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́ ́ (. Հայոց Ցեղասպանություն, . Ermeni Kırımı; Մեծ Եղեռն [: [mɛts jɛˈʁɛrn]]  )  [1][2][3][4], 1915 ( , 1923 [5][6][1]) , . , , .

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: 18941896
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, , 1895 . 26 1896 , , , . , , . , . , 6000 [24][26].

18941896  . , , :   88 243 ,   546 000 ,   2493,   456,   649,   328[27]. , 50100 .[24],   80100 .[28],   100 .[29],   100 300 .[30][31],   250300 .[32],   300 .[33]

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, 1909

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2 1914 , , , . 30 1914 . «» [39][40].

. New York Times, . 15, 1915

, . 1914 , . . , : , , , ,   . , , , , [38]. « » . , . - , , . - , . , , 1878 , . , . , . , . , , 1914  1915 , . . . « » [41].

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, . « ». , , «» - , . [38]. . 100 000 , , 1908 . , , , [43][44].

, , [45]. , , . . «», [43][44].

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19 , 2500 , 50 . , - , [44]. . , , . 30 , 1500 . . 16 , , , . , , [54][55][56].

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(16 1915 ) « »
[ 3]:

, . . , , . , . «», , . «». . , , , . . 1915 , 120 , 400 700 . , , . . «» , . 200 , . , . , , . , , «». , , . ,   -,   . «»

, , 1915 . , , 150 000 , . 24 235 , . 600 , 5000. . - , «». 30 1915 , . , . « »  - , 34 000 «»  . « » . 1914 , , , . , [54][ 4][ 5].

18 , , , . . , 19 000 . , , , . 65   1915 , , . 100 , . . , , , , «». [57].

, . 1919 , . - , [58]. « » (.). , , . 25 , . , , . 15 000 , [57].

. , . , , . - , , . ׸ , . . , 13 , , . (Marsovan, Mersifon), . 12 , , , , . , [57].

, 1900 [59]:
() , . . - , . , 10 15 . . . , . 12- . , . , , , . , , , . . , . « ».

, «» , . . , . , , , , 20%. . , . , 24 1915 , . . . 9 , . 1915 , . , 10% , . , 150 000 , , [47].

, . , -, 1915 , , , . , «» «», [60].

. (. Mehmed Ali), 300 000 400 000 ( 1 500 000 ). , « ». , , « , », , [58].

1915 . , . 27 1915 . , . « »[61], . 1915 [62].

[]

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. « », , . , , . , [63]. 1978 « »[64].

, .  (.) , . .  (.), , . « »[65].

, - . (. Süleyman Numan). , . , (. Cemal Haydar), , 1918 «» « ». , . , . , , . . , « »[65].

, 1919 , - (. Ali Saib). . , , , . . (. Etüv), [66].

[]

: -

, -, , , 1915 , . 4000 -. 1918 . - « -»[67].

[68] [69].

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[70], (19011909):

«, ,  . , .   , ,   ».

, , , . , , , . -, ,   , , - -. - 1915 . -, , , , -, . , -, , , [71].

. , , , . , , - , . 1915 , . . , , . , , . 1919 , . (. Martin Niepage), , 1916 [71].

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)		 , [72]
. 1915

[] .

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[] 19181923

, . , , « ». , . , : , , , , , . 1918 , . 19181919 , . . 200 000 , 20% . 1919 8,7 204,2 1000 . [73].

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, , , . 18641866  , , (. Mutasarrıf). . , , 1878 : , , . 1886 , . 1895 , . , , , , , , . [75].

[76]:

« , , XX , ».

1844 2 000 000 . 1867 2 000 000 400 000 . , 1878 3 000 000: 400 000 , 600 000 , 670 000 , , 1 330 000 . 18811893  1 048 143 . 1878 . (. Salname) 1882 , , 462 870 , , . , . 19071908  , . , , , 18941896 . , , , , , , . 1912 , , -, , 804 500 . 1914 , 1 845 450 . 18941896 , . , , , . , , , 73 226 ,   106 867, 1915 120 000 . 1915 1 295 000 [77].

«», 1  3,5 [78]. 1 500 000[79] 2 500 000[80] . , [81]. , , , , 1915 [82] 1915 1923 [83].

