GNU Free Documentation License . .

: ,
Wikipedia
.
URL:

www.wikipedia.org
:

:

-
:

( )
():

272[1]
:

, ()
()
( )
:

:

[2]
:

15 2001

:

. : :-

́ (. Wikipedia, /ˌwɪkɪˈpiːdɪə/)  [3] -, « ». «» ( ) «». 16 [1] (    581 783 ) , [4]. [5][6].

2001 [7], [8] [9][10][11]. - [12][13][14]. , [15].

, [16] [17]. [18]. [19]. , [20][21].

, , [22][23]. «Time» «» 2006, - , 2.0, YouTube MySpace[24].

:
,
 
 
10 2001 9 2007 ( )
wikipedia.org 2008

(. Nupedia), -, . 9 2000 Bomis, Inc., , -. , CEO Bomis , , . , Nupedia Open Content License, GNU Free Documentation License [25].

  [26][27]. [28][29], - [30]. 10 2001 «» [31], . - , , . 15 2001 www.wikipedia.com[32] [28]. « » [33] «» . , , [28].

, Slashdot . 20 000 18 2001 . 2002 26 , 46 2003 161 2004 [34]. , 2003 ( ). 2  9 2007 , , (1407 ), 600 [35].

, Enciclopedia Libre 2002 [36]. , , - enciclopedia.org[37]. . Wikinfo . , ,  Citizendium, Scholarpedia, Conservapedia Google Knol[   469 ]  , , .

(. Wikimedia Foundation) 20 2003 [38]. United States Patent and Trademark Office Wikipedia 17 2004 . 10 2006 . 16 2004 , 20 2005   . , « »[   469 ]. , DVD[39].

  , , .

, Encyclopædia Britannica, , . . , , , , , . « » [40]. , , , [41], , [42]. , 2008 - , . , «» , [43]. (. : Internet Watch Foundation.)

( , ) , , , , . , , , . , «»[44] , (, ), . -, , [45]. , , , . , , . «, », , , , [46]. , - [33]. , , [47]. [48] , , , . (. [49][50].)

, , .

, , , , . «», , ; , [51]. , , , . «», , [52]. « », , . , , , [21], , , .

. , «», . , . , , - . : « , . , , , »[53]. .

2008 , [54].

: : ,
« »[55].
Question book-4.svg
 .
, .
, .

, . , , .

( , , , , ), , , , , ( ).

: , , , «» « ».

, . . , .   , , . , , , .

,

[56][57]. « »[58], [59] [60]. ; «»[61], (1,594 enciclopedians for the English edition on September 30, 2008), , . , , . «» , ( , ), , .

, « ?» , 2.0, Digg[62] , , News2 . , « » « ». , , , [63].

, 2007 , , , , , , [64]. , , . «-»[16].

2007 , WikiScanner, . enciScanner , , , , , , [65].

2003 Andrea Ciffolilli , « » [66]. « » 2008 Jonathan Zittrain Berkman Center for Internet & Society , [67].

, , -. , , , .

,

() Plone[   473 ].

MediaWiki  -, «». Mediaenci PHP ( MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite); memcached Squid[68]. Mediaenci , , , HTML TeX ( ), , . . Mediaenci GNU General Public License , -. UseModWiki, Perl (« I»), CamelCase ; . 2002 (« II»), PHP enci MySQL; . « II» . 2002 (« III») , MediaWiki, .

2008 . . server layout diagrams on Meta-Wiki.

Linux ( Ubuntu[69][70]), OpenSolaris ZFS. 2008 300 , 26 23 Yahoo! [71]. 2004 , . 2005 39 , . MySQL, , 21 - Apache HTTP Server 7 Squid.

25 000 60 000 , [72]. Squid[73]. , Squid, Linux Virtual Server, , , - Apache ( HTML) . - , . , HTML . . [   469 ].

. : :
Ambox outdated serious.svg
 .
, .
GNU
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike ( «   »)
2006 [74]

GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL)  -, , , , [75]. ,   , [76][77]. Creative Commons, GFDL, , -. [78]. 3 Free Software Foundation (FSF) FDL, , CC-BY-SA 1 2009 . , [79][80].

(, ) . (, ) , . - , , . , (, CC-BY-SA Creative Commons), (. Wikimedia Commons)  , .

:

271 , 25 100 000 , 167 1 000 . . 2009 : 54,0 %; 10,3 %; 8,1 %; 5,7 %; 3,5 %[81].

, ( ). (, color vs. colour)[82] [83]. , , , , , , [84][85][86].

