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( «»)
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English, the English language
:
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:

De jure: , , 31  , , , , ,
De facto:
De jure, : , , ; ,
:

: 309400
: 1991400 [1][2]
:

3- 4- ( ), 2-

:

-
:

( )
7.7597:

45
ISO 639-1:

en
ISO 639-2:

eng
ISO 639-3:

eng
. : :

     ,      , ,

́ ́ (. English, the English language)  ( ), ( ), , , , . (, .) . ; ( ).

. (  )  410 , ( )  1  (2007). .

. . . 70 %   . VII ( , ). .

[]

:

26 .

, , . «- ». , , , , .

[]

  • , , , « ».
  • «»  he «»  she ( «»  they, ), ( , ) «»  it.   «», «» (ship), «»,   «»   «». , , she , , (, , ,  . .) he , (-: , , .) he she   .
  • , ; .
  •   (, , flower). . - (-- - ), .
  • «» «»,   «you».
  • , , .
  • (: a (an ) : the).
  • ( ,  . .) , .
  • ( ).
  • ,
  • , , , , . , He was running down the street very fast at 5 o`clock. - " ". , , - : When was he running down the street? - " ?"

[]

, , , :

  • «», ;
  • , , , , , head d, t, ;
  • , .
 .
, .

[]

[]

№
1 I
2 you
3 he
4 we
5 you
6 they
7 this , ,
8 that , ,
9 here ,
10 there
11 who
12 what
13 where
14 when
15 how
16 not
17 all , , ,
18 many
19 some
20 (a) few, some
21 other ,
22 one
23 two
24 three
25 four
26 five
27 great ,
28 long ,
29 wide
30 thick
31 heavy
32 small
33 short ,
34 narrow
35 thin
36 woman
37 man
38 person, man
39 child ,
40 wife
41 husband
42 mother
43 father
44 animal ,
45 fish
46 bird ,
47 dog ,
48 louse
49 snake
50 worm
51 tree
52 forest, wood
53 stick ,
54 fruit
55 seed ,
56 leaf
57 root
58 bark
59 flower
60 grass
61 rope
62 skin
63 meat
64 blood
65 bone
66 fat
67 egg
68 horn
69 tail
70 feather
71 hair
72 head
73 ear
74 eye ,
75 nose
76 mouth
77 tooth
78 tongue ()
79 nail
80 foot ,
81 leg
82 knee
83 hand
84 wing
85 stomach ,
86 entrails ,
87 neck
88 back
89 breast
90 heart
91 liver
92 drink
93 eat ,
94 bite
95 suck
96 spit
97 barf ,
98 blow
99 breathe
100 laugh

  .

:

 %%
150 102 112,5 54 75 53
174 123 126 76 72,5 61,8
136 102 103 68 76 66,8
248 162 199 113 82,4 70

  ,   , .

, , , , individualisation antiestablishmentarism ( honorificabilitudinitatibus  27 [3]). ,   . ,   ,   . , , , .

: ,   . . habaidedeima, had  «».   . , .

1. : vanguard  avant-guarde  «». , , : history  «» story  «»;

2. : fantasy fancy  «».

. , , ( , ) , . , , , .

, , , , , , - : she prefers to name him by his name « ». [to] name  «»,  name  «».

:

1. : water  , to water  (); wire  , to wire  ; love  ; to love  ;

2. : master  , , to master  ;

3. : down  , to down  ;

4. : shush!  ! ( ), to shush  : Simon shushed him quickly as though he had spoken too loudly in church;

5. : to run  the run  , ; to smell  , the smell  ;

6. : winter  , winter month  ;

7. : above  , the above remark 

[]

Question book-4.svg
 .
, .
, .
29 2011.
«»

,   , . , - , , . , , , , , , , , . , : (jungle) , (canoe) , (taboo) . : 425 000 . :   30 %, -   55 %, , , , , ,  . .   15 %. , , , . , .   85 % . :   90 % ,   86 %,   90 %. 7580. , , . 25-40 %, 37 %.