[]

28 1915 - , 120 000 , [84]. 1915 - (. Ernst Jackh) 300 000 . , 1 , 1919 1 100 000 . , 1918 50 100 .  (.) « » (. Deutscher Hilfsbund Deutscher Hilfsbund fur christliches Liebeswerk im Orient) 1 400 000,   250 000[81]. 20 1915 и , , 2,5 , 800 000 . , 1,5 , ( 480 000)[85].

, 250 000 300 000 , . , . , , , [81].

200 000 ( [86] «History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey»[38]) 2 000 000 ( [86] [83]). 1,5 [87]. « », 500 000, 1,5 [88]. «», ( 1916 ), 600 000 [78], 642 000[89], - 600 000 800 000 [86], « »[90], « » , 1,5 [91],  (.), 2 102 000 [92] ( 258 000  ). , 800 000 1 000 000[93]. , 1 500 000, [94]. 1 1,5 [95]. : «Encyclopedia of Genocide»  1 1918 [96], «Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity»  1,2 [2], «Dictionary of Genocide»  1 , 1,5 [3].

[] « »

. , ( ), : «», , , XIX  XX 1915 , «», , , . , «» , . , , . , , , . «», , , . «», , , , , . , , « » 1915 . , , , , [38][97][98].

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. , , , [99].

1914 2549 , 200 1600 [100]. . , -. 1960 . 1960- . 1974 913 . , , , 252 197 [101].

1980- 1990- . - , - -, , , , , . . .  , . , 1985 , , , . , [101].

, , , , 1915 1960- . , , . . XI , . , . IX , . ( ) 1915 , 1994 , . 1987 . . [101].

[] «»

: «»

1919 IX , .   «». , .

-. , , 1918 , 1921 . , . « , - , »[102].

[] 19191920

: 19191920

1918 - . , , .   , , , , ,   .

, , , (. Memaliki Osmaniyenin hemen ee tarafnda). , . (. taktil cinayeti). , , . [103].

[]

:
. 1994 [104]:
« , . . , . ».

- , . , , . [105]. 1927 , . . , [106]. , 1927 77 400 . , , . . . « », 21 1934 , , . ,   , [107].

, , , . , , «», . 19 2007 17- , , « , ». [108].

[]

:
. : 19191920
(18791936), , [109]

, , (, , , , ), . . , - , , , . « », 1920 . , , , , . , , , [110][111].

. 1984 « » [112]. 1997 [113]. 2001 - « » , 1915 . 2003 , 1915 [114].

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, , , [ 6]. - , . . , [115][116].

[115]:

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  • , .

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:
. :
, « », 1895

1915 « » (1919), 15- . « ?» (. Where Are My People?, ) 1965 50- . XX XXI , « » (. The Hidden Holocaust). [117]. [118]. , [119]. - System of a Down, -, . XIX [120]. [121].

«»

, 1915 , . , , 24 , 19 . , 1915 , .   « -».

, , 1950- , . 1965 , . 1990 , , , [122]. 1967 , , 50- , (« ») . [122][123].

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24 1915 - (, ) [11]:

, , , .

29 1915. ,

(1916[124], 1919[125], 1920[126]) .

- «»[127]

, , , . , , , , , ( , )[128].

(1998[129], 2001[130]), (1987[131], 2000[132], 2002[133], 2005[134]), [135].

. [136][137] (1965). ( [138]) (1998[139], 2000[140], 2001[141], 2006[142][143], 2012[144]), [145], [146], [147][148]  ( ), [148][149][150], [151], [152], (2000)[153], [154], [155], [156][157], [158], (2 , 5 )[159][160], [161], [162], (1996[163], 2002[164], 2004[165])[148], [166], 42 [167].

, , [168][169].

[]

[170]. 2006 [142], , ; , 1 45 000 [171], 22 2011 , 23 2012 [172]. [173]. , , , , , [174][175]. [176].

[]

2003 New York Life 1915 [177] ( $20 [178]). 2009 , , . , « , », « »[179].

«» ($17,5 ) [180].

[]

:

24 . .

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[]

[]

  1. . 18941896
  2. , 1915 , « » , , .
  3. . Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times.  Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.  Vol. II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century.  P. 262265.  493 p.  ISBN 0312101686, ISBN 9780312101688
  4. . «» (, 2004).
  5. « » Taner Akçam. From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide.  Zed Books Ltd, 2004.  273 p.  ISBN 1842775278, ISBN 9781842775271, «The Decision for Genocide in Light of Ottoman-Turkish Documents»
  6. , , .