() 10 (). 2008 23 %   .

« »[87]. , . -, , ( .). , - , . : , , , , , , , . , , , . , .

, , [88]. , , «»-, .

CD DVD

DVD , Directmedia Publishing 2005
DVD , Helion

. , 2006 enciclopedia CD Selection, 2 000 . [89], Linterweb, «1 988+ »[90][91]. 240 000 [92]. [93].

 .
.
Ambox outdated serious.svg
 .
, .

CD 2004 3 [94]. 40 000 . 2005 CD, DVD. 205  10  , . Directmedia 30 000 9,90  . . DVD (300  100  ) 139 , , , . Zenodot Verlagsgesellschaft mbH , . . 2006 Zenodot 100 , 800 . 2010 . , [95]. 2006 . DVD , dvd.wikimedia.org.

DVD- , 1 964 , Linterweb 2007 0.5. Kiwix, , . 0.7 1.0.

DVD . Helion 2007 . , 4 2006 . , , , 13 20 . 239 000 59 000 . 39 [96][97].

2009 (Rob Matthews) 5 000 . :

.

Rob Matthews. enciclopedia project[98].

[99], 2001 [100]. Alexa, 6- [11]. . Google[101]. 50 % Google[102], [103]. 2007 Pew Internet & American Life Project , - [104]. 2006 580  , [105].

Xkcd « »,

, , [106][107]. « » « » Civil Marriage Act[108]. , [109]  , , [110]. [111].

[112], , [113][114][115]. 2007 30- BBC Radio 4[116]. , , XXI , (Google, Facebook, YouTube), XX , Hoovering Coke. , -. , The Colbert Report «wikiality»[117].

  .

.   , The Onion 2006 « 750 »[118]. , ,  , «The Negotiation», The Office, : «  . , , ; , ». , , xkcd «Wikipedian Protester».

, « : », 2008 .

28 2007 Franco Grillini . , , « , », , , [119]. 16 2007 The Washington Post , 2008 , : « Google, , , , , . , »[120]. 2007 Reuters, «   », , [121].

, Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment

2004 [122]. Prix Ars Electronica;  10 000 (£ 6 588; $ 12 700) PAE Cyberarts Festival . Webby «»[123]. « » Webby. 26 2007 brandchannel.com, 15 % : « 2006 ?»[124]

2008 Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment Werkstatt Deutschland , Eckart Höfling . [125].

(: ), 2008 [126], [127].

Wiktionary-logo-ru.png ?
Commons-logo.svg ?
Wikimedia-logo.svg -?
Wikinews-logo.svg ?

, - , :

  •   .
  •   , , .
  •   .
  •   .
  • , .
  •   -.
  •   , .
  •   .
  • -  -, .

-

. : -

- , , , . , ,  MediaWiki.

, , .

« ».
« Lurkmore». -.
Everything2 « 2». .
- , , .
BSD.
Scholarpedia ; -.
Encarta .
Citizendium .
Open Encyclopedia Project , . .
- .
Knol Google. . , , .

.

«-»
«-» «List of enciclopedias»

