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́, ́, ́, ́ (Lepidóptera Linnaeus, 1758 .-. λεπίς, . . λεπίδος πτερόν ) , ( ) ( , ). , . , .
|
|
[]
, 156 000 , (156 793 2008 [1]), 200 000 .[2][3][4] 2166 8879 [5].
, . .
[]
. (Thysania agrippina) 1934 30,8 .[6] 1997 .[3] (Ornithoptera alexandrae) 28 .[3][6] Papilio antimachus , 25 [3]. Coscinocera hercules, , 263,2 ², 28 .[6][7] Attacus atlas, 26,2 [8]. - Stigmella ridiculosa ( Nepticulidae) 2 .[7]
(Papilio maackii), 13,5 [3]. (Saturnia pyri), 15 [9][10].
[]
[]
[]
, , , . , -. - ( , , Agathiphagidae) Y- , (, Micropterigidae, Eriocraniidae) .
. (, Micropterigidae, Heterobathmiidae) , . Glossata , , . , . . , .
(, , Tineola biselliella), , [11]. . , . Ÿ .
, , , , ( 27 000) , . , . , , (Aglais urticae) (Pieris brassicae), , (Satyrinae) . - -[12]. , . [3][12].
, , [13].
, . . , , , , , [11]. , (, ), , [3].
[]
( ) , , , [11].
, . , , , , ( ). (124) . , . . , . , , . . : Hepiolopsis hecta , . (Psychidae). , , , ( ). [12].
[]
, , .
, . , Homoneura ( ) Heteroneura ( ). .
 |
 |
, (Tortricidae), Oecophoridae, (Lymantriidae), (Arctiidae), (Geometridae) , (Psychidae) [11]. Pterophoridae , .
, [11]. , [11]. «», , [11][14].
, , , [2][3][11]. , . , , [15]. , . (), , [15]. [15]. , , , [3]. [15]. , [15]. , , , . , . , , . , [15].
[]
, , . , . , , , I II , X IX. IXX , XVIIIX .
, , (Pyralidae) (Noctuidae), , , . , [16][17]. 10 100 [17].
[]
, . , , . , [15].
45 ( 20-[18]) , , , . Ditrysia, , , , () . Exoporia (Hepialidae) , . , .
, , , .
[]
( ), ( ) ( ).
 |
 |
 |
| (Gonepteryx rhamni). . | (Cithaerias esmeralda). . | (Morpho amathonte). . |
. , , -, , , [3][15]. , , [2]. , [3].
, , .
. ́ . , , , , [3]. : (); , ().
, , (Nymphalidae), (Lycaenidae), (Pieridae) .
Cithaerias , , , , «». , , [2].
, , (Chrysiridia madagascariensis) .
[]
[]
, , . , (Arctia caja), , , , [15]. , (Argynnis paphia), , . , valesina, -[19]. , , () () ; , , [19].
[]
(Araschnia levana). - , , ; . , . 20- , [15][20]. , . : Leptosla sinapis, Chrysophanus phlaeas, Chrysophanus dorilis, Everes argiades, Cyaniris argiolus [19].
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
| (Araschnia levana). Araschnia levana f. levana. Araschnia levana f. prorsa. |
Ornithoptera priamus urvillianus ( ). Ornithoptera priamus poseidon ( ). |
Ornithoptera croesus. () . |
[]
. (Ornithoptera priamus), , . poseidon - , demophaneus - , urvillianus - , miokensis [2].
(Parnassius), , 600 [21]. , , - . [21].
[] , , ,
, , , , . . , , , [22]. , , , , . ( ), (-)[15]. , .
. , , . Satyridae, Epinephete jurtitta Epinephete tycoon[19]. . , , (, ), [19]. , [19].
. , , , ( , Synchloe uaptidice)[19]. , , . , , (ab. nigronotata), , . .[19] (Argynnis) . , , . [19], .
[]
, / . , , , , ; , . , . (, ), . , . , Gynaephora selenophora - [24].
(Ornithoptera) , - . (Morpho) , -.
, [15].
[]
(Biston betularia). XIX - (morpha typica), . , Biston betularia morpha carbonaria[25]. , [27]. . , [25]. , morpha insularia. , , , , , , . , , , , , ( )[26].
[]
[]
, (), (, , )[14].
, . , , . , , .
: , Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Morphinae, Uraniidae. , , , [14]. , , , [3][14].
. , Actias artemis, Argema mittrei, Coscinocera hercules, Argema mimosae[14].
, , , , , [14]. . . , , [14]. , , Callimorpha Leucanilis. , [14].
Heterocera , , 140150°, 8090°[3].
, , , , . 817 /[3].
