azarbaijan)." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill
(.)
In the beginning of the 5th/11th century the Ghuzz hordes, first in smaller parties, and then in considerable numbers, under the Seljuqids occupied Azerbaijan. In consequence, the Iranian population of Azerbaijan and the adjacent parts of Transcaucasia became Turkophone while the characteristic features of Ādharbāyjānī Turkish, such as Persian intonations and disregard of the vocalic harmony, reflect the non-Turkish origin of the Turkicised population.
- // // : 86 (82 . 4 .). ., 18901907.
- . .: , 1926. . 1. . 660.
- : III-IX .. - , 1958. . 330.
- .. : . - , 1958. . 295-296.
- : . .: , 1979. . 49.
- . .. -. - , 1962. . 79, 1. . 18.
- 1 2 : XIX - XX . , 1990. . 8-9. ISBN 5020167614, 9785020167612
- 1 2 .. , .. , .. . , 1972. . 56-57.
- .. , .. , .. . , 1972. . 21.
- 1 2 XAVIER DE PLANHOL. IRAN I. LANDS OF IRANn, Iranica.
(.)
This unique aspect of Azerbaijan, the only area to have been almost entirely Turkicized within Iranian territory, is the result of a complex, progressive cultural and historical process, in which factors accumulated successively (Sümer; Planhol, 1995, pp. 510-12) The process merits deeper analysis of the extent to which it illustrates the great resilience of the land of Iran. The first phase was the amassing of nomads, initially at the time of the Turkish invasions, following the route of penetration along the piedmont south of the Alborz, facing the Byzantine borders, then those of the Greek empire of Trebizond and Christian Georgia. The Mongol invasion in the 13th century led to an extensive renewal of tribal stock, and the Turkic groups of the region during this period had not yet become stable. In the 15th century, the assimilation of the indigenous Iranian population was far from being completed. The decisive episode, at the beginning of the 16th century, was the adoption of Shiʿite Islam as the religion of the state by the Iran of the Safavids, whereas the Ottoman empire remained faithful to Sunnite orthodoxy. Shiʿite propaganda spread among the nomadic Turkoman tribes of Anatolia, far from urban centers of orthodoxy. These Shiʿite nomads returned en masse along their migratory route back to Safavid Iran. This movement was to extend up to southwest Anatolia, from where the Tekelu, originally from the Lycian peninsula, returned to Iran with 15,000 camels. These nomads returning from Ottoman territory naturally settled en masse in regions near the border, and it was from this period that the definitive Turkicization of Azerbaijan dates, along with the establishment of the present-day Azeri-Persian linguistic bordernot far from Qazvin, only some 150 kilometers from Tehran.
- Olivier Roy The new Central Asia: the creation of nations. I.B.Tauris, 2000. . 6. ISBN 1860642780, 9781860642784
(.)
The mass of the Oghuz Turkic tribes who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian plateau, which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter were to keep the name Turkmenfor a long time: from the 13th century onwards they Turkisedthe Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris.
- . . . « XIXXX », , IV , . . . - , , , 1969, . 4
- . . : , / . . . .: , 2003. . 33.
(.)
-, , , , 1918 . , I . . ., - 19201930- ., «» .
- John R. Perry. "Persian in the Safavid Period: Sketch for an Etat de Lanque, Pembroke Papers 4 (1996), pp. 272, 279
- Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russian Azerbaijan, 19051920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-521-52245-5. . 2
- Firouzeh Mostashari. On the religious frontier: Tsarist Russia and Islam in the Caucasus. I.B. Tauris; New York, 2006. ISBN 1-85043-771-8. . 13
- C.E.Bosworth, «Azerbaijan», in Encyclopedia Iranica (London and New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1989)p.224
- Small nations and great powers : Svante E. Cornell.
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, , , , , 1,139,659 (1886);
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- // : 86 (82 . 4 .). ., 18901907..
(.)
, XI, XIII XIV , (, , ) . , . , , , , . - 1700000 , 700000 . , .
- . .: , 1926. . 1. . 641.
- . . ( 2003). 25 2011.
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- Social Work: Assessment of social work practices, v.3 of Social Work, ISBN 81-8205-133-9. Gyan Publishing House, 2004; p.43
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- . "-" (19 2008). 25 2011.