  1. 1 2 List of enciclopedias
  2. Jonathan Sidener. Everyone's Encyclopedia, San Diego Union Tribune. 15 2006.
  3. .
  4. .
  5.   «»
  6. : XXI
  7. Miliard, Mike. Wikipediots: Who are these devoted, even obsessive contributors to enciclopedia?, Salt Lake City Weekly (2008-03-01). 21 2008.
  8. Five-year traffic statistics for enciclopedia.org. Alexa Internet. 15 2008.
  9. Tancer, Bill. Look Who's Using enciclopedia, Time (2007-05-01). 1 2007. «The sheer volume of content [...] is partly responsible for the site's dominance as an online reference. When compared to the top 3,200 educational reference sites in the U.S., enciclopedia is #1, capturing 24.3% of all visits to the category» (the authors blog post on the article)
  10. Woodson, Alex. enciclopedia remains go-to site for online news, Reuters (2007-07-08). 16 2007. «Online encyclopedia enciclopedia has added about 20 million unique monthly visitors in the past year, making it the top online news and information destination, according to Nielsen//NetRatings»
  11. 1 2 Top 500. Alexa. 4 2007.
  12. 250 
  13. 7-
  14. enciclopedia 100 
  15. : enciclopedia
  16. 1 2 Larry Sanger, Why enciclopedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism, Kuro5hin, December 31, 2004.
  17. Danah Boyd Academia and enciclopedia. Many-to-Many (2005-01-04). 11 2007.
  18. Simon Waldman Who knows?. The Guardian (2004-10-26). 11 2007.
  19. Ahrens, Frank Death by enciclopedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles. The Washington Post (2006-07-09). 1 2006.
  20. Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, Kushal Dave (2004). «Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with History Flow Visualizations» (PDF). Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: p. 575582. ISBN 1-58113-702-8. 2007-01-24.
  21. 1 2 Reid Priedhorsky, Jilin Chen, Shyong (Tony) K. Lam, Katherine Panciera, Loren Terveen, John Riedl (2007-11-04). «Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in enciclopedia» (PDF). Association for Computing Machinery GROUP '07 conference proceedings. 2007-10-13.
  22. Jonathan Dee. All the News That's Fit to Print Out, The New York Times Magazine (2007-07-01). 1 2007.
  23. Andrew Lih (2004-04-16). «enciclopedia as Participatory Journalism: Reliable Sources? Metrics for evaluating collaborative media as a news resource» (PDF). 5th International Symposium on Online Journalism. 2007-10-13.
  24. Time's Person of the Year: You, Time (2006-12-13).
  25. Richard M. Stallman The Free Encyclopedia Project. Free Software Foundation (2007-06-20). 4 2008.
  26. Jonathan Sidener. Everyone's Encyclopedia, The San Diego Union Tribune (2004-12-06). 15 2006.
  27. Meyers, Peter. Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You, New York Times, The New York Times Company (2001-09-20). 22 2007. «'I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph', said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded enciclopedia with Mr. Wales»
  28. 1 2 3 Sanger, Larry. The Early History of Nupedia and enciclopedia: A Memoir, Slashdot (April 18, 2005). 26 2008.
  29. Sanger, Larry. enciclopedia Is Up!, Internet Archive (January 17, 2001). 26 2008.
  30. Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks?. 20 2007.
  31. Sanger, Larry. Let's Make a enci, Internet Archive (2001-01-10). 26 2008.
  32. Wikipedia: HomePage. 31 2001. 31 2001.
  33. 1 2 Wikipedia:Neutral point of view, enciclopedia (January 21, 2007)
  34. statistics Multilingual statistics. Wikipedia (March 30, 2005). 26 2008.
  35. «Encyclopedias and Dictionaries». Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed. 18. (2007). Encyclopædia Britannica. 257286. 
  36. [long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008. Osdir. 26 2008.
  37. Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations. The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader. ISBN 1-594201-53-6
  38. Jimmy Wales: «Announcing encimedia Foundation», June 20, 2003, enciclopedia-l@wikipedia.org>
  39. Nair, Vipin. Growing on volunteer power, Business Line (December 5, 2005). 26 2008.
  40. : . . 25 2009.. : Wikipedia:General disclaimer. English enciclopedia. 22 2008.
  41. Schliebs, Mark. enciclopedia users divided over sexual material, news.com.au (2008-09-09).
  42. . . 25 2009.. : enciclopedia is not censored. enciclopedia. 30 2008.
  43. Sophie Taylor China allows access to English enciclopedia. Reuters (2008-04-05). 29 2008.
  44. :.  « , »  25 2009.. : Wikipedia:Notability.  «A topic is presumed to be notable if it has received significant coverage in reliable secondary sources that are independent of the subject»  13 2008.
  45. Wikipedia:No original research.  «enciclopedia does not publish original thought»  13 2008.
  46. Wikipedia:Verifiability.  «Material challenged or likely to be challenged, and all quotations, must be attributed to a reliable, published source»  13 2008.
  47. Eric Haas Will Unethical Editing Destroy enciclopedia's Credibility?. AlterNet.org (2007-10-26).
  48. Who's behind enciclopedia?. PC World (2008-02-06). 7 2008.
  49. The battle for enciclopedia's soul, The Economist (2008-03-06). 7 2008.
  50. Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart, Daily Telegraph (2007-11-10). 11 2008.
  51. , , , , , .
  52. Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, Jesse Kriss, Frank van Ham (2007-01-03). «Talk Before You Type: Coordination in enciclopedia» (PDF). 2008-06-27.
  53. Roy Rosenzweig Can History be Open Source? enciclopedia and the Future of the Past. The Journal of American History Volume 93, Number 1 (June, 2006): 117-46. 29 2007.
  54. Diomidis Spinellis and Panagiotis Louridas (2008): The collaborative organization of knowledge. In Communications of the ACM, August 2008, Vol 51, No 8, Pages 68  73. DOI:10.1145/1378704.1378720. Quote: «Most new articles are created shortly after a corresponding reference to them is entered into the system». See also: Wikipedia:Inflationary hypothesis of enciclopedia growth
  55. Seigenthaler, John. A False enciclopedia 'biography', USA Today (2005-11-29).
  56. Corner, Stuart. What's all the fuss about enciclopedia?, iT Wire (June 18, 2006). 25 2007.
  57. Wilson, Chris. The Wisdom of the Chaperones, Slate (2008-02-22). 4 2008.
  58. Arthur, Charles. Log on and join in, but beware the web cults, The Guardian (2005-12-15).
