|
, «--1» 1979 . V . |
||
| [1] | ||
| 250 | ||
| (92 ) 9,2 | ||
| 4,8·1020 | ||
| [1][2] | ||
| CO2 | 96,5 % | |
| N2 | 3,5 % | |
| SO2 | 150 ppm | |
| Ar | 70 ppm | |
| H2O | 20 ppm | |
| CO | 17 ppm | |
| He | 12 ppm | |
| Ne | 7 ppm | |
| HCl | 0.10.6 ppm | |
| HF | 0.0010.005 ppm | |
: 740 (467 °) 93 [1]. , . [1]. , , . [1].
[3]. , (243 )[4]. ́ 100 / (~360 /)[3], 60 . , 10 % 20 % [5]. , , 10 / [6]. , . S- [7].
, , . , . . ˸ , , [3]. , 4 . , , [8][9].
, 5065 , , ( , ). - , , (21 % , 78 % ) ( , ), [10].
|
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, . , , , , ( 78 %, 3,5 %)[1][11].
, : (HCl) (HF). , [2][3]. . , , [12], , , . , [3]. 0,025, , 0,00016[2]. , 1,5, , [2].
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92 , , , 910 . - , . 4,8·1020 , 93 [1], 67 /3, 6,5 % [1].
CO2 , 740 (467 °) , 25 % [11]. 600 (327 °C), 505 (232 °C) 693 K (420 °C). , , 116,8 [1].
() |
. (°C) |
(× )[14] |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 462 | 92,10 |
| 5 | 424 | 66,65 |
| 10 | 385 | 47,39 |
| 15 | 348 | 33,04 |
| 20 | 308 | 22,52 |
| 25 | 266 | 14,93 |
| 30 | 224 | 9,851 |
| 35 | 182 | 5,917 |
| 40 | 145 | 3,501 |
| 45 | 112 | 1,979 |
| 50 | 77 | 1,066 |
| 55 | 29 | 0,5314 |
| 60 | 10 | 0,2357 |
| 65 | 30 | 0,09765 |
| 70 | 43 | 0,03690 |
| 80 | 76 | 0,004760 |
| 90 | 104 | 0,0003736 |
| 100 | 98 | 0,00002660 |
99 % . 90 % 28 . , 90 % 10 . 50 [15]. 80 [16].
. 50 [13]. «» «-», 52,5 54 293 (20 °C) 310 K (37 °C), 49,5 , [13][17]. , 273 (0 °C) 323 (50 °), , [10][14].
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[3]. . , [3]. () 60 70 , [18]. , , , [18]. «-10» V- , [19]. 100 ± 10 / 50° , , , [18]. , , . , [3]. , , [14]. , , [18]. : 3 / [3]. , , ( , 2 / 0,3 1,0 /). - , [1][20].
, , , [3]. , , . [3]. (-) , . ± 60°[3]. . , ± 60°[3]. 6070° [3][7]. 3040 , [7]. , , [7]. . 7072 , 5 , [3]. , 140 /, . 5560°[18].
, (.)[3]. , , . «» , S- . [7]. 3 [7]. 3550 / [7]. , , 250 (23 °)[7]. , [3]. , . , , , 50 , [7]. . «-» 9 13 2007 , 30 %[18]. , , , , [18].
«--1» 1978 [21]. 2006 «-»[22].
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65 120 . , () 220350 [13].
: (6273 ) (7395) [13]. 230 (43 °). . , 165 (108 °C) 95 . [2]. [13], 95 120 . 300400 (27127 °C) , [2]. , 100 (173 °C). Ÿ [2].
[2]. 90150 , . , 90120 [2] 230 (43 °), , , 100 (173 °C)[2]. , (1Δg), 1,27 . 90100 [23]. - ( ) 2 NO, [23].
«-», , , . 20 65 , 90 , (105 ), [16].
, 120300 [13]. . [13]. : 120130 , 140160 200250 [13]. 180 . ( ) 3·1011 3 [13]. 220375 [24][25]. O2+ , O+ [13]. , , , , . , , [26].
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[24][25]. , , , . , [24]. , . , , [24][25].
1900 (0,3Rv, Rv ). 2007 [25]. [24]. 300 [25]. () 250 . , , , . 40 [25]. . . 100 1000 [27].
, , [28]. . , , O+, H+ He+. 2 ( ), [27].
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[29]. 75 % [30], , [1]. , , , , , , , , , , [31].
, , 10003000 [32]. 1000 , ( ) 1025 . [33]. . 0,1 %[34]. - , , , .
, [37]. , , , «-9 -10» «-1 -2», , , , , «» «-11 -12»[19]. 20062007 «-» , . , . [37]. , , , , , . [38].
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- , , , . , , . , , , 3 , . , [40].
, «», «» «», (H2S) (SO2), (O=C=S). , , . , , . , . [42]. , , «-12» 4560 [19], «-1 -2» [19][43]. , , . , [44]. , . [40].
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, 3,8 25 %[45], , 4 . . , [8].
, . , , , , , . , 600 , , , , 2 [46].
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6 1761 , «, , ». . . . , [47].
1940 , CO2 [48]. «-2», 1962 . 1967 «-4» , [48].
, , . 2004 . , , , . 2001 [49], . 2004 , , , . , , , . 2004 . [50].
, 2004 1882 . 2012 , 105 [50].
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«-» , 15 [3]. «» , 2010 , , , 2010 . 20162017 , .
New Frontiers Venus in Situ Explorer (.), , , . , , , , [51].
, «Venus Mobile Explorer», (VEXAG) , . [52].
2016 «-», . , :
- , , , ;
- , ;
- , , ;
- , , ;
- [53].
, , , . , , . « » 1985 , 46 30 , . , [54]. . 2002 Global Aerospace , [55].
. [14], 2000- . , . , 60 90 %, , [31]. , , . , , , . , « » 45 60 , . , , «» «», , , , [56].
[] .
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