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́ (. אשכנזים, ́; . . ́) , . .
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, , . , I . . I . 321 ʸ [1]. , . () VII [2]
801 , . « »[3]. -. , , 960 . , . (, , ) (). . , , X [4]. , , .
(c XI ) , . XIII ( ) (). - . 1290 [5].
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XIII . , , 1264 [6]. III. «» , . , «» , . XVI 80 % [7]) : . ( ) ( ). .
XVII - , . . , [8], , [9], [10], [11]. -. XVIII . (), [12].
, 1831 430 . , XX 1.7 [13]. 90 % . . 10 3 300 . [14]
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XVIII , . ( ), . , , . , , , , XIX . [15].
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Behar, Doron M.; Ene Metspalu, Toomas Kivisild, Alessandro Achilli, Yarin Hadid, Shay Tzur, Luisa Pereira, Antonio Amorim, Lluı's Quintana-Murci, Kari Majamaa, Corinna Herrnstadt, Neil Howell, Oleg Balanovsky, Ildus Kutuev, Andrey Pshenichnov, David Gurwitz, Batsheva Bonne-Tamir, Antonio Torroni, Richard Villems, and Karl Skorecki (March 2006). «The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event». The American Journal of Human Genetics 78 (3): 487-97. PMID 16404693
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