[]

  1. 1 2 Israel W. Charny. Encyclopedia of genocide.  Santa Barbara, California.  Vol. 1.  P. 161.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Vahakn N. Dadrian. Armenians in Ottoman Turkey and the Armenian Genocide // Dinah L. Shelton. Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Macmillan Reference, 2005. ISBN 0-02-865848-5, 9780028658483
  3. 1 2 Totten, Bartrop, Jacobs. Dictionary of Genocide.  P. 19.
  4. , 1997:

    That this assembly of the Association of Genocide Scholars in its conference held in Montreal, June 1113, 1997, reaffirms that the mass murder of Armenians in Turkey in 1915 is a case of genocide which conforms to the statutes of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide. It further condemns the denial of the Armenian Genocide by the Turkish government and its official and unofficial agents and supporters.

  5. Samuel Totten, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs. Dictionary of Genocide: AL, p. 21:

    The Armenian Genocide Institute-Museum was opened in Yerevan, Armenia, in 1995, as part of the events commemorating the eightieth anniversary of the beginning of the Armenian genocide (19151923) at the hands of the Young Turk regime.

  6. Alan L. Berger. Bearing witness to the Holocaust, p. 55:

    Indeed, following the shock of the Holocaust, we have become aware of mass destruction that preceded and followed the Second World War. One thinks, for example, of the Armenian genocide of 19151923, of the Stalinist Gulag, Burundi, Biafra, Indonesia, Sudan, Ethiopia, and of the Cabodian «autogenocide».

  7. Auron. The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide.  P. 304.

    When Raphael Lemkin coined the word genocide in 1944 he cited the 1915 annihilation of the Armenians as a seminal example of genocide.

  8. Israel W. Charny. Encyclopedia of genocide.  Santa Barbara, California.  P. 79.
  9. Genocide and settler society: Frontier violence and stolen indigenous children in Australian history / Edited by A. Dirk Moses..  New York: Berghahn Books, 2004.  P. 21.  xvi + 328 p.  (Studies in war and genocide, vol. 6).  ISBN 1571814108, ISBN 9781571814104

    Indignant that the perpetrators of the Armenian genocide had largely escaped prosecution, Lemkin, who was a young state prosecutor in Poland, began lobbying in the early 1930s for international law to criminalize the destruction of such groups.

  10. R. J. Rummel. The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective. A Journal Social Issues, April 1, 1998 Vol. 3, no. 2
  11. 1 2 . : / . . . . . ; . . ..  4- ., . .  .: , 2010.  . 753.  800 .  ISBN 5466004634, ISBN 978-5-466-00463-2
  12. Akçam. From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide.  P. 68.
  13. Akçam. From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide.  P. 103.
  14. Akçam. From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide.  P. 116117.
  15. 1 2 Stephan H. Astourian. Genocidal Process: Reflections on the Armeno-Turkish Polarization // Hovannisian. The Armenian genocide: history, politics, ethics.  P. 5379.
  16. 1 2 3 Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian Question in the Ottoman Empire, 18761914 // Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Foreign dominion to statehood : the fifteenth century to the twentieth century. Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. ISBN 1-4039-6422-X, 9781403964229
  17. 1 2 Bloxham. The great game of genocide: imperialism, nationalism, and the destruction of the Ottoman Armenians.  P. 3948.
  18. Suny. Looking toward Ararat: Armenia in modern history.  P. 106106.
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  20. . .  1.  .: -, 1999.  . 606.  696 .  ISBN 5-232-00732-7
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  22. Melson. Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust.  P. 5961.
  23. Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times.  Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.  Vol. II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century.  P. 221222.  493 p.  ISBN 0312101686, ISBN 9780312101688
  24. 1 2 3 . .  1.  .: -, 1999.  . 600611.  696 .  ISBN 5-232-00732-7
  25. Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times.  Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.  Vol. II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century.  P. 222226.  493 p.  ISBN 0312101686, ISBN 9780312101688
  26. Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times.  Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.  Vol. II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century.  P. 224226.  493 p.  ISBN 0312101686, ISBN 9780312101688
  27. Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times.  Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.  Vol. II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century.  P. 224.  493 p.  ISBN 0312101686, ISBN 9780312101688
  28. Bloxham. The great game of genocide: imperialism, nationalism, and the destruction of the Ottoman Armenians.  P. 51.
  29. Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times.  Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.  Vol. II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century.  P. 222.  493 p.  ISBN 0312101686, ISBN 9780312101688
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  36. Bloxham. The great game of genocide: imperialism, nationalism, and the destruction of the Ottoman Armenians.  P. 6265.
  37. Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times.  Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.  Vol. II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century.  P. 233238.  493 p.  ISBN 0312101686, ISBN 9780312101688
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  39. 1 2 Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times.  Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.  Vol. II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century.  P. 239245.  493 p.  ISBN 0312101686, ISBN 9780312101688
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    Between April and August 1915 Armenians from almost all major centers of the empire were ordered to leave their homes, then were either killed near their towns or villages or else deported into remote regions, where, denied food and water, they rapidly died. These measures were undertaken against Armenians located both near the international frontier and far from the battle zone;

