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: ,

Euskaldunak
24 Basque people.jpg

: 2,359,400[1] ( : 1,850,500,[1] 508,900[1]); 230,200.[1]

  700 000
  1 525 000
  150 000

-

́ (. Euskaldunak, . Vascos, . Basques)  , . . - .

( - Euskara) . .[2] , , [3]. ( ), , . .

2008 2,359,400 ,   230,200 . , 15 .. ( , ) [4]. .

700 . ( 1991  660 . . 80 . , ).

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vasco («») «uasco» ( -n, vascon,   Vascon)  , [5]. , , , , .

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, , , , , , , , Y- [6]. , , -[   322 ]. , , , .

, (en:Genographic Project) National Geographic , [7].

( ), UCM[8], , , [9]. U5 , [10], , U8a, , [11], J, [11]. , V, [12] , .

.[13] , (Aldaieta) (es:Álava) .

(en:Peter Forster)[14] , 20000 , H V, , 15 000 [15][16].

Y- , , , [17]. , , , [18][19][20][21].

, [22].

, R1b Y-, , 18 500 [23], , , (89 %), (88 %) (81 %). R1b, -, , , R1b1c (R1b1b2 R1b3). , 12000 , .[18] , R1b1c4 (R1b1b2a2c) , , . R1b1c6 (R1b1b2a2d) , 19 %[24].

[25], , - , .

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, , , ( ), () . , ,   . XIX . , . , [26].

  ,     [27].

, VVI . . . ( ), .

X , . XIX .

( , , ): 1936 , , , 1937 .

, . , . 1950- . . , - .

( ), . Ÿ . , . « », .

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, ,   , , , ,   . 2008 . 2360 . , 230 . . XVI . . XV  XVI , XIX . (). (3 ..), ( 4,5 ..), (2,5 ..), ( 1,5 ..), (1 ..), .

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  «» ( ), - , . , .

, . 1960- . .

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, .

(18421927) , , - .[   106 ] , , , , . , . , . . .

, . . . . , , «- » , , , 3,5 . .[   106 ]

- - .[   106 ] - .

, 1880- [   107 ], . XVI - XVII , , [   107 ] - , , ( ) , [   107 ] .
, , - [   107 ]. , , « ».
, , :
. ( ) - . ( ), . ( - ) - . ( ), . ( ) - . ( ), . ( ) - . ( ), . ( ) - . ( ), . ( ) . ( ), . ( ) - . ( ), . ( ) -. ( ), . ( ) - . ( ) . .

1928 , , « » ("Alarodiens et proto-basques"), , (Joseph Karst), . - , 300 - , , , .[28]

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, , , - . . , ,   . (, , ) .

( ), .   , .

, , . . , , .   «mamia», , , , - .

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. - ( , , , ) . , . , . ,   . . ,   . . , . , .

: , ( ), . . . .

- (XVI ) . , . [29].

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, , , .   .

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  1. 1 2 3 4 IV. Inkesta Soziolinguistikoa Gobierno Vasco, Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco 2008, ISBN 978-84-457-2775-1
  2. Euskaldunen eta euskararen jatorria: egungo begirada problemaren egoeraz | :
  3. Aquitanian Language by Jesús Rodríguez Ramos
  4. , «»
  5. Enciclopedia Auñamendi. VASCO
  6. The New York Times  Breaking News, World News & Multimedia
  7. http://www.elperiodico.com/default.asp?idpublicacio_PK=46&idioma=CAS&idnoticia_PK=423224&idseccio_PK=1006
  8. HACIA EL ORIGEN DE LOS VASCOS. SECUENCIAS DE DNA MITOCONDRIAL ANTIGUO DEL PAÍS VASCO. Eva Fernández y otros [1]
  9. Dupandunlop, Isabelle et. al. (2004) «Estimating the impact of prehistoric admixture in the genome of Europeans»; Molecular Biology and Evolution 21 (7): 13611372.
  10. Maca-Meyer, N., González, A.M., Larruga, J.M., Flores, C. y Cabrera, V.M. (2001) «Linajes mayores del genoma mitocondrial trazan antiguas expansiones humanas»; BMC Genetics, 2: 13.
  11. 1 2 Alfonso-Sánchez, M.A.; S. Cardoso; C. Martínez-Bouzas; J. A. Peña; R. J. Herrera; A. Castro; I. Fernández-Fernández; M. y M. De Pancorbo (2008) «Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup diversity in Basques: A reassessment based on HVI and HVII polymorphisms»; American Journal of Human Biology 20 (2): 154164.
  12. Tambets, Kristiina et.al. (2004) «The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saamithe Story of Genetic Outliers Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes»; The American Journal of Human Genetics 74(4): 661682.
  13. Alzualde A, Izagirre N, Alonso S, Alonso A, de la Rua C. Temporal mitochondrial DNA variation in the Basque Country: influence of post-neolithic events. [2]
  14. Página web de Peter Forster
  15. Ice Ages and the mitochondrial DNA chronology of human dispersals: a review Peter Forster [3]
  16. National Geographic. El haplogupo V
  17. BBC Genes link Celts to Basques
  18. 1 2 The origins of the British; autor Stephen Oppenheimer; Editor: Constable and Robinson (11 Sep 2006), ISBN 1-84529-158-1, : Myths of British ancestry
  19. Los británicos descienden de los vascos de la Edad de Hielo. elcorreodigital.com
  20. Británicos de origen vasco
  21. Genes link Celts to Basques "On the Y-chromosome the Celtic populations turn out to be statistically indistinguishable from the Basques, " Professor Goldstein said.
  22. Artículo de Gara El «Indiana Jones del ADN» se fija en la singularidad de los Vascos [4]
  23. Karafet, Tatiana et.al. (2008) «New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase the resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree»; Genome Research 18: 830838.
  24. Rosser, Zoë H. et. al. (2000) «Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Europe Is Clinal and Influenced Primarily by Geography, Rather than by Language»; The American Journal of Human Genetics 67(6): 15261543.
  25. [ . .1988..17.]
  26. Searcher of regular expressions in Iberian texts by Eduardo Orduña Aznar
  27. http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/007/009/9009.htm
  28. Karst, Joseph. 1928, Alarodiens et proto-basques - "In his main work, «Alarodiens et proto-basques», Karst bases his views on exclusive linguistic material in order to maintain the hypothesis that the Basque & Armenian languages one but two slightly modified varieties of the same linguistic branch." - " « », , a ."
  29. . . .  .: , 2004, .184.

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