GNU Free Documentation License . .

: ,
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  , , , « » . , ( ) . ,   . «»   , , , .

. , , .

, , , «».

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\mathbf a \mathbf b \R^3 \mathbf c, :

  • \mathbf c \mathbf a \mathbf b \varphi : \left| \mathbf c \right| = \left| \mathbf a \right| \left| \mathbf b \right| \sin \varphi;
  • \mathbf c \mathbf a \mathbf b;
  • \mathbf c , \mathbf{abc} ;
  • \R^7 \mathbf{a,b,c}.

:

 \mathbf c = \left[ \mathbf a \mathbf b \right] = \left[ \mathbf a,\; \mathbf b \right] = \mathbf a \times \mathbf b

[1] -. , . , .

, .

. 1846 [2] , , [3].

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\mathbf{a, b, c} . \mathbf A ( \mathbf A , \mathbf A). , \mathbf A, , . \mathbf P  , , \mathbf A. \mathbf P \mathbf{a, b, c}, \mathbf A, , .

\mathbf{a, b, c} , , \mathbf A \mathbf P, \mathbf A \mathbf{a, b, c} \mathbf P . , \mathbf P, .

B \mathbf{a, b, c}  .

(. ), .

( ) .

, «» «» ; , - , .

[]

[]

1: .
2: ; c a × b a b × c, .
  • .
  • [\mathbf{ab}] S , \mathbf a \mathbf b (. 1)
  • \mathbf e  , \mathbf a \mathbf b , \mathbf a, \mathbf b, \mathbf e  , S  , ( ), :

  [ \mathbf a,\; \mathbf b ] = S\, \mathbf e
  • \mathbf c  - , \pi  , , \mathbf e  , \pi \mathbf c, \mathbf g  , \pi , \mathbf {ecg} , \pi \mathbf a

  \left[ \mathbf a,\; \mathbf c \right] = \mathrm{Pr}_{ \mathbf e }\,  \mathbf a \left| \mathbf c \right| \mathbf g.
  • , a, b c (. 2). .
V = |\mathbf{a} \cdot (\mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{c})|.

, : «» «» :

V =\mathbf{a \times b \cdot c} = \mathbf{a \cdot b \times c} \ .

, «» , «». 1 ( ), , 0 ( ), .

[]

 \left[ \mathbf{a},\; \mathbf b \right] = - \left[ \mathbf b, \mathbf a \right]
 \left[ \left(\alpha \mathbf a \right),\; \mathbf b \right] = \left[ \mathbf a,\; \left(\alpha \mathbf b \right) \right] = \alpha \left[ \mathbf a,\; \mathbf b \right]
 \left[ \left( \mathbf a + \mathbf b \right),\; \mathbf c \right] = \left[ \mathbf a,\; \mathbf c \right] + \left[ \mathbf b,\; \mathbf c \right]
 \left[ \left[ \mathbf a,\; \mathbf b \right],\; \mathbf c \right] + \left[ \left[ \mathbf b,\; \mathbf c \right],\; \mathbf a \right] + \left[ \left[ \mathbf c, \mathbf a \right],\; \mathbf b \right]= 0 , \R^3 \R^7
 \left[ \mathbf a,\; \mathbf a \right] =\mathbf 0
 \left[ \mathbf a,\; [ \mathbf b,\; \mathbf c ] \right]~=~\mathbf b (\mathbf a,\; \mathbf c) - \mathbf c (\mathbf a,\; \mathbf b) « »,
 |[\mathbf a, \, \mathbf b]|^2 + (\mathbf a, \, \mathbf b)^2 = |\mathbf a|^2 |\mathbf b|^2 |\mathbf{vw}| = |\mathbf{v}| |\mathbf{w}|
([\mathbf a, \, \mathbf b], \, \mathbf c)=(\mathbf a, \, [\mathbf b, \, \mathbf c]) a, b, c ( a, \, b, \, c ) \langle a, \, b, \, c \rangle

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\mathbf a \mathbf b ,  

 \mathbf a = (a_x,\; a_y,\; a_z)
\mathbf b = (b_x,\; b_y,\; b_z)

,


[ \mathbf a,\; \mathbf b ] = (a_y b_z - a_z b_y,\; a_z b_x - a_x b_z,\; a_x b_y - a_y b_x).

