|
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| : «Dieu et mon droit» «( )» | |||||
| : «God Save the Queen/King» ( ) | |||||
| 1 1801 ( ) |
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| , , , , , , | |||||
| [1] | |||||
- |
II |
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% . |
77- 243 809 ² 1,34% |
||||
(2011) (2001) |
62 698 362[2] . (22-) 58 789 194[3] . 246 ./² (48-) |
||||
| () (2010) |
2,172 [4] $ (7-) 34 919[4] $ (18-) |
||||
| () (2010) |
2,247 [4] $ (6-) 36 119[4] $ (20-) |
||||
| (2011) | ▲ 0,863[5] ( .) (28-) | ||||
| (GBP, 826) | |||||
| British Airways | |||||
| - | .uk, .eu ( ), .gb ( ) | ||||
| ISO | GB | ||||
| +44 | |||||
| +0 | |||||
́ ( . Great Britain; ́ ́ ́ ́, . United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, - «United Kingdom» « ») [6]. , , . , XIX XX .
« » (- «countries», «»): , , . - , ( ) .
|
|
[]
243 809 ², 240 579 ², 3 230 ². 1993 10 % , 46 % , 25 % .[7] 17 820 .[8] 50 , 38 , .[9] 360 .[2]
, 130 395 ².[10] [7] -, , , . , . - 978 .[7]
, 78 772 ²,[11] [12] , , . , .[13] , . , -, 1343 .[14] , Ը-- Ը--, « », , .
, 20 779 ².[15] , . , , . 1085 , .[7] 14-15 3000 ( 900 ) . 1200 , , -.
13 843 ² . - 388 ², .[16] 852 .[7]
[]
.[2] , 11°C 35 °C.[17] - ,[2] , , . , , , .
[]
, . « , ». XIX , .[18] , , , .
, . , . . , , 2000 1998 .[19] , , - 2004 .[20] , , 32 . .[21]
32 . , , , , , 200 000 . , 1222[22] . , , .
22 , , , .[23] 4 .[24] 1973 26 . , , .[25] 13 2008 11 .[26] 2011 .[27]
[]
, : 14 [28] .
: ( ), ( ), ( ), ( -), ( -), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), Ҹ ( -), ( -), ( ) ( ).[29] , ,[30] , . 1 727 527 ² ( -18 127 ..), 260 000 .[31] .
, .[32] - . 766 .. 235 000 . , , , . .[33] ( 1986 ., 2004, 2005).
[]
(.) |
|
|---|---|
| 1900 | 35 405 900 |
| 1949 | 50 300 000 |
| 1959 | 51 900 000 |
| 1976 | 55 900 000 |
| 1998 | 59 100 000 |
| 2004 | 59 834 900 |
| 2005 | 60 441 457 |
| 2007 | 60 776 238 |
| 2009 | 61 634 783 |
.[34] 2001 58,789,194, , 21- . 2011 62 698 362[2] 2008 , 1998 .[35] 2001 2008 0,5 %, 0,3 % 1991 2001 0,2 % .[35] 2008 2007 , , 16 .[36] 100 626 000 2080 .[37]
2008 51,44 ,[35] , 383 2003,[38] -.[39] 2008 5.17 , 2.99 , 1.78 [35] . , 2008.[35] , , , , .
2008 1.96 .[40] , «-» 1964 2.95 [41] 2.1, 2001 1.63 .[40] 1.8 , 2.11 2008 .[40]
[]
, XI , , , , . , 50 Y ,[42] , « 75 % 6 200 , », .[43][44][45]
- , , 1730-,[46] , XIX .[47] 1950 20 000 -, .[48]
1945 , , , . 2004 [49], 2008 , .[50]
. 30,4 % [51] 37,4 % [52] 2005 -, 5 % - , - 2001 .[53]
[]
, , , , - .[59] : , , . 2001 21 % , ,[60] 18 % 1991 .[61] 200 000 , , .[62]
2001 , 167 487 (10.4 %) « », . 92 000 ( 2 %) , 72 % .[63] , , .[64] , , ( -),[65] , , .[66]
: 14 ,[67] 16 . . 16 , , .[68]
[]
1. , ( «» «» ), , , , 1871 .
3. , , , .
4. (XVII ) ( , ).
) , , : « ! !» [69] [70] : , , , , . , . , (, , , ), , . , 2001 . «» « »[71].
[]
[] 1707
, 30 000 .[72] , , , , , .[73] 43 . ., 400- , , .[74] , X .[75] - ( - , , , V )[76][77] IX .[78]
1066 , , , - - .[79] , .[80] . , . , , .[81]
, .[82] ,[83] .[84] , , .[85] 1603 , , I . .[86][87] XVII ( ), .[88][89] , ( 1688 ), , , . .[90] , , ( ) , .[91][92]
[] 1707
XVIII , , .[96] . , , , 1807 .[97] . , , .[98]
(17921815) XIX ( 1830 1930 )[100] XX .[101] , , , «Pax Britannica».[102] , . « »,[103] , . , , , , .[104][105] laissez-faire . , , .[106] .[107]
, ( 1917 ) , (1914-18).[108] 5 ,[109] . 2,5 .[109] , , , .[110] 1921 ,[111] , .[112]
(1929-32) , , .[113]
. , , . , . . .[114]
, .[115] , .[116] , 1947 .[117] .
