|
|
[]
« », , . . , ( ), , , . , . , , . , , , . , (-).
[]
- :
- . , . Integrated Motor Assist (Honda). ( ) .
- . , . - . , , , , .
- -. , , . Hybrid Synergy Drive (Toyota), , Toyota Prius.
- :
- :
- :
- , .
- .
- :
[]
. .
[]
Lohner-Porsche.[1] 1900 1901 .
[]
| , . |
. , - -450, , . «». 1966 50 %[2].
1972-73 . . . . . «» , [3]. [3].
[]
[]
. , , , : , , , , , . , , , , , « », , .
:
[]
[]
. , , -, ( ). , . , , . , , , , . , , , , . «- ».
[]
, , , .
[]
[]
80 % . 2006 Toyota Prius, . PSA Peugeot Citroen 2010 Peugeot 307 Citroen C4. 50 /. .
[]
[]
Porsche . Mitsubishi , . (2008) Hybrid Synergy Drive ( [́ ́ ]) Toyota.
[]
[]
, , . , -, . (, -).
[]
[]
(. Highway Loss Data Institute) , , . . , 20 % , [4]. , ( 30 /) . 2010 Toyota Prius. . 2011 [4].
[] ,
[]
, . plug-in hybrid electric vehicle PHEV, . . , , . , , .[5]
PHEV , , Chevrolet Volt, General Motors 2010 .
[]
Toyota 1997 , Prius, Lexus RX400h, - Lexus LS 600h.
2006 Prius. Toyota HSD Ford (Escape Hybrid), Nissan (Altima Hybrid).
-- .
2007 38 % 2006 . 2,15 % . 2007 350000 ( GM).
[]
(/) :
- New Flyer Industries . 1997 .
- DaimlerChrysler Orion VII. BAE Systems;
- General Motors GM/Allison DaimlerChrysler BMW;
- Optima Bus Corporation () ISE-Siemens;
- Enova ();
- First Automotive Works (FAW) () Enova;
- Solaris Bus & Coach () GM/Allison;
- APTS () GM/Allison (Phileas);
- Optare Group () GM/Allison;
- Nova Bus () GM/Allison;
- DesignLine International Holdings ( ). Capstone MicroTurbine ;
- Beiqi Foton Bus () Eaton Corporation.
- () -5292[6].
- () -5250 ( , , ) -5265[7]
- Dongfeng Motor Company () Dongfeng EQ6110[8].
- Volvo Volvo 7700 Hybrid[9].
- Hyundai Motor Company Blue-City[10].
. General Motors 2004 2008 30 1000 . Orion Bus Industries 2009 2200 [11]. 2006 First Automotive Works 2005 .
[]
:
- Azure Dynamics ()
- Nissan ZF Friedrichshafen AG ()
- Alcoa Altair Nanotechnologies ()
- Odyne Corporation ()
- Peterbilt 386 hybrid () Eaton
- Oshkosh Truck Corp
- Volvo Cars MAC
- Hino Motors ()
- Caterpillar Inc. ()
[]
. . 90- . «-1» , , . . . 2009 . 1. , , , .
, HV-R 24 , 2008 . 24 , , , , , , , 2 , - . , . 2011 . LMP1 , , .
, . NASCAR New Hampshire Motor Speedway 1 Silverstone. (), 2009 .
[]
2012 . 5000 .
[]
(. . , . . .) .. . . . ( ) . 95 % 97 % 15 % .
- , , , (, ) - . , . 2004 , «» « »[15], .
[]
- Audi:
- BMW:
- Cadillac:
- Ford:
- Honda:
- General Motors:
- Mazda:
- Mazda Demio ( , Assist hybrid)
- Mercedes-Benz:
- Porsche:
- Renault:
- Toyota Lexus:
- Nissan
- Volkswagen
- Hino Motors Peterbilt ()
- Dutro Hybrid ( )
[]
[] .
| ? |
[]
- Porsche: Porsche
- . , , 1973.
- 1 2 . , «», 1974.
- 1 2
- - ?. AutoRelease.ru. 5 2012.
- , .//« » № 6 (107)/14 2009
- 5250 «» «»
- Dongfeng Motor Company Uses MathWorks Tools for Model-Based Design of Battery Management System for Hybrid Bus 6 October 2009
- Volvo Beginning Series Production of Hybrid Buses
- Hyundai introduces Koreas first CNG hybrid bus 2 February 2011
- Daimler Buses North America Crests 3,000 Hybrid Bus Sales Mark
- . .
- № 2311575, 08.07.2003, (), . .
- № 2357876, 10.06.09, , . .
| ?: |