[]
, .
, , , [3]. , , , . , , [2][3][7].
, , [28] Calyptra , Calyptra eustrigata, ; Calyptra thalictri, Calyptra lata. , [28]. [2].
[]
[]
, Z0 /ZZ [29]. , , WZ /ZZ , 98 % . Z0/ZZ , ( WZ/ZZ) Fem W-.
[]
, -, , ( ). , . , . , , . , , , . Z-, W-, - . Z- ( )[2][23]. , Abraxas[30].
90 000[2]. .
[]
, . , ( ) ( )[29]. . (Lymantria dispar) , [31].
Wolbachia ( ), Eurema hecabe Ostrinia scapulalis [32][33].
Morpho aega , . , ; , [2].
[]
. (Papilionidae), (Saturniidae), (Nymphalidae). , [15].
[]
, [34].
[]
( ), ( ). , , [35]. , . , , [3]. [19]. , [19].
. , , , , ; , , [7]. , «» , , [7].
20 ; . , , [7].
(. , ), . , . .
, (Psychidae), Solenobia, ( )[15].
(Heliconius charithonia) . , , . , . « » (pupal rape)[37].
, , .
[]
[]
. , , , , . , , , , , , , . , , , , , -, [15]. , . 1000[13][15], . , 10 [13]. . , , , ( ). 815 [15]. [15].
[]
. , . , , , . , [38]. , , ( Ceratophaga , ). . , , , [38]. . , .
3 10 [11]. , , , . 3 , 5 , , . 23 , [11].
, (Pyraustidae) , Acentria ephemerella [39]. [38]:
- , , ;
- , .
, , , (, Psychidae), ( )[11][40].
, . , , . , . : - (Tischeriidae), (Laspeyresiini), -.
. , , , , . , . , , (Cerura vinula), (Deilephila elpenor)[41].
[]
, (pupa obtecta)[15]. , , .
, . , , . , , , , , [42].
, , , , , [42].
, . [15]. , . .
[]
. , -. , , , . , , [7].
. , , [43]. .
( ) 23 [15].
[]
, [35].
- (PA). 22 000 , 1600 . 4500 , 400 [3].
- (NT). 45 000 [3]. , , .
, . , 7300 , 690 , , 20 623 [3]. , , - . , 3450 , , 7 , 3130 [3].
, . - 1500 (Parnassius arcticus)[3]. « » 2800 . , , (Parnassius hanningtoni) 6000 [3].
[]
[]
, , , , , , , . , . , , , , . . [44] , , , .
[]
(Danaus plexippus) , [13]. - , . . «-» ( ), . 100 000 , 50 [2][13]. . , . , , , .
Catopsilia florella. , , . [49].
, , , , , . . . 5000 . , , - , .
, , . , , , , . , [49]. (, (Acherontia atropos), ), , , , . . , .
[]
[]
, , Wolbachia, ( , (Angraecum sesquipedale) Xanthopan morganii praedicta) .
(Lycaenidae) [50].
, [50]. . , . , , , , , , . , , , [50]. . (Maculinea alcon), (Gentiana). , , [50][51].
[]
: , , , , [52]. , [52]. , , , , -, , [52]. . - . (, ..)[52].
[]
, , , , , , Thelohania Plistophora, , , Cordyceps sinensis Cordyceps.
(Braconidae), , [53]. , , , . , , , , . , , .
Apanteles glomeratus , Habrobracon juglandis , Apanteles solitarius Meteorus versicolor . Microgaster (Pieris brassicae), (Pteromalidae) Pteromalus puparum[53][54].
- (Ichneumonidae) , [55], . . , . [16][56].
, , (Tachinidae)[57]. , , . . , , , . , , [16].
[]
. . , , . , . , , , , , , [23]. : , , [3]. Ornithoptera, , [3].
. , , , «» , . «»[23]. , Papilio bachus, Papilio zagreus, Dismorphia astynome . Papilio agestor Paratica sita[23].
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| «» . Automeris io ( ) . | . Eueides isabella. | . . | |||
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| . . | . . | . Papilio laglaizei ( ) Alcides agathyrsus. |
«» . [23]. Papilio laglaizei ( ), Alcides agathyrsus. [2][7][23]. Papilio dardanus . 40 , . , [23].
, , (Sesiidae), (Hemaris fuciformis), (Hemaris tityus). , , , [23]. Brenthia hexaselena (Riodinidae), -, , Salticidae.
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, , , [2]. Kallima , , , : , ; , [2][7][23]. , , (Phalera bucephala) , (Gastropacha quercifolia) .
, , , , . , . , [2].
«» . / . , , , . , , - , [2][3][7][13][35].