1956 , , ( 1952 ). , 1960- - .
1950- , - .[118] 1973 , 1992 , 12 -. 1960- - ( ). 1998 .[119][120]
1970- 1980- , , .[121] 1984 .[122] XX , - , . XXI , .[123]
[]
. II . , « , »..[124] ,[125] - , -. , , , . « », « » , , , . , , .[126]
[]
-, , , , . - Ÿ , - , , -.[127]
- , , . - , . , -, 11 2010 .[128] 650 [129] . , -. 1911 1949 , , .[130]
, . 2010 622 650 .[131] , : ( ), ( ) , - , ( , ). , , . , 2002 .[132] 72 , 12 .[133]
[]
, , . , , , « », , , , ,[134] , , .[135]
, , , , .[136] 2007 , , .[137] ,[138] 2009 , .[139] 2011 .[140]
, .[141] 2006 « »,[142] 2011 . 2011 , , 2009 .[143]
. , ( ) ( ).[144]
[]
, 19 1706 .[145] : , . 2009 .[146][147] , , , .
, , - .[148] , , , , , , , , (« »).[149] , , ( ) ( ). , , , .[150]
. .[151] .[152] , : «», « », « ». ,[153] « » « , ».[154]
1981 1995 , , 2008 , 48 %.[155] , 80 000, , 147 100 000 .[156] 2010 32 , 10 %.[157] 8 000,[158] .[159]
[]
, , G8, G20, , , , , , . « » [160][161] , « », . , . , , .[162]
[]
24 1963 [163]. XX , . , , 2000- - , .
. , -, , , . , , - (). . VIII 26 2010 .
( ), . , , .[164].
- , , , , , , , , , , [165].
[]
2008 20 .[166][167][168] , , 25- . 2,5 % .[169] , - - , Ÿ . , . , II.
.[170] £3,2 « » 3 2008 .[171] 2009 105 750 , 43 300, 38 160.[172] , , . , . , , 404 090.[172]
, . . , , , , , -, , , , .[173]
, , « » .[174] - 2000 , , , , . , 1982 , .
[]
1981 . (British Nationality Act 1981), .[175] . , . , . . .
1 2005 «Life in the UK» , , .
, 45 24 , . , .
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
2009 (-), 2008 30 %. 51,315 . 46,715 . 1,815 .[1]
[]
.[179] , , 2008 .[180] Ÿ , , . . , . ( ).[181] 1997 , , .[182]
2008 , 1991 .[183] 5,2 % 2008 7,6 % 2009 , 2011 18 24 11,9 % 20,3 %, 1992 .[184] 44,5 % 2007 76,1 % 2010 .[185][186]
73 % .[187] , « » ( - ),[188] -[176][177][178] .[189] .[190]
[193] , , , .[194][195] , XIX . , , . - , 2003 .[196]
800 000 £52 £26.6 .[197] ( ) £20 .[198][199][200] ( ).[201][202]
60 % . 20072008 13,5 (22 % ) . .[203]
[]
3 497 , 3 497 344 000 .[2] 2009 34 .[206] 16 116 303 , 18 000 1000 .[2]
2009 2010 211,4 .[207] (65,6 ), (31,5 ) (18,9 ).[207] , 24 [204][205] British Airways, BMI Virgin Atlantic.[208]
[]
2006 .[209] 2007 9,5 BTU, (38 %), (36 %), (13 %), (11 %) (2 %).[210] 2009 1,5 , 1,7 .[211] 2005 .[211] 2010 3,1 , .[211]
2009 13- .[212] , 2004 .[212] 2009 19.7 60,2 .[210] 2005 171 ,[210] 7 16 .[213] , 200 400 .[214]
, , BP Royal Dutch Shell.[215]
[]
XVII ,[216] XVIII [193] .[217] XVII-XVIII , ,[218] XIX , , , , , , .[219] XVIII , ,[220] XX , [221] , .[219] , XVIII ,[222] XIX , ,[223] , ,[224] XX ,[225] , , , -.[226] , , 1660 .
, Rolls-Royce, , BAE Systems, , - Airbus.[227] GlaxoSmithKline AstraZeneca, ,[228] , .[229] , , 2600 .[230] , .[231] 2004-2008 7 % , .[232] Nature, British Medical Journal (.). The Lancet (.)..
[]
. . , , . . , .
: The Times, The Guardian, The Independent, The Daily Telegraph, The Observer, The Financial Times, The Daily Express, The Sun, The Daily Mirror, The People.
[]
: , (42 079 000) 71,6 %, (1 591 000) 2,7 %, (559 000) 1 %, (336 000) 0,6 %, (267 000) 0,5 %, (152 000) 0,3 %, (179 000) 0,3 %, (9 104 000) 15,5 %, (4 289 000) 7,3 %. , . , , .
, : 38 % («a God»)[233], , 2005 , «72 % »[234].
2008 , Joseph Rowntree Foundation, « » « »[235].
[]
- ( )
- -
[] .
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