- Touraj Atabaki, Recasting Oneself, Rejecting the Other: Pan-Turkism and Iranian Nationalism in Van Schendel, Willem(Editor). Identity Politics in Central Asia and the Muslim World: Nationalism, Ethnicity and Labour in the Twentieth Century. London, GBR: I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited, 2001. p.66:
(.)
As far as Iran is concerned, it is widely argued that Iranian nationalism was born as a state ideology in the Reza Shah era, based on philological nationalism and as a result of his innovative success in creating a modern nation-state in Iran. However, what is often neglected is that Iranian nationalism has its roots in the political upheavals of the nineteenth century and the disintegration immediately following the Constitutional revolution of 1905 9. It was during this period that Iranism gradually took shape as a defensive discourse for constructing a bounded territorial entity the pure Iran standing against all others. Consequently, over time there emerged among the countrys intelligentsia a political xenophobia which contributed to the formation of Iranian defensive nationalism. It is noteworthy that, contrary to what one might expect, many of the leading agents of the construction of an Iranian bounded territorial entity came from non Persian-speaking ethnic minorities, and the foremost were the Azerbaijanis, rather than the nations titular ethnic group, the Persians...
The most important political development affecting the Middle East at the beginning of the twentieth century was the collapse of the Ottoman and the Russian empires. The idea of a greater homeland for all Turks was propagated by pan-Turkism, which was adopted almost at once as a main ideological pillar by the Committee of Union and Progress and somewhat later by other political caucuses in what remained of the Ottoman Empire. On the eve of World War I, pan-Turkist propaganda focused chiefly on the Turkic-speaking peoples of the southern Caucasus, in Iranian Azerbaijan and Turkistan in Central Asia, with the ultimate purpose of persuading them all to secede from the larger political entities to which they belonged and to join the new pan-Turkic homeland. Interestingly, it was this latter appeal to Iranian Azerbaijanis which, contrary to pan-Turkist intentions, caused a small group of Azerbaijani intellectuals to become the most vociferous advocates of Irans territorial integrity and sovereignty. If in Europe romantic nationalism responded to the damage likely to be caused by modernism by providing a new and larger sense of belonging, an all-encompassing totality, which brought about new social ties, identity and meaning, and a new sense of history from ones origin on to an illustrious future,(42) in Iran after the Constitutional movement romantic nationalism was adopted by the Azerbaijani Democrats as a reaction to the irredentist policies threatening the countrys territorial integrity. In their view, assuring territorial integrity was a necessary first step on the road to establishing the rule of law in society and a competent modern state which would safeguard collective as well as individual rights. It was within this context that their political loyalty outweighed their other ethnic or regional affinities. The failure of the Democrats in the arena of Iranian politics after the Constitutional movement and the start of modern state-building paved the way for the emergence of the titular ethnic groups cultural nationalism. Whereas the adoption of integrationist policies preserved Irans geographic integrity and provided the majority of Iranians with a secure and firm national identity, the blatant ignoring of other demands of the Constitutional movement, such as the call for formation of society based on law and order, left the country still searching for a political identity.
- Ashraf, AHMAD, "IRANIAN IDENTITY iv. 19TH-20TH CENTURIES", Encyclopædia Iranica, <http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iranian-identity-iv-19th-20th-centuries>. 18 2011.
(.)
The intellectual forerunners of romantic nationalism included Mirzā Fat-ʿAli Āḵundzāda, Jalāl-al-Din Mirzā Qājār, and Mirzā Āqā Khan Kermāni (qq.v.). They introduced the basic ideals of the autonomy, the unity, and the prosperity of the Iranian nation with patriotic devotion.''
- Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition (New York: Columbia University Press), 1995, page 27-28
(.)
In his glorification of the pre-Islamic greatness of Iran, before it was destroyed at the hands of the "hungry, naked and savage Arabs, "Akhundzada was one of the forerunners of modern Iranian nationalism, and of its militant manifestations at that.
- 1 2 3 . , , Sakharov-center.
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(.)
XX - . , - .
- Afary Janet The Iranian constitutional revolution, 1906-1911: grassroots democracy. Columbia University Press, 1996. P. 40.
(.)