  59. Lu Stout, Kristie. Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site, CNN (2003-08-04).
  60. Wikinfo Critical views of enciclopedia (2005-03-30). 29 2007.
  61. Mehegan, David. Many contributors, common cause, The Boston Globe (February 13, 2006). 25 2007.
  62. Kittur, Aniket Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: enciclopedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie (PDF). 23 2008.
  63. Swartz, Aaron Raw Thought: Who Writes enciclopedia? (2006-09-04). 23 2008.
  64. enciclopedia "Good Samaritans Are on the Money, Scientific American (2007-10-19).
  65. Hafner, Katie. Seeing Corporate Fingerprints From the Editing of enciclopedia, New York Times (2007-08-19).
  66. Andrea Ciffolilli, «Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of enciclopedia», First Monday December 2003.
  67. Jonathan Zittrain The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It Chapter 6: The Lessons of enciclopedia. Yale University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0300124873
  68. Mark Bergman Wikimedia Architecture (PDF). encimedia Foundation, Inc.. 27 2008.
  69. Todd R. Weiss. enciclopedia simplifies IT infrastructure by moving to one Linux vendor, Computerworld.com (October 9, 2008 (Computerworld)). 1 2008.
  70. enciclopedia adopts Ubuntu for its server infrastructure. Arstechnica.com. 1 2008.
  71. Wikimedia servers at encimedia.org. 16 2008.
  72. «Monthly request statistics», encimedia. Retrieved on 2008-10-31.
  73. Domas Mituzas Wikipedia: Site internals, configuration, code examples and management issues (PDF). MySQL Users Conference 2007. 27 2008.
  74. Edits by project and country of origin (2006-09-04). 25 2007.
  75. Wikipedia:Copyrights. English enciclopedia. 22 2008.
  76. enciclopedia cleared in French defamation case, Reuters (2007-11-02). 2 2007.
  77. Anderson, Nate Dumb idea: suing enciclopedia for calling you "dumb". Ars Technica (2008-05-02). 4 2008.
  78. Walter Vermeir Resolution:License update. encizine (2007). 4 2007.
  79. Licensing update/Questions and Answers
  80. Foundation-l, GFDL 1.3 Release
  81. Wikipedia.org Site Info
  82. spelling. Manual of Style. enciclopedia. 19 2007.
  83. Countering systemic bias. 19 2007.
  84. Fair use. Meta enci. 14 2007.
  85. Images on enciclopedia. 14 2007.
  86. Fernanda B. Viégas (2007-01-03). «The Visual Side of enciclopedia» (PDF). 2007-10-30.
  87. Jimmy Wales, «enciclopedia is an encyclopedia», March 8, 2005, <Wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org>
  88. Wikipedia: Translation. English enciclopedia. 3 2007.
  89. «List of Mirrors Hosting the CD ISO». enciclopedia on DVD. Linterweb. Accessed June 1, 2007
  90. «enciclopedia on DVD». Linterweb. Accessed June 1, 2007. «Linterweb is authorized to make a commercial use of the enciclopedia trademark restricted to the selling of the Encyclopedia CDs and DVDs».
  91. «enciclopedia 0.5 Available on a CD-ROM». enciclopedia on DVD. Linterweb. Accessed June 1, 2007. «The DVD or CD-ROM version 0.5 was commercially available for purchase».
  92. Polish enciclopedia on DVD. 26 2008.
  93. Wikipedia:DVD. 26 2008.
  94. Die freie Enzyklopädie(.)
  95. enciclopedia wird noch nicht gedruckt(.)
  96. DVD (.) ( ) -
  97. DVD helion.pl
  98. Rob Matthews Wikipedia. 5000 pages, fully printed (.). 6 2009.
  99. Wikipedia:Modelling enciclopedia's growth. 22 2007.
  100. 694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide According To comScore Networks. comScore (4 2006).  «enciclopedia has emerged as a site that continues to increase in popularity, both globally and in the U.S.»  30 2008. 26 2009.
  101. Petrilli, Michael J. «enciclopedia or Wickedpedia?». Hoover Institution 8 (2). 2008-03-21.
  102. Google Traffic To enciclopedia up 166% Year over Year. Hitwise (2007-02-16). 22 2007.
  103. enciclopedia and Academic Research. Hitwise (2006-10-17). 6 2008.
  104. Rainie, Lee enciclopedia users (PDF). Pew Internet & American Life Project. Pew Research Center (2007-12-15).  «36% of online American adults consult enciclopedia. It is particularly popular with the well-educated and current college-age students»  15 2007.
  105. Karbasfrooshan, Ashkan What is enciclopedia.org's Valuation? (2006-10-26). 1 2007.
  106. in the media enciclopedia:enciclopedia in the media. Wikipedia. 26 2008.
  107. Bourgeois et al. v. Peters et al. (PDF). 6 2007.
  108. C-38, LEGISINFO (March 28, 2005)
  109. Arias, Martha L. (2007-01-29). «Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source». Internet Business Law Services. 2008-12-26. (the name «World Intellectual Property Office» should however read «World Intellectual Property Organization» in this source)
  110. Cohen, Noam. Courts Turn to enciclopedia, but Selectively (2007-01-29). 26 2008.
  111. Aftergood, Steven The enciclopedia Factor in U.S. Intelligence. Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy (2007-03-21). 14 2007.
  112. Shaw, Donna. enciclopedia in the Newsroom, American Journalism Review (February/March 2008). 11 2008.
  113. Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized enciclopedia article, Japan News Review, July 5, 2007
  114. «Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered», San Antonio Express-News, January 9, 2007.
  115. «Inquiry prompts reporters dismissal», Honolulu Star-Bulletin, January 13, 2007.
  116. Radio 4 Documentary. 26 2008.
  117. Stephen Colbert. Wikiality (.), Comedycentral.com (2006-07-30). 26 2008.
  118. enciclopedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence. The Onion (2006). 15 2006.
  119. Comunicato stampa. On. Franco Grillini. enciclopedia. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con «diritto di panorama» promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright (October 12, 2007). 26 2008.
  120. Jose Antonio Vargas. On enciclopedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet, The Washington Post (2007-09-17). 26 2008.
  121. Jennifer Ablan. enciclopedia page the latest status symbol, Reuters (2007-10-22). 24 2007.
  122. «Trophy Box», - (March 28, 2005).
  123. Webby Awards 2004. The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences (2004). 19 2007.
  124. Zumpano, Anthony. Similar Search Results: Google Wins, Interbrand (2007-01-29). 28 2007.
  125. Die Quadriga Award 2008. 26 2008.
  126. , , (). () portal-credo.ru 5 2008 .
  127. . « 1917 » NEWSru 14 2008 # (17211917)