  47. 1 2 Donald Bloxham. The First World War and the Development of the Armenian Genocide // A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire.  P. 270272.
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    Despite the order to deport «all Armenians without exception» Armenians in some regions as well as a few Armenian families were spared <> The main reason for the expulsion of Edirne was geopolitical: as the city was on the European border, any drastic movement could easily be observed by foreigners. Alarge number of foreigners also resided in Istanbul, the capital. For the case of Izmir, the deciding factor was the governor Rahmi Bey within the CUP and his belief that the removal of the Armenians would be the death sentence for the commerce of the city.

  49. Akcam, Taner, "Armenien und der Völkermord: Die Istanbuler Prozesse und die türkische Nationalbewegung". Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 1996. P.59
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  69. Raymond Kévorkian. The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History.  I.B.Tauris, 2011.  P. 345-349.  1008 p.  ISBN 1848855613, ISBN 9781848855618
  70. The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1954), p. 6328.
  71. 1 2 Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times.  Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.  Vol. II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century.  P. 267271.  493 p.  ISBN 0312101686, ISBN 9780312101688
  72. The Independent, March 27, 1920
  73. Richard G. Hovannisian. The Republic of Armenia // Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times.  Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.  Vol. II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century.  P. 304313.  493 p.  ISBN 0312101686, ISBN 9780312101688
  74. Rouben Paul Adalian. The Armenian Genocide // Israel W. Charny. Encyclopedia of genocide.  Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 1999.  718 p.  ISBN 0874369282, ISBN 9780874369281
  75. Raymond Kévorkian. The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History.  I.B.Tauris, 2011.  P. 265267.  1008 p.  ISBN 1848855613, ISBN 9781848855618
  76. . . . , . 1, IV. , , ,
  77. Raymond Kévorkian. The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History.  I.B.Tauris, 2011.  P. 267278.  1008 p.  ISBN 1848855613, ISBN 9781848855618
  78. 1 2 Britannica. Armenian massacres.
  79. Erik Jan Zürcher Turkey: a modern history, . 114

    Estimates of the total number of Armenians in the empire vary, but a number of around 1,500,000, some 10 per cent of the population of Ottoman Anatolia, is probably a reasonable estimate.

  80. Noël, Lise Intolerance: A General Survey, . 101:

    Starting in 1915, one and a half million Armenians (60 % of the population) were eliminated by the Turkish government during the First World War.

  81. 1 2 3 Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times.  Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.  Vol. II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century.  P. 271272.  493 p.  ISBN 0312101686, ISBN 9780312101688

    Dr. Lepsius took considerable care with the figures he used, although perhaps he should have been more circumspect in accepting the figure of 1,845,450 given by the Armenian patriarchate in Constantinople as the number of Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire. Nevertheless, it is unlikely to be far wrong, if we accept the figures that Enver Pasha gave to Dr. Ernst Jackh as early as the end of August 1915 for the number of Armenians dead (300,000) and those quoted by the German Embassy on October 4, 1916. Of the approximately 2 million Armenians living in the empire, 1,500,000 had been deported and between 800,000 and 1,000,000 of those had been killed. Lepsius initially estimated the number of Armenians who had died in the empire at 1,000,000; in the 1919 edition of the Bericht he revised that figure to 1,100,000. Lepsius put the number of eastern Armenians killed during the Ottoman invasion of Transcaucasia in 1918 at between 50,000 and 100,000. Another German closely involved at the time, Ernst Sommer of the Deutscher Hilfsbund, estimated in 1919 that 1,400,000 Armenians had been deported, of whom at the time scarcely more than 250,000 were alive (Sommer, 1919). <> Lepsius also estimated that the number of Armenians forcibly converted to Islam was between 250,000 and 300,000. There was no religious element in the forced conversions to Islam at this time. The Ittihadist rulers of the empire were unbelievers. By contrast, some Turkish Muslim leaders, imams and hodjas, expressed disapproval at what the Armenians were compelled to endure. The harsh measures against the Armenians of Kutahia were declared theologically invalid by the local mufti Forced conversion had instead a political motive: to destroy the Armenians' identity, to turn Armenians into «Turks» so that they would appear in the other column of statistics and thus weaken or nullify any Armenian demands for autonomy or independence. Some Armenians appear to have returned to their faith after the armistice, but no figures exist for them.