He read the works of Transcaucasian Azeri intellectual, Abd al-Rahim Talibov
- DeGroot Joanna Coexisting and Conflicting Identities. Indiana University Press, 1998. P. 145. ISBN 9780253211910
(.)
...the Azeri-Iranian Talibov/Talibzadeh linked the threat of "our pure Shari'a" (i.e. Iranian Islamic tradition) to the dominance of foreigners over Iranians...
- , : . , 1983. . 28-29.
(.)
- - (. 1867-1914) 1908-1909 ., 1905-1911 ...
.
- 1 2 3 C. E. Bosworth. Azerbaijan Islamic history to 1941. Iranica.
- : 1978-1979 : . , 1989. . 206.
- Svante E. Cornell Azerbaijan Since Independence. M.E. Sharpe, 2010. . 319-320. ISBN 0765630036, 9780765630032
(.)
During the 1978-79 revolution, the strong following of the ethnic Azerbaijani Ayatollah Mohammed Kazem Shariatmadari in Tabriz and other parts of Iranian Azerbaijan was linked to a perception among Azerbaijanis that Shariatmadari was a representative of their specific interests.
- Britannica Encyclopedia. Mehdi Bazargan.
(.)
Bazargan, the son of an Azerbaijani merchant, was educated in thermodynamics and engineering at the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures in Paris.
- Azeris unhappy at being butt of national jokes. IRIN. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (25 May 2006). 19 2009.
(.)
Although Azeris are prominent among Irans elite the supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is an Azeri they are often the targets of jokes and regularly mocked by the Persian majority
.
- Sep 28, 2004 Asia Times - Asia's most trusted news source for the Middle East. Atimes.com. 25 2011. 19 2009.
(.)
Indeed, Irans supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is an ethnic Azeri and so is Rahim Safavi, the overall commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) and the most important military-security official in the country.'
- Salman J. Borhani Are there any questions? The Azeris of modern Iran. The Iranian (August 4, 2003). 25 2011.
(.)
Former Prime Minister Mir-Mousavi and current Supreme Leader Khamenei are but a few examples of ethnic Azeris gaining positions of influence after the revolution
- Teymoor Nabili Mousavi sees election hopes dashed. Al Jazeera English (13.06.2009). 4 2012.
(.)
In the 2005 presidential election, Mohsen Mehralizadeh was a largely unknown and wholly unsuccessful candidate. He came in seventh and last, and yet he still won the Azeri vote in the Azerbaijani provinces. Mir Hossein Mousavi is an Azeri from Tabriz.
- The challenger who is poised to seize Iran's presidency. The Telegraph (12.06.2009). 4 2012. Born in north-western Iran in 1941, Mr Mousavi is from the countrys Azeri ethnic minority.
- ... " " : (.), (13 2008).
(.)
( ), . , ().
- Salman J. Borhani Are there any questions? The Azeris of modern Iran. The Iranian (August 4, 2003). 25 2011.
- . 6. 1988-1990 . (.), -- (08 2005 .).
- (.), - (08 2005 .).
- . (.), (29.12.2010).
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- Memories of the Revolution in Transcaucasia by Boris Baykov
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- Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War by Stuart J. Kaufman. Cornell University Press. 2001. p.58 ISBN 0-8014-8736-6
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- Turkish-Armenian War: Sep.24 Dec.2, 1920 by Andrew Andersen
- (.) Ethnic Conflicts in the USSR: 19171991. State Archives of the Russian Federation, fund 1318, list 1, folder 413, document 21
- (.) Garegin Njdeh and the KGB: Report of Interrogation of Ohannes Hakopovich Devedjian August 28 1947. Retrieved May 31 2007
- The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction by Donald Bloxham. Oxford University Press: 2005, pp.103-105
- A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev by Vladislav Zubok. UNC Press, 2007. ISBN 0-8078-3098-4; p. 58
- http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_REVUE=CMR&ID_NUMPUBLIE=CMR_441&ID_ARTICLE=CMR_441_0179, Arseny Saparov, International Relations Department, London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, A.Saparov@lse.ac.uk
(.)
