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́ ́ (. Werner Karl Heisenberg; 5 1901, 1 1976, ) -, . (1932). .
: , , , . ( ) ( S-), . ; . , , . .
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[] (19011920)
, , (Annie Wecklein), (Maximilian Gymnasium). , (19001965) -. 1910 , , , . 1918 , 16- . , [1]. , . 1919 , [2]. , , [1]. :
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, ( , , [3]), . , , , [4]. «, », , 1920 . , - . , , [1][5].
[] ø (19201927)
« ». 19221923 (), ø . . , ø 1922 « », , . . , [1]. : « , , »[6].
1923 . , . , , . . , . ( , , ), , [1].
1923 ø , . :
, , , . , , . .
[] (19271945)
, . , , 1927 . (. Gregor Wentzel) , . , , , , ( ). , , :
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, . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (. Erich Bagge), (. Hans Heinrich Euler), (. Siegfried Flügge), Ը (. Theodor Förster), (. Grete Hermann), (. Hermann Arthur Jahn), (. Fritz Sauter), (. Ivan Supek), (. Harald Wergeland), - (. Gian-Carlo Wick), (. William Vermillion Houston) . , [8]. ( ) :
, . , , , .
(.)If I should single out one of his great qualities as a teacher, it would be his immensely positive attitude towards any progress and the encouragement he thereby conferred. one of the most marvelous traits of Heisenberg was the almost infallible intuition that he showed in his approach to a problem of physics and the phenomenal way in which the solutions came to him as if out of the blue sky.
1933 « , , , »[9]. , , ( 1933 ) , [10]. 1937 (Elisabeth Schumacher), , . -[10]. , : (. Martin Heisenberg) , (. Jochen Heisenberg) , - [11].
: . , , « », , , . , 1930- 1940- , , . 1939 , 1942 [10].
[] (19461976)
1946 (B. K. Blount), , ø, . , , . 1949 , , - , . [11]. , . 1955 (. Mainau Declaration), , ø (. Göttingen Manifesto) . 1958 , [12]. [11].
, . , . , 1958 ø (. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik). 1970 . ( ), (. Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik), . 1953 , , . , , [11][13].
, , . , , (. Harry Lehmann), (. Gerhart Lüders), (. Reinhard Oehme), (. Walter Thirring), (. Bruno Zumino), - (. Hans-Peter Dürr) . . 1975 , 1 1976 [11]. :
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[]
[]
1920- « », , . . , , . , : , [1].
, , . , 1922 , . , , , , [4]. . , , ( ), , ( , ), . , , ( ). , , Habilitationsschrift, , 22 ø [1].
[]
, . . , 1925 , . , . (, 1926 , , , [16].) , . , , . « »[17]. , [18].
1925 , . ø, « » . , Zeitschrift für Physik, 29 1925 . , , , , , [19].
, . . , , « ». « », 1925 . ( ) . , « » (Drei-Männer Arbeit), 1925 . , , , , , [20].
: , , ( ), [21]. , :
. , . , . , . , , .
[]
1926 , , , . , , , [23]. , . 1926 , , [24].
(, «» «»), , , , . , : « , , ». -. 14- , . , , , , . « » Zeitschrift für Physik 23 1927 [25].
, . , : , () [26]. , , , , : « : , , , . »[27]. , 1929 , « », « » [28].
[]
( , ), , , . 1926 , . , , ( - ), , , - [8]. , [29].
1928 ( [30]), « », 1907 [31]. , , , [8]. 1940- , [11].
[]
1927 , , , , . , 1928 , , , , , , , , . , , , , . 1929 , , . , - . , , . , 1930 , , , . , [32].
, , , . , , ( ), . [33].
1932 , , , , [34]. , («» ). 1934 , . , , 1936 , [35].
[]
1932 , , - ( ) . (-) , , -, [36]. , , , . , , , , «» ( , , ). . , . , [37].
1934 -, , , , ( , ). , , . , ( ) , , [38]. 1938 («», , , ), . , , , . , [39].
[]
, 1942 1944 , . ( ) . , . , , , ( , 1937 .[40]) S- ( ), , . , S- . , ( , , ̸ (. Christian Møller) , ), . , , . , ( ) [41][42]. S-, , [43], [44].
, , , ( « »). 1950 , , , . ( ), [45]. , , . , , , , [11]. , , , [46].
[]
1920- , , , , . . , , ( ), , ( ). 1945 , . , , , . , , [1].
[]
[]
1933 , «» . , , , . , [10]. -, , . , (David C. Cassidy), , , , , , [47].
, - . 1933 «», , 1938 . , , , . , , , [47].
, « ». 1935 « », . , , , . , , , 1935 « » (. Geist von Einsteins Geist). Völkischer Beobachter, . 1936 (. Max Wien) 75 . , , , 15 1937 . Das Schwarze Korps « » («Weisse Juden» in der Wissenschaft), « » . « ». - , , [47]. :
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, , . , , ; , . , , , , . , , [47].
[] .
« » (Faustian bargain)[47]. , « » ( ) . ( ) [49]. , , [47]. , :
, . , . , , .
(.)it is reasonable to assume that he wanted Germany to win the war. He disapproved of many facets of the Nazi regime, but he was a patriot. To desire the defeat of his country would have meant far more rebellious views than he held.
1939 « » (Uranverein) , 1938 . 26 1939 , . « », . 1939 . , 1940 ( )[50].
, ( ). , . :
, 1941 . , . , , , , [51]. . , , , [10]. , , [52]. , 2002 [53][54][55].
1998 (. Michael Frayn) «» (Copenhagen), . Ÿ « » [56][57][58]. , , [57] , [59]. , « : 1) ; 2) ; 3) »[49]. , , 1943 , .
[]
1942 , , , « ». , ĸ , . 70-100 , . , 1942 ( [60]). , , ( ) . , ( , ) - , . 1942 , [50]. , :
, , , 1941 /42 , . 1942 , , , , .
1942 « » , ( ). , , « ». , . 1945 , , ( , ). «» 1945 [50].
(Urfeld), [62]. 1945 , , - . , , , . 1992 [63].
[]
. 1946 Die Naturwissenschaften , . , : , (, , (. Abraham Esau) (. Erich Schumann)); , ( ) , ; ; , , [64]. , ( , ) . , ,
-, , , , -, 1942 , , , . , , ?
, «» ( ). , , , , , , . . , «, , , , »[64].
« » « »[65], . [66]. , , , [67] , « », [68]. , , : , , [61]. [10].
( ) , -. , - , , . , , « »[63][69]. , , , « », . , 19421944 S- , , [50]. , - , - , [59]. [70][71][72][73], , ,
, , , , , , , , .
(.)as neither a hero nor a fiendish villain, but as a highly talented, cultured individual who was unfortunately caught up in the dreadful circumstances of his time for which he, like most people, was totally unprepared.
[]
, . 1950- « », -, « », [74]. , . , , -[75]. , « , »[76]. XX ( ) :
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, , - , , , . [77]. - , , . , , . ( )[78].
, , , . , , [79]. , . ( , ); , ; (« »)[80].
[]
- (1929)
- (1932)
- (1933)
- (1964)
- (1970)
- « »
- « » (Grand Cross for Federal Services with Star)
- « » (Peace Class)
- , ø , , ,
- (1955), , , , , , , , ,
[]
[]
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[]
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[]
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| ? |
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- ,
- . . . () (19992008).( ) 6 2010.
- .
| 19261950 | |
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| (19011925) | (19261950) | (19511975) | (19762000) | (20012025) |
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