  82. Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire.  Infobase Publishing.  2009.  P. 54.  650 p.  ISBN 0816062595, ISBN 9780816062591

    Armenian Massacres (Armenian Genocide) The term Armenian Massacres refers to the massive deportation and execution of ethnic Armenians within Ottoman-controlled territories in 1915. <> This episode started in April 1915 during World War I, after the Ottomans suffered a major defeat at the hands of Russia.

  83. 1 2 R. Rummel Death by government, . 10.1 10.2 . 224225
  84. Hans-Lukas Kieser. From «Patriotism» to Mass Murder: Dr. Mehmed Reșid (18731919) // A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire.  P. 136137.
  85. Der Konsul in Aleppo (Rößler) an den Reichskanzler (Bethmann Hollweg) Bericht, K.No. 116 / B.No. 2881, Aleppo den 20. Dezember 1915 armenocide.net
  86. 1 2 3 Erik Jan Zürcher Turkey: a modern history, . 115 «The second controversy is over numbers: Turkish historians have put the number of deaths as low as 200,000, while the Armenians have sometimes claimed ten times as many. <> Between 600,000 and 800,000 deaths seems most likely».
  87. Ronald Grigor Suny. Looking toward Ararat: Armenia in modern history.  Indiana University Press, 1993.  P. 114.  289 p.  ISBN 0253207738

    Estimates of the Armenians killed in the deportations and massacres of 19151916 range from a few hundred thousand to 1,500,000.

  88. Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire.  Infobase Publishing.  2009.  P. 54.  650 p.  ISBN 0816062595, ISBN 9780816062591

    Although the precise circumstances of these events and the total number of dead are hotly contested be the scholars from the opposing political camps, even the most conservative estimates place Armenian losses at approximately half a million. The higher figure given by Armenian scholars is one and a half million dead.

  89. Guenter Lewy, The Armenian massacres in Ottoman Turkey: a disputed genocide, . 240

    According to the numbers I have accepted (1,750,000 prewar population and 1,108,000 survivors) the death toll comes to about 642,000 lives <>

  90. Roger W. Smith. The Armenian Genocide: Memory, Politics, and the Future // Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian genocide: history, politics, ethics. Palgrave Macmillan, 1992. ISBN 0-312-04847-5, 9780312048471. . 8.

    But denial can enter into the very fabric of a society, so that those who come after sustain and even intensify the denial begun by the perpetrators. The most strident and elaborate denial of genocide in history follows this pattern. The Turkish Republic, established in 1923, is not guilty of physical genocide against Armenians, but it continues to the present to deny that the Young Turk government engaged in massive destruction of Armenians from 1915 to 1918, resulting in the death of over one million persons, and the elimination of the Armenian people from its homeland of nearly 3000 years.

  91. Rouben Paul Adalian. Treatment Of The Armenian Genocide In Representative Encyclopedias. // Israel W. Charny. Encyclopedia of genocide.  Santa Barbara, California.  P. 73. «In all, it is estimated that up to a million and a half Armenians perished at the hands of Ottoman and Turkish military and paramilitary forces and through atrocities intentionally inflicted to eliminate the Armenian demographic presence in Turkey».
  92. R. J. Rummel (.). Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War. 10.2
  93. Douglas Arthur Howard The history of Turkey, P. 83.

    The exact number of those who died is a matter of dispute, but most historians agree it was around 800000 to 1000000 people.

  94. Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times.  Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.  Vol. II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century.  P. 271.  493 p.  ISBN 0312101686, ISBN 9780312101688
  95. Armen Marsoobian. Genocides Aftermath: Reflections on Self and Responsibility // Alexander Kremer, John Ryder. Self and society: central European pragmatist forum, volume four. Rodopi, 2009. ISBN 90-420-2621-9, 9789042026216. P. 135

    The turkish governments position is that only 300000 armenians perished during the «troubles», while most historians place the number somewhere between a million and a million and a half.