According to this plan some 100,000 people had to be «voluntarily» resettled. The emigration occurred in three stages: 10,000 people were resettled in 1948, another 40,000 in 1949, and 50,000 in 1950.29
- 1 2 Language Policy in the Soviet Union by Lenore A. Grenoble. Springer: 2003, p.135 ISBN 1-4020-1298-5
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- (.) The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict by Svante Cornell. Sakharov-Center.ru
- UNHCR U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Citizenship and Immigration Services Country Reports Azerbaijan. The Status of Armenians, Russians, Jews and Other Minorities
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XX . , , , . «» «», XX . «». , . . -, , . «» (-, 19906. . 48;, 1960. . 7374). 1920 . «» « » (, 1997. . 2829, 3637). 1920- . , «», «» «» (., ., , 1924).
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'' , XVI . , , . XVI-XVII . , .. , , , ... .
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, . , «» « », « », « »..... , , "" XIX . , , , , , . , XVI-XVII . "", ""... XVIII . . "" I, 1722 . " ", " ". "", , , , : ", , ". , , - . . , , " ", "-", " ".
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- AZERBAIJAN viii. Azeri Turkish Encyclopædia Iranica. G. Doerfer
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The early Azeri texts are a part of the Old Osmanli literature (the difference between Azeri and Turkish was then extremely small). The oldest poet of the Azeri literature known so far (and indubitably of Azeri, not of East Anatolian of Khorasani, origin) is ʿEmād-al-dīn Nasīmī (about 13691404, q.v.).
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- Betty Blair. Maiden's Tower Ballet. Azerbaijan International (Winter 1999). 14 2011.
(.)
This story line served as the inspiration for the creation of Afrasiyab Badalbeylis «Maidens Tower» the first ballet ever to be produced in Azerbaijan and the Muslim East (1940).
- 1 2 A. . . , , 1990, . XII, 1
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The Southern Azeri language is spoken in 12 regional dialect. The language has a literary tradition, based on the Tabriz dialect, that dates back to the fourteenth century. Azeri serves as the somewhat hybrid lingua franca of northwestern Iran.
- Pieter Muysken Studies in language companion series. From linguistic areas to areal linguistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. . 90. . 74. ISBN 9027231001, 9789027231000
(.)
Languages used at present or in the past as lingua franca in the Caucasus
Azeri in Southern Daghestan
Kumyk in Northern Daghestan
Avar in Western Daghestan
Nogay in Northern Daghestan
Circassian in Western Caucasus
Russian across the Caucasus (since the second half on the 19th c.)
...
In the 16th- 17th centuries Azeri started to be used as a lingua franca in southern Daghestan by such peoples as Budukh, Kryz, Khinalug, Udi, Tsakhur, Rutul, Tabasaran, Lezgi, partially Avar ad Lak. In the Samur valley of Daghestan, until 1960s, the Rutuls, Tsakhurs, Lezgis and Laks have used a local Azeri koine for mutual communication - . . ( -, , , ) , : XIX-. IV. , . ., , : , 1969. 199 . 1700 .
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, . - - . XIII ., XIVXVI . . XVIXVII . : , . XVIII . . , : 1) 2) -, . , , . . 7080- , , - . . . , . .
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XIX . , : , . , 18701880- . , , . , 1879 . « », - .
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, , , , , .
- A. N. Yamskov. Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh. Published by: Springer. Theory and Society, Vol. 20, No. 5, Special Issue on Ethnic Conflict in the Soviet Union (Oct., 1991), pp. 631660
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., , ( , ), , , , ,
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- Kazemzadeh Firuz The Struggle for Transcaucasia: 19171921. The New York Philosophical Library, 1951. P. 222. ISBN 0-8305-0076-6
(.)
The Azerbaijani Parliament introduced several reforms, none of them very significant. Probably the most spectacular was the extention of suffrage to women, making Azerbaijan the first Muslim state in the world to give women equal political rights with men.
- «US Suffrage Movement Timeline, 1792 to present», Susan B. Anthony Center for Womens Leadership. Retrieved 19 August 2006.
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- Audrey L. Altstadt. The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule. Hoover Press, 1992. 331 p. (Studies of nationalities). ISBN 0817991824, ISBN 9780817991821
- «» // . . .: , . , 2010. 320 .: . ISBN 978-5-287-00718-8