. [17][36]. , . (Arctiidae) , [17].
, , , , [3].
[]
, . , . , (Pronuba juccasella) (Jucca filametosa). (Angraecum sesquipedale) Xanthopan morgani praedicta, 225 [3].
[] ,
[]
(Trichoptera), Amphiesmenoptera. : , , ; ; ; , . Amphiesmenoptera, , Necrotaulidae[58]. , , ; , [58].
[]
(Archaeolepis) , , 190 . [58].
|
, , , , . , , , . , , , . , , . , , , . , , , , , . . , [60].
.
[]
( ) . , , 124 200 , 91[61].
:
- (Zeugloptera) Micropterigoidea, Micropterigidae;
- (Aglossata) Agathiphagoidea Agathiphagidae;
- (Heterobathmiina) Heterobathmioidea, Heterobathmiidae;
- (Glossata) .
( ) . , [3]:
- ,
- ,
- , ,
- .
, , . : , , , . . , , . « », «».[15] . , , , , , , , .
[]
, , , . . , , , . (Acanthobrahmaea europea), ()[62].
, , . - . , 70 , 14 . « », 1979 . II 41 [52]. , 1983 , 12 . 105 . 1999 , 33 .
. : , , . (Papilio ulysses) 6 2 . ́ [62]. [63].
, , . (The International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN) , . , [64].
, , ()[65]:
- Atrophaneura jophon
- Atrophaneura pandiyana
- Bhutanitis spp.
- Ornithoptera alexandrae
- Ornithoptera spp.
- Papilio chikae
- Papilio homerus
- Papilio hospiton
- Parnassius apollo
- Teinopalpus spp.
- Trogonoptera spp.
- Troides spp.
- Agrias amydon boliviensis
- Morpho godartii lachaumei
- Prepona praeneste buckleyana
, , [13]. , , ( , ), (Callimorpha quadripunctaria), [62].
[]
[]
[]
, . , . , , (Bombyx mori), . (Antheraea pernyi), 250 . , . , [23]. . , . 3500 , [23]. 1 -, , 60 . 45 000 [23]. , , [66]. Attacus atlas, , (. fagara silk)[67].
. , . , , , . 20 000 [23]. Gonimbrasia belina, 4 [23].
. 1925 (Cactoblastis cactorum)[68]. , . 1938 , [69].
[]
. 1000 , , [57]. (Agrotis segetum), (A. exclamationis), (Amphipoea fucosa), (Plusia gamma). (Pieris brassicae), (Mamestra oleracea), (. pisi)[57]. (Cnethocampa processionea), (Lymantria dispar), (Panolis flammea), (Dendrolimus pini), (Cossus cossus), (Operophthera brumata), (Cydia pomonella), (Yponomeuta evonymella), (Sphinx pinastri) . (Nemapogon granella), (Pyralis farinalis) (Aglossa pinguinalis). , (Tinea pellionella), (Tineola bisselliella) (Tineola furciferella). (Galleria melonella)[12]. (Thaumetopoeidae) , .
. (Hyphantria cunea), . 1940 , [57].
[] , ,
. , , .
- , « », [70].
- , . , , « , »[70].
- , , . «feralis» «», , [70].
- . (. «») [70].
- , , , . , , , , . . , , [70].
- : [70].
- Sasakia charonda . , . , . « », [70].
- , , [70].
- , , [70]. ; «». , , [3][71]. , , . , , , , . , 1733 [70]. -- , , , [3].
, , «» «», «», «baba», . «», «», «», «», «» .[3][72]
[]
, . , . , [73].
. , , . , [3].
[74]. , , .
[] , ,
, . . , 3500 [70]. , , « » , «» . (. 1860), «» . . , .
Hetaera esmeralda « ».
.
.
: ?
?
.
, , ,
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- , ,
.
[]
. , « » (. The Blue Butterfly) 2004 , , , , . «» (. Le papillon) 2002 , , , , , Graellsia isabellae, .
. , , . , «» (. The Collector) 1965 , , , , , . « » (. Angels and Insects) 1995 , , , , .
: Minuscule , .
: - « » («Iron Butterfly»), Scorpions «Yellow Butterfly», Crazy Town «Butterfly», Michael Jackson «Butterflies», HIM «Wings of a butterfly», Diary of Dreams «Butterfly Dance», .
[]
. , , , . . XVIII . «aureus» «» ( ). XIX , , [37].
. . , -, , - . , , . , , 84 000 , [3].
: , ( , , [75]), , , . , 2 250 [37].
, , --, - . Ornithoptera goliath, 2006 28 000 [76].
[]
, [77].
[] .
[]
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[]
- « » (.) (.) (.)
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