:


[ \mathbf a,\; \mathbf b ] = \begin{vmatrix} \mathbf i & \mathbf j & \mathbf k \\ a_x & a_y & a_z \\ b_x & b_y & b_z \end{vmatrix}


[ \mathbf a,\; \mathbf b ]_i = \sum_{j,k=1}^3 \varepsilon_{i j k} a_j b_k,

\varepsilon_{i j k}  -.

,


[ \mathbf a,\; \mathbf b ] = (a_z b_y - a_y b_z,\; a_x b_z - a_z b_x,\; a_y b_x - a_x b_y).

, :


[ \mathbf a,\; \mathbf b ] = - \begin{vmatrix} \mathbf i & \mathbf j & \mathbf k \\ a_x & a_y & a_z \\ b_x & b_y & b_z \end{vmatrix}


[ \mathbf a,\; \mathbf b ]_i = - \sum_{j,k=1}^3 \varepsilon_{i j k} a_j b_k.

, \mathbf a \mathbf b (\mathbf i' = \mathbf i, \mathbf j' = \mathbf j, \mathbf k' = - \mathbf k):


[ \mathbf a,\; \mathbf b ] = \begin{vmatrix} \mathbf i' & \mathbf j' & \mathbf k' \\ a'_x & a'_y & a'_z \\ b'_x & b'_y & b'_z \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} \mathbf i & \mathbf j & -\mathbf k \\ a_x & a_y & -a_z \\ b_x & b_y & -b_z \end{vmatrix} = - \begin{vmatrix} \mathbf i & \mathbf j & \mathbf k \\ a_x & a_y & a_z \\ b_x & b_y & b_z \end{vmatrix}.

[]

[]

, \mathbf i, \mathbf j, \mathbf k  \R^3: .

, \mathbf i, \mathbf j \mathbf k i, j k. (a_1,\;a_2,\;a_3) a_1 i+a_2 j+a_3 k, . .

[]

:

\mathbf{a} \times \mathbf{b} = [\mathbf{a}]_{\times} \mathbf{b} = \begin{bmatrix}\,0&\!-a_3&\,\,a_2\\ \,\,a_3&0&\!-a_1\\-a_2&\,\,a_1&\,0\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}b_1\\b_2\\b_3\end{bmatrix}
\mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{a} = \mathbf{b}^T [\mathbf{a}]_{\times} = \begin{bmatrix}b_1&b_2&b_3\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}\,0&\!-a_3&\,\,\,a_2\\\,\,\,a_3&\,0&\!-a_1\\-a_2&\,\,a_1&\,0\end{bmatrix}

[\mathbf{a}]_{\times} \stackrel{\rm def}{=} \begin{bmatrix}\,\,0&\!-a_3&\,\,\,a_2\\\,\,\,a_3&0&\!-a_1\\\!-a_2&\,\,a_1&\,\,0\end{bmatrix}

\mathbf{a} :

\mathbf{a} = \mathbf{c} \times \mathbf{d}

[\mathbf{a}]_{\times} = (\mathbf{c}\mathbf{d}^T)^T - \mathbf{c}\mathbf{d}^T.

, ( ,  . .) . , n(n-1)/2 n- . , .

(, en:epipolar geometry).

,

 [\mathbf{a}]_{\times} \, \mathbf{a} = \mathbf{0}      \mathbf{a}^{T} \, [\mathbf{a}]_{\times} = \mathbf{0}

 [\mathbf{a}]_{\times} ,

 \mathbf{b}^{T} \, [\mathbf{a}]_{\times} \, \mathbf{b} = 0.

( « »).

