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Haliaeetus leucocephalus cayu.jpg

Haliaeetus leucocephalus Linnaeus, 1766
:
Status iucn3.1 LC ru.svg

IUCN 3.1 Least Concern : 106003365
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ITIS   175420
NCBI   52644
EOL   1049121




́ ́[1] (. Haliaeetus leucocephalus)  , . ; ,   . XX , 1967 . , 1999 , [2].

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( ), , . , , - , , ( , ) - - .

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, 38° . :

  • H. l. leucocephalus  , . 52,9  57,7  , 24,9  27,1  .
  • H. l. washingtoniensis  , . 58,9  66,0  , 31,0  33,9  [7].

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  • (Aquila chrysaetos) ( ), ( ) . ,   .
  • - (Cathartes aura) , .

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     ,       ,                  ★

: , , ; , - [8].   , , , , [9].

. 17411742 : , [10]. - (. Leonard Hess Stejneger), 18821884 , . [11]. : 1920- [12], 1977  . , 1990 [13] 19921993 . [14].

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  , .

( [15])  , [16], . , . (Pinus ponderosa), (Pinus strobus), (Pinus monticola), (Pseudotsuga menziesii), (Quercus lobata) (Quercus kelloggii)[17]. , , , , [18][19]. ( 1,2 [16]) [20]. - [21]. [11].

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, , , [8]. . , , , , , , , - [22]. , , , , , [23]. , , , . , , . , , . , : , , [24][25][26].

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46 [7][27]. , 15- . , . , .   1,21 , , , 8,05 [28].

  . 27 [7]. , , . , , ,  . . 1,5 , 1 [7]. , . , . , .

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, ,   [29][30]. 13 ( 2) - -[31]. , - , . 3438 [7], , . , , . ; -   , . , . , 914 [32]. , 210 , .

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,   . , , , , . , . : , . ( 56 %[9]), , . . , (Alosa pseudoharengus), (Esox niger), (Morone americana), - (Ictalurus spp.), (Micropterus dolomieui), (Anguilla rostrata), (Oncorhyncus spp.), (Catostomus spp.)[20][33][34].   ( 28 %[9]), : (Podilymbus podiceps), (Branta canadensis), (Fulica americana), (Anas platyrhynchos), (Anas acuta) . 14 %, (Enhydra lutris), (Lepus spp.) (Cynomys spp.). , . . [35]. , , , . , (, (Pandion haliaetus)) [3].

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. . (. Haines) , 28 [36]. 12 [37]. 36 [2][19][38].

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.   .

, 670780 . [2]. , 25 50 . . XIX , . : , . , . , , . , .

1940 , [39]. , . , -   , - . 1967 40° . , , . 1972 , . 1998 10 1963 5700 [2]. , , .

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20 1782  ,   . , : «E Pluribus Unum», «   »  , . 13 , . 1776  1 [40].

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35- [40]:

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, . , . Falco leucocephalus, 1766 . , , Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus , 1897 , H. l. alascanus. (Haliaeetus) .-. ἅλιος ετός, « », (leucocephalus)  .-. λευκός («») κεφαλή («»), « ».

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  • H. l. Washingtoniensis

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  • Bald Eagle, « ».
  • -2 -1000
  • , « , » ( , )