 Wikipedia (.)
, .
··
 ·  ·  · MediaWiki ·  ·  ·  · WikiScanner
 ·  ·  · - ·  ·
 ·  · Essjay ·  ·  ·  · Internet Watch Foundation  · :

Bomis ·  · Citizendium · Encyclopedia Dramatica · Enciclopedia Libre · Deletionpedia · Interpedia · MyWikiBiz · Veropedia ·  · enciclopedia Review · Wikitruth ·  · WikiPilipinas ·  ·  ·  ·
··
MediaWiki « »
-

̸ -
··
, 50 000 ( )
1 000 000+ en: de:
500 000+ fr: pl: it: ja: es: nl: pt: ru:
100 000+ sv: zh: ca: fi: () no: uk: hu: cs: ro: tr: ko: da: eo: ar: id: vi: sr: vo: sk: lt: he: bg: sl: fa: war:
50 000+ hr: et: new: ms: simple: th: gl: roa-rup: () nn: eu: hi: el: ht:
10000-50000
, 10 000 50 000 ( )

 az:  sq:  hy:  ast:  af:  (be: · be-x-old:)  bn: - bpy:  bs:  br:  cy:  wa:  vi:  ka:  el:  bat-smg:  fy:  io:  is:  zh-yue:  qu:  ku:  la:  lv:  lb:  mk:  ms:  ml:  mr:  nap:  nds:  oc:  pms:  ksh: - war:  ceb:  sh:  scn:  sw:  su:  tl:  th:  ta:  te:  ur:  hi:  cv:  jv:

50000+
 

«/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F»