  96. Israel W. Charny. Encyclopedia of genocide.  Santa Barbara, California.  Vol. 1.  P. 61.
  97. Ronald Grigor Suny. Dialogue on Genocide: Efforts by Armenian and Turkish Scholars to Understand the Deportations and Massacres of Armenians During World War I  (.) // Ab imperio. 2004. № 4. P. 79-86.
  98. Bloxham. The great game of genocide: imperialism, nationalism, and the destruction of the Ottoman Armenians.  P. 6971.
  99. Adam Jones. Genocide : a comprehensive introduction 2nd ed. Routledge, 2011. ISBN 0-203-84696-6. P. 157
  100. Raymond Kévorkian and Paul B. Paboudjian. Les Armeniéns dans lEmpire Ottoman à la veille du genocide. Editions dart et dhistoire, 1992. ISBN 2-906755-09-5, 9782906755093
  101. 1 2 3 Robert Bevan «The Destruction of Memory» pages 5659. 2006, 240 pages ISBN 1-86189-205-5
  102. Totten, Bartrop, Jacobs. Dictionary of Genocide.  P. 320.
  103. Vahakn N. Dadrian. Armenian Genocide, court-martial of perpetrators // Israel W. Charny. Encyclopedia of genocide.  Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 1999.  718 p.  ISBN 0874369282, ISBN 9780874369281
  104. MacDonald. Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide. The Holocaust and historical representation.  P. 115.
  105. Erik Jan Zürcher. Renewal and Silence. Postwar Unionist and Kemalist Rhetoric on the Armenian Genocide // A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire.  P. 306316.
  106. Fatma Müge Göçek. Reading Genocide: Turkish Historiography on 1915 // A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire.  P. 4252.
  107. . .  +, , 2007.  609 p.  ISBN 978-5-89282-292-3
  108. Ronald Grigor Suny and Fatma Müge Göçek. Introduction: Leaving It to the Historians // A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire.  P. 306316.
  109. Rafael de Nogales. Cuatro años bajo la media luna (Madrid: Editora Internacional, 1924). «Vier Jahre unter dem Halbmond: Erinnerungen aus dem Weltkriege» (Berlin: Verlag von Reimar Hobbing, 1925), «Four Years Beneath the Crescent» (London: Sterndale Classics, 2003).
  110. Norman M. Naimark. Preface // A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire.  P. XVI. «That the muhacirs were moved as quickly as they were into Armenian houses and occupied Armenian farmland after the deportations attests to the strength of popular economic ambitions, as well as government policy, in the development of genocide».
  111. Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times.  Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.  Vol. II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century.  P. 249.  493 p.  ISBN 0312101686, ISBN 9780312101688

    Although this topic has not yet received systematic analysis, it clearly points to official complicity at a very high level, since mujahirs from Thrace could not reach Cilicia or Turkish Armenia without organization and planning.