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  1. . ., . . . . , , , , . / . . . .  .: . ., «», 1994.  . 43.  2030 .  ISBN 5-200-00643-0
  2. 1 2 3 4 50 CRF Part 17. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Rule to Remove the Bald Eagle in the Lowers 48 States From the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife; Proposed Rule. Department of the Interior. [1]
  3. 1 2 McVey, M., K. Hall, P. Trenham, A. Soast, L. Frymier, and A. Hirst. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook, Volume I. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C., EPA/600/R-93/187a.
  4. Bull, J. and J. Farrand, Jr. 1977. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 784 pp.
  5. Robbins, C.S., Bruun, B., Zim, H.S., (1966). Birds of North America. New York: Western Publishing Company, Inc.
  6. Dunning, Jr., J.B., ed. 1993. CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press, Ann Arbor. 371 pp.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1988. Endangered Species Information System Report: Bald Eagle. (ed.). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Arlington, VA.
  8. 1 2 American Ornithologists' Union. 2004. The A.O.U. check-list of North American birds, 7th edition, [Online]. American Ornithologists' Union (Producer). [2]
  9. 1 2 3 Stalmaster, M.V. 1987. The Bald Eagle. Universe Books, New York, NY. 227pp.
  10. . , , 1940.
  11. 1 2 Stejneger, L. 1885. Results of ornithological explorations in the Commander Islands and in Kamtschatka. U. S. National Museum Bulletin No. 29. Washington, D.C.
  12. . « . », 1934, . 86.
  13. / . . . .  . . .  .: - , 2001.  .3.  117 .
  14. . . [3]. 11 2007 .
  15. N.Green. «The bald eagle» 1985 pp 508531. Audubon Wildlife Report. NY, NY
  16. 1 2 Peterson, Allen. 1986. Habitat suitability index models: bald eagle(breeding season). Biol. Rep. 82 (10.126). Washington, DC: U.S.Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 25 p.
  17. Burke, Marianne. 1983. Bald eagle nesting habitat improved with silvicultural manipulation in northeastern California. In: Bird, David M., ed. Biology and management of bald eagles and ospreys. Ste Ann de Bellevue, PQ: Harpell Press: 101105.
  18. Garrett, Monte G.; Watson, James W.; Anthony, Robert G. 1993. Bald eagle home range and habitat use in the Columbia River estuary. Journal of Wildlife Management. 57(1): 1927.
  19. 1 2 Johnsgard, Paul A. 1990. Hawks, eagles, and falcons. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 403 p.
  20. 1 2 Livingston, Susan A.; Todd, Charles S.; Krohn, William B.; Owen, Ray B.,Jr. 1990. Habitat models for nesting bald eagles in Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management. 54(4): 644653.
  21. Green, Nancy. 1985. The bald eagle. In: Di Silvestro, Roger L., ed. Audubon wildlife report 1985. New York: The National Wildlife Society: 509531.
  22. Robert J.Ritchie and Skip Ambrose «Distribution and Population Status of Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in Interior Alaska» 1995 Arctic Vol.49 No.2 .120128 [4]
  23. State of Michigan. Department of Natural Resources. Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) [5] 11 2007
  24. Broley, C.L. 1947. Migration and nesting of Florida bald eagles. Wilson Bulletin 59:320.
  25. Wood, P.B. and M.W. Collopy. 1995. Population ecology of subadult southern bald eagles in Florida: post-fledging ecology, migration patterns, habitat use, and survival. Final report to Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission, Nongame Wildlife Program, Tallahassee, Florida.
  26. Mojica, E.K. 2006. Migration, home range, and important use areas of Florida sub-adult Bald Eagles. M.S. Thesis. The University of Georgia, Athens, GA. [6]
  27. David L. Evans «Status Reports of twelve Raptors» Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1982 pp.68
  28. Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife. 1982. Chesapeake Bay region bald eagle recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Boston, MA:81
  29. W.E.C.Todd «Birds of Western Pennsylvania» 1940 University Pittsburgh Press Pittsburgh
  30. J.W. Lish and J.C. Lewis «Status and ecology of Bald Eagles and nesting of Golden Eagles in Oklahoma» 1975 M.S. Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. p.98
  31. P.R. Ehrlich, D.S. Dobkin and D.Wheye «The birders handbook» 1988. Simon and Schuster, New York. p.785.
  32. George Laycock «Autumn of the Eagle» Charles Scribners Sons New York 1973
  33. Knight, Richard L.; Anderson, David P. 1990. Effects of supplemental feeding on an avian scavenging guild. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 18(4): 388394.
  34. Kralovec, Mary L.; Knight, Richard L.; Craig, Gerald R.; McLean, Robert G. 1992. Nesting productivity, food habits, and nest sites of bald eagles in Colorado and southeastern Wyoming. Southwestern Naturalist. 37(4): 356361.
  35. D.A. Buehler. Bald Eagle (Halieaeetus leucocephalus). In The Birds of North America, 2000, No. 564 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
  36. P. F. Schempf. 1997. J. Field Ornithol. 68:150151. USFWS, Suite 240, 3000 Vintage Blvd., Juneau, AK 998017100 (28 years.) RCT
  37. Hunt, W.G., D.E. Driscoll, E.W. Bianchi and R.E. Jackson. 1992. Ecology of Bald Eagles in Arizona. Report to U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Contract 6CS3004470. Biosystems Analysis, Inc. Santa Cruz, CA.
  38. Nancy Green «The bald eagle» 1985. In: Di Silvestro, Roger L., ed. Audubon wildlife report 1985. New York: The National Wildlife Society:509-531.
  39. Bald Eagle Protection Act, 16  § 668
  40. 1 2 3 US Department of Veterans Affairs. «The American Bald Eagle» [7] 11 2007
  41. «Franklin: Writings» Library of America. 1987. ISBN 978-0-940450-29-5

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