| British Empire |
|||||||||
|
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||||
«Dieu et mon droit» (. « ») |
|||||||||
1919 . |
|||||||||
| , , , | |||||||||
| () | |||||||||
| 33 000 000 ² (1922) | |||||||||
| 458 000 000 . (. 24% 1922 ) |
|||||||||
| - | |||||||||
(. British Empire) - [1]. 30- XX ., 41,2 ² ( 8 ² ), . 480 ( ). Pax Britannica .
|
|
[]
. XX . , « ».
, . « » , , , , , , , . 1952 1957 , . 22 , 18 000 30 000 .
[] (1583-1922)
[] ( )
, XVI - . . , , , . 1066 , I - . - , (1282 .) 1169 [2]. XVII . , . , , VII.
[] « » (15831783)
[]
1496 , , VII [3]. , , . 1497 , [4]. , , [5].
. XVI , - , [3]. 1562 , . - [6]. , 1578 I [7]. - , [8][9]. 1583 , , . , , 1584 . , , , , , , , [10]. , ( ), XVII . .
1603 I 1604 , . , , [11]. XVII - ( - 1600 ). XVIII « »[12].
[] ,
- [13], , . , 1604 [14], . - (1605) (1609) , - (1624), (1627) (1628)[15]. , , . , , [16]. , , 1651 , . - , [17]. 1655 , 1666 [18].
1607 . Virginia Company, , 1609 [19][20]. 1624 , [21]. , . 1610 . , [22]. 1620 , , [23]. : (1634), (1639) , - (1636) . 1663 . 1664 ( -) - , [24]. 1681 .
-, , , [25]. . , . , , . 1670 II ( , ). , , , [26].
, [27]. « ». 1807 3,5 , [28]. , , . - 25 % 1650 80 % 1780 , 10 % 40 % ( )[29]. , , . , , (middle passage) [30].
1695 (The Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies) . 1698 , . , . (Dariush scheme) [31] , . , [32].
[]
XVI , ( ), - , 1600 1602 . , , , . . ( ) 1622 , , , 1613 . , [33] - XVII . 1688 , , . , , , 1720 - [34]. - , , - ( ), , II 1661 ), (Sutanuti), .
[]
, 1688 , , , , , - , , , [35]. XVIII ( 1707 ) , [36].
II 1700 , , , , , [37]. 1701 , , 1714 . . , [38]. : , . , , - . 1802 , . [39].
1756 , : , , , -, . . . [26], , , , . , , [40]. , [41].
[] « » (17831815)
[]
1760- 1770- . [42]. . , , , , . , , . , . , , . , , , .
1775 , . 1783 , , , , . , , , , [43]. 40 100 . [44]. 14 . - , . 1784 -. 1791 , .
, «» «» [45]. , . « », 1776 , [46]. 1783 , [47].
. - . - , 1815 , .
[] -
- . [48], 1617 XVIII , , - . 1757 . , .
XVIII , , , , , . « », [49], ́ . , «» , .
, [50]. , [51], . - , , . . 1839 , . - .
1857 - . [52]. . .
[]
1718 , , . 1783 , [53].
1770 . 1778 . 1787 1788 [55]. 1840 [56]. 56 , , . [57].
, , 1642 , 1769 1770 . . XIX , . 1839 , . 1840 40 [58].
[]
. , , [59]. . . 1805 . , , 1810 .
1815 [60]. , , , , -, ; , . , , , , [61].
[]
XIX 1807 [62]. , 100 - 80 . 1808 - .
1823 , , 1833 . , . 1834 [63].
[] 18151914
18151914 . 10 (25 899 891 ²), 400 . , . , , . , .
, , . XIX , . 1902 [64].
[]
, . XIX - . , : (1799 .), (1811 .), (1819 .) (1824 .), (1826 .).
1730- . , 1729 , , . 1839 20 . . , , , .
1857 («British Raj»), - . . - (1858 .).
XIX - , 15 . , , XX [65].
[]
XIX , , . - (18261828 ) - (18281829 ) , [66]. , 1839 , - [61].
1853 . , , (18541856), [61].
(1876 .), , . 1878 . , 1902 . - , , , , .
[] ,
, , 1652 - , . C 1820 . 1830- 1840- , , (18521877, 18811902 .) (18541902 .)[67][68]. , . - (18991902 .) [69].
