| . |
| . |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Exxon Valdez (ship, 1986) |
|
|
|
|
10,8 ( 260 . 40,9 ) , 28 . 54,1 . [2].
|
|
[]
23 1989 21:12 , -, , . . , , [4]. , . , , , . , . . 23 , . . , , , . , , : « , ». , . 12:04 24 1989, -.[2] , , .
200 . , 40 . .[5] , [3] , [6][7]. , « », , , [8].
[]
, .
- Exxon Shipping Company , . NTSB , Exxon .
- , - [9].
- Exxon Shipping Company (RAYCAS) Raytheon. , -, - , , .
, - 2008:
« . , , . , -, RAYCAS. . , . ( ) .»
, .
« » . :
- , -.
- , .
- Exxon Valdez , , .
- 1989 1977, 12-14 . .
- , .
- .
[]
, - . 24 . , , , . : 113 400 1134 , . , . , - . - .
, , , . , . 11 , .
, , , , . , (, ) , (, ) . , , . , NOAA, 98 . 4 % .
1992 « ». « ». , .
, . , 250 . , 2800 , 12 , 300 , 247 22 , . . , . , . .
20 , , . , 30 .[5] Exxon Mobil , , , , , 350- .
[]
38 . . Exxon 287 5 . . , , , Exxon 4,8 JPMorgan Chase. JPMorgan 1994 , (8 % Basel I) n.[10]
9- , . 6 2002 , 4 , . , . 4,5 .
9- 27 2006 , 22 2006 2.5 . .
Exxon . 23 2007 9- ExxonMobil 2,5 . , .[11] 27 2008 90- . , 100.000 250.000 Exxon.[12] 25 2008 2,5 , , . Exxon : « , »."[13] , 507,5 .[14] , . « , .» [15] 27 2008 75 % 507,5 . 2009 480 .
Exxon 25 , , 2 1 . , Exxon , « .»[16]
. 1991 , Seattle Seven ( ) . Seattle Seven 63,75 . , , , . , 5 . Seattle Seven , , . , , , , , , .
[]
[]
1990 . , 22 1989 1 . (3,800 3) .
1998 . , , , . 2002 9- . 2002 18- .
, . , , , , 60 .
, , , .. 1990-, 64- . , . , 2015 , .
, , 40 . , .
[]
( , ) Chugach Alaska Corporation , .
, , , . , , , , .. , .
() , . , , .
[]
, , .
Exxon Valdez - 10 . 30 . 1600 (1500 ) . 30 . . 1990 , «S/R Mediterranean» . 2010 , , Dong Fang Ocean.
2009 Exxon Valdez « » , , . : « , , ».
[]
- 1989 Exxon Valdez, ,
- 1 2 Questions and Answers. History of the Spill. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. 24 2012. 26 2009.
- 1 2 Oil Spill Case Histories 19671991, Report No. HMRAD 92-11. Seattle: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992. P. 80.
- The Captain Went Down with the Ship | OutsideOnline.com
- 1 2 Graham, Sarah. Environmental Effects of Exxon Valdez Spill Still Being Felt, Scientific American (19 2003). 9 2008.
- Exxon Valdez disaster 15 years of lies. Greenpeace News. Greenpeace (24 2004). 24 2012. 10 2008.
- Sierra Club (2005-03-23). 16 Years After Exxon Valdez Tragedy, Arctic Refuge, America's Coasts Still At Risk. -. 2008-03-10.
- Defenders of Wildlife (2004-03-24). Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Fifteen Years Later. -. 2008-03-10.
- Practices that related to the Exxon Valdez. National Transportation and Safety Board. P. 16.
- Outsmarted : The New Yorker
- Staff writer. Supreme Court to review Exxon Valdez award, money.cnn.com, CNN (29 2007). 10 2008.
- Staff writer. High Court may lower Exxon Valdez damages, CNN.com (27 2008). 10 2008.
- Savage, David G.. Justices slash Exxon Valdez verdict, articles.latimes.com, Tribune Company (26 2008). 26 2008.
- http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/07pdf/07-219.pdf%7Cformat=PDF
- Reaction Of Sen. Leahy On Supreme Court Ruling In Exxon v. Baker. Leahy.senate.gov (25 2008).( ) 25 2009.
- Egelko, Bob. Punitive damages appealed in Valdez spill, San Francisco Chronicle (28 2006). 10 2008.
[]
- Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council
- ExxonMobil updates and news on Valdez
- Exxon Valdez oil spill at National Ocean Service
- EVOS Damage Assessment and Restoration at National Marine Fisheries Service
- Exxon Valdez at United States Environmental Protection Agency
- Exxon Valdez oil spill at Encyclopedia of Earth
- The story behind the oil spill verdict originally published in San Diego Union-Tribune
- Black Wave The legacy of the Exxon Valdez, a canadian 2008 documentary
- Exxon Oil Spills Cleanup Crews Share Years of Illness originally published in Los Angeles Times
- Alaskan Regional Response Team report on the Exxon Valdez disaster.
- Greg Palast Report 20th Birthday of the Exxon Valdez Lie with more details.
- Exxon Mobil breaks another earnings record
- Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Economics and Risk On The 20th Anniversary
- US National Response Team
| ? |