[]

. , , , . , , , , . « » , . , . « ».

[]

. . , , Mr, Mrs Dr , , Mr. Jakson Mr Jakson. : ,  . .

[]

[]

:

  •   , , . . (, un-, re-, dis-) (, -ize, -ify, -en). .
  • , ,   . (. ), ( ), ( ). , .
  • II III   .
  • I  (, Infinitive),
  • II  ( , Past Indefinite),
  • III  ( , Past Participle),
  • IV  ( , Present Participle).
4 : II- III-  -ed, IV-  -ing. IV- , . II- III- , .

[]

to be , to have , to do . , . , :

Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle Gerund
be was (were) been being
have had had having
do did done doing

to be 2- 4- , .

to have 3- 4- .

to do c .

2- 3- to be to have Indefinite ( 1-, . ) :

  • To be:
Present Indefinite Past Indefinite Future Indefinite
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st person I am we are I was you were I shall (will) be we shall (will) be
2nd person you are (thou art . ) you are you were you were you will be you will be
3rd person he/she/it is they are he/she/it was they were he/she/it will be they will be


  • To have:
Present Indefinite Past Indefinite Future Indefinite
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st person I have we have I had we had I shall (will) have we shall (will) have
2nd person you have you have you had you had you will have you will have
3rd person he/she/it has they have he/she/it had they had he/she/it will have they will have


4- to be Perfect ( 3-, . ) . to have + Past Participle .

3- (. ) to be , :

  • To be:

Present Indefinite: I am, you are, he/she/it is; we are, you are, they are.
Past Indefinite: I was, you were, he/she/it was; we were, you were, they were.
Future Indefinite: I shall be, you will be, he/she/it will be; we shall be, you will be, they will be.

Present Continuous: I am being, you are being, he/she/it is being, we are being, you are being, they are being.
Past Continuous: I was being, you were being, he/she/it was being, we were being, you were being, they were being.

Present Perfect: I have been, you have been, he/she/it has been; we have been, you have been, they have been.
Past Perfect: I had been, you had been, he/she/it had been; we had been, you had been, they had been.
Future Perfect: I shall have been, you will have been, he/she/it will have been; we shall have been, you will have been, they will have been.

[]

(Time):

  • (Present)
  • (Past)
  • (Future).
[]

(The Active Voice) 4 (Tense):

  • (Indefinite Tenses)
  • () (Continuous Tenses)
  • (Perfect Tenses)
  • (Perfect Continuous Tenses)

3*4=12 , (I, II, III, IV). to be, to have Indefinite , to be Perfect ( . ).

  • 1- :
  •   I- II-
  •   shall/will : shall/will + I- .
  • 2- :

to be . Indefinite + IV- .

  • 3- :

to have . Indefinite + III- .

  • 4- :

to be Perfect + IV- .


, « » (The Future in the Past):

  • Future in the Past Indefinite
  • Future in the Past Continuous
  • Future in the Past Perfect ( ).

Future shall should, will would.

[]

(The Passive Voice) (Past) (Present) :

  • (Indefinite Tenses)
  • () (Continuous Tenses)
  • (Perfect Tenses)

(Future) :

  • (Indefinite Tenses)
  • (Perfect Tenses)

:

to be + III- .


, « » (The Future in the Past):

  • Future in the Past Indefinite
  • Future in the Past Perfect.

[]

, , , , , , . .

(Verbals) , , , . .

:

  • (The Infinitive)
  • (The Gerund)
  • (The Participle)

4 : Indefinite Infinitive (, to sing), Continuous Infinitive (to be singing), Perfect Infinitive (to have sung), Perfect Continuous Infinitive (to have been singing).

-ing. (Present Participle), . . (, singing), , having III- (having sung).

  (Present Participle), IV- , (Past Participle), III- . ́ (. ), , , , .

[]

  , . 4 (Modal Verbs): can (could), may (might), must, ought. , , . to do. shall/will should/would, to need.