1869 III , . 1875 4 - 44 % . - , 1882 [70]. - - 1902 , - 1954 .
, , « ». 18841885 . « »[71]. 1890- , , 1885 . - 1896 [72]. - , .
, , , [73]. 1888 , - , , [74].
[] «»
«» 1839 , , . 1840 . 1848 , . 1867 , - , , .
1900 , 1901 . 1907 , , . 1910 , , - , .
XIX . 1798 , 1800 , 1845 1852 . - , , , . 1886 , , , [75]. 1914 , , 1916 .
[] (19141945)
. , « ». , , , ( 1904 1907 )[76].
[]
, 1915 , . [77]. - , 1917 - [78].
, 1919 , 1 800 000 (4 662 000 ²) 13 [79], . .
( 1878 , 1914 1925 ), , , , . : - ( ) - , , . [80].
[]
: 32 39 % , 24 37 %.
XIX , , . . , 1922 , [81]. 1930- , , , , . , .
. 1918 , 1919 . [82]. - 1921 - . , .
, 6 32 , 1920 .
; 1919 . [83], , . , (. ). 10 1922 18 .
1922 , , , 1954 . - 1936 . , . [84]. , 1919 , 1936 .
1923 . , , , [85]. , 1926 , « , , »[86]. « », « ».
1931 . , , , , . , . 1933 , , [87]. , 1937 , , .
[]
, , . , , - , , [88].
1940 , 1941 . - [89]. 1941 , , « , » . , , , [90].
1941 , ϸ- . - 1895 . , [91]. [92]. , [93].
, , , . , 1951 , [90].
[] « » (19451997)
, . , . , 3,5 [94]. 2006 .
. , . « » , . , , , . 19451965 700 5 , 3 [95].
[]
1945 , . [96]. , , , . . , , , . , 1946 - 1948 .
, ( ) - , , 15 1947 . , [97]. , . , , , , .
1948 . , , .
. [98]. , . 1947 , 1948 , [99]. № 181 .
. , , [100]. , , . , [100]. 1948 1960 , 1957 . 1963 , , , . 1965 , , - [101]. , 1888 , [102], 1984 .
[]
1951 . , , , , , . , 1952 [103]. 1955 .
1956 . - , [104]. . . , , . , , , . , , [105], , [106].
[107]. , « »[108], « »[109]. « ». 1982 - .
, . (1957 .), (1958 .), 1961 [110].
[]
1960 - , , , « »[111]. , , , . 1950- , () , 1968 [112], . , , . 1965 , - [113]. 1979 , . , - [114].
, -. 1960 , - . 1964 .
1958 -, 1962 . 1966 , 1970- 1980- . , Ҹ [115], [116], [117]. 1966 . , , 1973 , 1981 . [118].
1970 . () 1980 . (). - - , - , . , , , - .
[]
19801981 ( ), ( ) . . 1982 , , [119]. , [120].
. 1982 , , , - [121]. 1986 [122].
1982 - [123]. 1842 , « », , 1898 99 , 1997 . . 1984 - , [124]. 1997 [125], , , « »[121].
[]
14 . 2002 . ( ). .
, . , , , , , , . , [126]. . 400 ., 1 , [127], . , 77 .
, , , , . . [128].
[] .
[]
- N. Ferguson. Empire. 2004. P. xii.
- The Origins of Empire / N. Canny. 2001. P. 7.
- 1 2 N. Ferguson. Empire. 2004. P. 3.
- K. Andrews. Trade, Plunder and Settlement. 1984. P. 45.
- N. Ferguson. Empire. 2004. P. 4.
- N. Ferguson. Empire. 2004. P. 7.
- K. Andrews. Trade, Plunder and Settlement. 1984. P. 187.
- K. Andrews. Trade, Plunder and Settlement. 1984. P. 188.
- The Origins of Empire / N. Canny. 2001. P. 63.
- The Origins of Empire / N. Canny. 2001. P. 6364.
- The Origins of Empire / N. Canny. 2001. P. 70.
- The Origins of Empire / N. Canny. 2001. P. 34.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 17.
- The Origins of Empire / N. Canny. 2001. P. 71.