  112. April 16, 1984. Permanent Peoples' Tribunal, Verdict of the Tribunal
  113. June 13, 1997. The Association of Genocide Scholars
  114. International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) Report Prepared for TARC
  115. 1 2 Totten, Bartrop, Jacobs. Dictionary of Genocide.  P. 21.
  116. Bloxham. The great game of genocide: imperialism, nationalism, and the destruction of the Ottoman Armenians.  P. 221, 228.
  117. J. Michael Hagopian. Films, Armenian Documentary // Dinah L. Shelton. Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity.  Macmillan Reference, 2005.  Vol. I.  1458 p.  ISBN 0028658485, ISBN 9780028658483
  118. Atom Egoyan. Films, Armenian Feature // Dinah L. Shelton. Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity.  Macmillan Reference, 2005.  1458 p.  ISBN 0028658485, ISBN 9780028658483
  119. Jonathan McCollum. Music Based on the Armenian Genocide // Dinah L. Shelton. Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity.  Macmillan Reference, 2005.  Vol. II.  1458 p.  ISBN 0028658485, ISBN 9780028658483
  120. . . // 19 / . . . . .  .: , 1964.  . 5.  . 255.  1200 .  ( ).
  121. Stephen C. Feinstein. ART OF OTHER GENOCIDES // Israel W. Charny. Encyclopedia of genocide.  Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 1999.  Vol. 2.  P. 108.  718 p.  ISBN 0874369282, ISBN 9780874369281
  122. 1 2 Israel W. Charny. Encyclopedia of genocide.  Santa Barbara, California.  Vol. 1.  P. 102-104.
  123. Samuel Totten, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, ISBN 0-313-34642-9, p. 21.
  124. U.S. Senate Concurrent Resalution 12, February 9, 1916
  125. U.S. Congress Act to Incorporate Near East Relief, August 6, 1919
  126. U.S. Senate Resolution 359, May 11, 1920
  127. panarmenian.net. 12 2010. - .
  128. Heather S. Gregg. Divided They Conquer: The Success of Armenian Ethnic Lobbies in the United States.  Inter-University Committee on International Migration, 2002.  P. 19.  35 p.
  129. Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution, April 24, 1998
  130. Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution, April 24, 2001
  131. European Parliament Resolution. June 18, 1987
  132. European Parliament Resolution. November 15, 2000
  133. European Parliament Resolution. February 28, 2002
  134. European Parliament Resolution. September 28, 2005
  135. United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities. July 2, 1985
  136. Uruguay Senate and House of Representatives Resolution, April 20, 1965
  137. Uruguay Law, March 26, 2004
  138. « » ( 260 A (III) 9 1948 .)
  139. France National Assembly Law, May 28, 1998
  140. France Senate Law, November 7, 2000
  141. France Law, January 29, 2001
  142. 1 2 Proposition de loi complétant la loi n° 2001-70 du 29 janvier 2001 relative à la reconnaissance du génocide arménien de 1915  (.)
  143.  (.), BBC (12  2006). 28 2012.
  144.  (.), . (24  2012). 30 2012.
  145. Belgium Senate Resolution, March 26, 1998
  146. Netherlands Parliament Resolution, December 21, 2004
  147. Switzerland (Helvetic Confederation) National Council Resolution, December 16, 2003
  148. 1 2 3 Hrayr S. Karagueuzian, Yair Auron. A perfect injustice: genocide and theft of Armenian wealth.  Transaction Publishers, 2009.  P. 14.  160 p.  ISBN 1412810019, ISBN 9781412810012

    At around the same time, on March 29, 2000, the Swedish Parliament passed a formal resolution recognizing the Armenian Genocide, this after a Swedish parliamentary report asserted that «An official statement and recognition of the genocide of the Armenian is important and necessary.» Sweden urged Turkey to do so as well. Canada also recognized the genocide. (The Italian and Austrian parliaments as well as the Swiss and the German parliaments recognized and debated this issue of the Armenian Genocide without a conclusion.)

  149. -  (.),  (11  2010). 17 2012.
  150.  (.), BBC (11  2010). 28 2012.
  151. « 19151922 » 14 1995
  152. Poland Parliament Resolution, April 19, 2005
  153. Lebanon Parliament Resolution, May 11, 2000
  154. Lithuania Assembly Resolution, December 15, 2005
  155. Greece (Hellenic Republic) Parliament Resolution, April 25, 1996
  156. Slovakia Resolution, November 30, 2004
  157. Podané poslancom Františkom Mikloškom v rozprave o návrhu stanoviska Slovenskej republiky k začatiu prístupových rokovaní Európskej únie s Tureckou republikou (tlač 962)
  158. Cyprus House of Representatives Resolution, April 29, 1982
  159. Argentina Senate Declaration, March 31, 2004
  160. Argentina Law, January 15, 2007
  161. Venezuela National Assembly Resolution, July 14, 2005
  162.  (.), «» (6  2007). 30 2012.
  163. Canada House of Commons Resolution, April 23, 1996
  164. Canada Senate Resolution, June 13, 2002
  165. Canada House of Commons Resolution, April 21, 2004
  166. Vatican City Communiqué, November 10, 2000
  167. , - Armenian National Institute
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  180. REGNUM. 15.07.2008. 2008

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  • Stephan Astourian. The Armenian Genocide: An Interpretation // The History Teacher. Society for the History of Education, 1969. Vol. 23. № 2 (Feb., 1990). P. 111-160.
  • Ronald Grigor Suny. Dialogue on Genocide: Efforts by Armenian and Turkish Scholars to Understand the Deportations and Massacres of Armenians During World War I  (.) // Ab imperio. 2004. № 4. P. 79-86.

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