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«» (dystopian) «» (utopian) 1868 . «» (. dystopia) « » (The Quest for Utopia, 1952).
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- . . . ., 1993. 199 .
- . : 2000- // , 2007, № 86.
- M. Keith Booker. Dystopian Literature (Greenwood Press, 1994; ISBN 0-313-29115-2)
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- : («», 2003, № 2, .49-53)
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Dystopia is often referred to as anti-utopia, as it is the exact opposite of a utopian society which is an ideal life. Although some say anti-utopia and dystopia are two separate terms. The difference being that dystopia is a completely horrible state that makes no pretences of being a good life, whereas anti-utopia is one that is almost utopian except for one big flaw.
- A 'Future Trace' on Dataveillance: The Anti-Utopian and Cyberpunk Literary Genres http://rogerclarke.com/DV/NotesAntiUtopia.html Roger ClarkeThe terms 'anti-utopia' and 'dystopia' are of more recent origin, and appear to be synonyms. Remarkably, neither yet appears in the Macquarie Dictionary or the Britannica, although the Britannica entry on 'utopia' does include this useful paragraph: «In the 20th century, when the possibility of a planned society became too imminent, a number of bitterly anti-utopian, or dystopian, novels appeared. Among these are The Iron Heel (1907) by Jack London, My (1924 ; [sic] We, 1925) by Yevgeny Zamyatin, Brave New World (1932) by Aldous Huxley, and Nineteen Eighty-four (1949) by George Orwell. The Story of Utopias (1922) by Lewis Mumford is an excellent survey». I havent yet run to ground when the prefixes 'anti' (against, opposed to) and 'dys' (hard, bad or unlucky, as in dysfunctional) were first added. They are used to describe a category of literature, and the worlds that they portray, which are the opposite of ideal at least from the perspective of a humanist. My associations for the word 'anti-utopian' are clearly with George Orwells '1984', published in 1948. My guess would be that some literary critic (one of the Waughs, perhaps?) invented it when reviewing that book. It is possible, however, that it was first used in respect of the earlier novels Zamyatins 'We' (1922) or Huxleys 'Brave New World' (1932). As regards 'dystopia', my memory (based on a distant acquaintance with literature and lit. crit. works dating back to the late 1960s) is that it was invented by some much later literary critic, perhaps about 1970.
- ., . «» // «». ., 1967. . 440471.
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