- The Origins of Empire / N. Canny. 2001. P. 221.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 2223.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 32.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 33.
- K. Andrews. Trade, Plunder and Settlement. 1984. P. 316.
- K. Andrews. Trade, Plunder and Settlement. 1984. P. 324326.
- Olson, p. 600.
- K. Andrews. Trade, Plunder and Settlement. 1984. P. 2022.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 8.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 40.
- N. Ferguson. Empire. 2004. P. 7273.
- 1 2 Canada and the British Empire / P. Buckner. 2008. P. 25.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 37.
- N. Ferguson. Empire. 2004. P. 62.
- The Origins of Empire / N. Canny. 2001. P. 228.
- Marshall, pp. 440-64.
- Magnusson, p. 531.
- Macaulay, p. 509.
- N. Ferguson. Empire. 2004. P. 19.
- N. Ferguson. Empire. 2004. P. 20.
- The Origins of Empire / N. Canny. 2001. P. 441.
- Pagden, p. 90.
- Olson, p. 1045.
- Olson, p. 1122.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 58.
- Ś. Bandyopādhyāa. From Plassey to Partition. 2004. P. 4952.
- Pagden, p. 91.
- N. Ferguson. Empire. 2004. P. 84.
- . . 24 2011. 27 2012.
- Alison Games. Migration // British Atlantic World / D. Armitage, M. Braddick.. 2002. P. 4648.
- The Origins of Empire / N. Canny. 2001. P. 92.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 120.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 119.
- The Origins of Empire / N. Canny. 2001. P. 93.
- . . . 5. historic.ru (1958). 24 2011. 27 2012.
- ; , , - .. 24 2011.
- . . dic.academic.ru. 24 2011. 27 2012.
- . ( 2007). 24 2011. 28 2012.
- . . imcl.ru. 24 2011. 28 2012.
- . 100velikih.ru. 24 2011. 28 2012.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 142.
- W. R. Brock. Britain and the Dominions. 2011. P. 159.
- D. K. Fieldhouse. The West and the 3rd World. 1999. P. 145149.
- . . 24 2011. 28 2012.
- . . 24 2011. 28 2012.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 115118.
- 1 2 3 L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 165.
- . britain4russians.net. 24 2011. 28 2012.
- Encyclopedia of Antislavery & Abolition / P. Hinks et al.. 2007. Vol. 1. P. 129.
- N. Dalziel. The Penguin Historical Atlas... 2006. P. 8891.
- Marshall, pp. 133-34.
- P. Hopkirk. Great Game. 2001. P. 112.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 168.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 243.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 255.
- N. Ferguson. Empire. 2004. P. 230233.
- Berlin Conference (18841885) // Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism / C. Hodge. 2008. Vol. 1. P. 83.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 274.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 298.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 215.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 315.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 275.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 277.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 278.
- N. Ferguson. Empire. 2004. P. 311.
- G. Fox. Humanitarian Occupation. 2008. P. 2329.
- Washington Conference / E. Goldstein, J. Maurer.. 1994. P. 4.
- The Twentieth Century / J. Brown, R. Louis. 2001. P. 143.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 416.
- The Twentieth Century / J. Brown, R. Louis. 2001. P. 292.
- The Twentieth Century / J. Brown, R. Louis. 2001. P. 68.
- The Twentieth Century / J. Brown, R. Louis. 2001. P. 69.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 300.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 313314.
- M. Gilbert. Churchill and America. 2005. P. 234.
- 1 2 T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 316.
- M. Gilbert. Churchill and America. 2005. P. 244.
- The Twentieth Century / J. Brown, R. Louis. 2001. P. 319.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 460.
- The Twentieth Century / J. Brown, R. Louis. 2001. P. 331.
- The Twentieth Century / J. Brown, R. Louis. 2001. P. 330.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 322.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 325.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 327.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 328.
- 1 2 T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 335.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 365.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 396.
- The Twentieth Century / J. Brown, R. Louis. 2001. P. 339340.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 581.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 583.
- Suez Crisis: Key players (.). BBC News (21 July 2006). 4 2012. 22 2012.
- The Twentieth Century / J. Brown, R. Louis. 2001. P. 342.
- The Twentieth Century / J. Brown, R. Louis. 2001. P. 343.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 585.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 586.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 616.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 427433.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 618.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 620621.