[]

, , , , . , , , , .

  • ( , ) (The Direct Order of Words) :

    ( ) .

  • (General Questions) (The Inverted Order of Words) :

( ) .

( to be to have   , . , , : She has a friend. Has she a friend?)
  • (Special Questions) , (, who, whom, what, whose, which, where, when, why, how). , , . , , .

[]

: (4501066), (10661500), ( 1500 ).

[]

  , ,  V . , . - ( ) , , .

-   . , . . :

  • , : cromlech  ( ), coronach  ;
  • : javelin  , pibroch  ;
  • : hog  .

, .: tory   - , clan  , whisky  . , .: , , . -. , 400 , . . -, . :

  • street  . strata via , ,
  • wall  . vallum,
  • wine  . vinum ;

  -: , .:

  • Chester, Gloucester, Lancaster  . castrum ,
  • Lincoln, Colches  . colonia ,
  • Port-Smouth, Devonport  . portus .

:

  • butter  - butyrum ,
  • cheese  . caseus ,
  • pall  . pallium ;

:

  • pear  . pira ,
  • peach  . persica  . . . .

. 150. . , :

  • apostle  -. apostolus ,
  • bishop  -. episcopus ,
  • cloister  . claustrum .

, (7901042) , : call  , cast  , die  , take  , ugly  , ill  . , both  , same  , they  , their  .   . , , :   . ,   « ».

[]

1066 1485 . - 1066   , - , . - , . , . ,   -, . - « », , , . - : 1362 , 1385 - , 1483 . , (. ) , . 1200 , 12501400.

, ( king  , queen  ) , :

  • reign  , government  , crown  , state   . .;

:

  • duke  ,
  • peer  ;

, :

  • army  ,
  • peace  ,
  • battle  ,
  • soldier  ,
  • general  ,
  • captain  ,
  • enemy  ;

:

  • judge  ,
  • court  ,
  • crime  ;

:

  • service  (),
  • parish  .

, ,   ,   . : commerce  , industry  , merchant  . , «»:

  :

  • ox  ,
  • cow  ,
  • calf  ,
  • sheep  ,
  • pig  ;

:

  • beef  ,
  • veal  ,
  • mutton  ,
  • pork   . .

: , , , . , , , more most . (14001483) . . .

1169 . , XIX .

[]

, , XV . , , . .

[]

:

. , , XX - (Mid-Atlantic) . 50- XX - (Mid-Western) .

[]

:
  • (Cockney) 
  •  (Scouse) 
  •  (.)  , ,
  • West Country
  • East England ( )
  • Birmingham (Brummy, Brummie) ()
  • Cornwall ()
  • Cumberland ()
  • Central Cumberland ( )
  • Devonshire ()
  • East Devonshire ( )
  • Dorset ()
  • Durham ()
  • Bolton Lancashire ( )
  • North Lancashire
  • Radcliffe Lancashire
  • Northumberland ()
  • Norfolk ()
  • Tyneside Northumberland ( )
  • Somerset ()
  • Sussex ()
  • Westmorland ()
  • North Wiltshire ()
  • Craven Yorkshire ()
  • North Yorkshire ( )
  • Sheffield Yorkshire ()
  • West Yorkshire ( )

[] ,

[]

[]

. , , , :

  • Standard Indian English  , Hinglish
  • Hinglish  , ,

[]

[]

[]

:

[]

. . . . . 600 1,2 .

. , .

. ,   , , .

, , , , , , , . - . , , , . .

[] .

[]

  1. see: Ethnologue (1984 estimate); The Triumph of English, The Economist, Dec. 20, 2001; Ethnologue (1999 estimate); 20,000 Teaching Jobs  (.). Oxford Seminars. 22 2011.;
  2. Lecture 7: World-Wide English. EHistLing.( )
  3. . ., . 4 , , 2010, . 250

[]

. . , .

[]

wikt: : ?
b: ?
v: ?
q: ?
commons: Category:English language ?
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