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3- . . A ,

\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf a_1\\\mathbf a_2\\\mathbf a_3\end{bmatrix} \times \mathbf b = \begin{bmatrix}\mathbf a_1 \times \mathbf b \\\mathbf a_2 \times \mathbf b \\\mathbf a_3 \times \mathbf b \end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf a_1\\\mathbf a_2\\\mathbf a_3\end{bmatrix} \cdot \mathbf b = \begin{bmatrix}\mathbf a_1 \cdot \mathbf b \\\mathbf a_2 \cdot \mathbf b \\\mathbf a_3 \cdot \mathbf b \end{bmatrix}

, A . , , , . , (A  , \mathbf x, \mathbf y  ):

A \cdot (\mathbf x \times \mathbf y) = (A \times \mathbf x) \cdot \mathbf y
A \times (\mathbf x \times \mathbf y) = \mathbf x (A \cdot \mathbf y)- \mathbf y (A \cdot \mathbf x)

:

\mathbf x \times \mathbf y = E \cdot (\mathbf x \times \mathbf y) = (E \times \mathbf x)\cdot \mathbf y

E  . , . . , « », . , \R^3 :

 \int\limits_{\Sigma}\operatorname{rot}\, \mathbf{A^T} \, \mathbf{d\Sigma} = \int\limits_{\partial\Sigma} \mathbf{A}\cdot\, d \mathbf{r},

A A . , , :

 \int\limits_{\Sigma}\operatorname{grad}\, u \times \, \mathbf{d\Sigma} = \int\limits_{\partial\Sigma} u\, d \mathbf{r},
 \int\limits_{\Sigma} \left[ \mathbf{d\Sigma}; \left[ \nabla; \mathbf a \right] \right] = \int\limits_{\partial\Sigma} \mathbf a \times d \mathbf{r}.

[] ,

n  .

, , \mathbb{R}^n \times \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}^n, 3 7.

, 3,   2 (, , ). , , , , (n-1) -. , n- n . - \varepsilon_{i_1 i_2 i_3 \ldots i_n} n , (n-1)-


 P_i(\mathbf{a,\;b,\;c,\;\ldots}) = \sum_{j,\;k,\;m,\;\ldots=1}^n \varepsilon_{ijk\ldots} a_j b_k c_m \ldots =\det(\begin{pmatrix}\mathbf{e_1}\\ \vdots \\\mathbf{e_n}\end{pmatrix}\mathbf{,a,b,c,\ldots}) \cdot \mathbf{e_i}


\mathbf P(\mathbf{a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_{n-1}}) = \det(\begin{pmatrix}\mathbf{e_1}\\ \vdots \\\mathbf{e_n}\end{pmatrix}\mathbf{,a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_{n-1}}) = 
\begin{vmatrix}
\mathbf{e_1}&\mathbf{e_2}&\cdots  & \mathbf{e_n}  \\
a_{1_1}        &a_{1_2}        &\cdots & a_{1_n}\\
a_{2_1}        &a_{2_2}        &\cdots  & a_{2_n}\\
\vdots        &\vdots      &\ddots  & \vdots\\
a_{n-1_1}        &a_{n-1_2}        &\cdots  & a_{n-1_n}
\end{vmatrix}

(n-1).

, , ( ), , n \neq 3 , , . , , , :

\ P_{ij}(\mathbf{a,b}) = a_i b_j - a_j b_i.

.

\ P(\mathbf{a,b}) = a_1 b_2 - a_2 b_1.

, . ( , , , , , , , , ).

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\mathbb{R}^{3} (   ). \R^3 so(3) SO(3) .

[] .

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  1. .
  2. Crowe M. J. A History of Vector Analysis The Evolution of the Idea of a Vectorial System.  Courier Dover Publications, 1994.  . 32.  270 .  ISBN 0486679101
  3. Hamilton W. R. On Quaternions; or on a New System of Imaginaries in Algebra // Philosophical Magazine. 3rd Series. London: 1846. . 29. . 30.

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  • .
  • . . (flash). (10.03.2011).  . 3 2011.