- P. Clegg. The UK Caribbean Overseas Territories // Extended statehood in the Caribbean. 2005. P. 128.
- T.O. Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 1996. P. 428.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 622.
- Nigel Bolland. Belize: Historical Setting (.). Library of Congress (1992). 4 2012. 22 2012.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 624625.
- L. James. Rise & Fall of the British Empire. 1995. P. 629.
- 1 2 The Twentieth Century / J. Brown, R. Louis. 2001. P. 594.
- The Twentieth Century / J. Brown, R. Louis. 2001. P. 689.
- P. Brendon. Decline and Fall of the British Empire. 2007. P. 654.
- P. Brendon. Decline and Fall of the British Empire. 2007. P. 656.
- P. Brendon. Decline and Fall of the British Empire. 2007. P. 660.
- N. Ferguson. Empire. 2004. P. 307.
- History of the English Language / R. Hogg, D. Denison.. 2006. P. 424.
- N. Dalziel. The Penguin Historical Atlas... 2006. P. 135.
[]
- Kenneth Andrews. Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 14801630. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. 394 p. ISBN 0-521-27698-5
- Alison Games. Migration // The British Atlantic World, 15001800 / David Armitage, Michael J. Braddick.. 1. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. 324 p. ISBN 0-333-96340-7
- Śekhara Bandyopādhyāa. From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. 1. Himayatnagar: Orient Longman, 2004. 523 p. ISBN 8-125-02596-0
- Piers Brendon. The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 17811997. London: Jonathan Cape, 2007. 640 p. ISBN 0-224-06222-0
- W. R. Brock. Britain and the Dominions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 592 p. (British Commonwealth Series). ISBN 1-107-68833-7
- The Twentieth Century / Judith M. Brown, William Roger Louis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Vol. 4. 800 p. (The Oxford History of the British Empire). ISBN 0-199-24679-3
- Canada and the British Empire / Phillip Alfred Buckner. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. 294 p. (The Oxford history of the British Empire companion series). ISBN 0-199-27164-X
- The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century / Nicholas Canny. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Vol. 1. 560 p. (The Oxford history of the British Empire). ISBN 0-199-24676-9
- Peter Clegg. The UK Caribbean Overseas Territories // Extended statehood in the Caribbean: Paradoxes of quasi colonialism, local autonomy, and extended statehood in the USA, French, Dutch, and British Caribbean / Lammert De Jong, Dirk Kruijt. Amsterdam: Rozenberg Publishers, 2005. 206 p. ISBN 9-051-70686-3
- Nigel Dalziel. The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire. 1. London: Penguin Books, 2006. 144 p. ISBN 0-141-01844-5
- Niall Ferguson. Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power. New York, NY: Basic Books, 2004. 351 p. ISBN 0-465-02329-0
- David Kenneth Fieldhouse. The West and the Third World: Trade, Colonialism, Dependence, and Development. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1999. 378 p. ISBN 0-631-19439-8
- Gregory H. Fox. Humanitarian Occupation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 320 p. ISBN 0-521-85600-0
- Martin Gilbert. Churchill and America. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2005. 528 p. ISBN 0-743-29122-0
- The Washington Conference, 192122: Naval Rivalry, East Asian Stability and the Road to Pearl Harbor / Erik Goldstein, John H. Maurer.. 1. London: Routledge, 1994. 319 p. ISBN 0-714-64559-1
- Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition / Peter P. Hinks, John R. McKivigan, R. Owen Williams. 1. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. 796 p. (Milestones in African American History). ISBN 0-313-33142-1
- Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 18001914 / Carl Cavanagh Hodge. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008. 1016 p. (set in 2 volumes). ISBN 978-0-313-33404-7
- David Crystal. English Worldwide // A History of the English Language / Richard M. Hogg, David Denison.. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 495 p. ISBN 0-521-66227-3
- Peter Hopkirk. The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. 562 p. ISBN 0-192-80232-1
- Lawrence James. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire. New York, NY: St. Matrin's Press, 1995. 704 p. ISBN 0-312-16985-X
- Trevor Owen Lloyd. The British Empire 15581995. 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. 455 p. ISBN 0-198-73134-5
| . |
[]
| . | |
|---|---|

