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́ (. Glasgow [ˈɡlæzɡoʊ], . Glesga, . Glaschu [ˈkɫ̪as̪xu]) ( ). . , 32 .
VI , . XVIII ( ), , ( ). XX , 1920- 1970- , , , .
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, . . 142144 , . . , .[3] .[4]
. , 543 , , . . 1185 - , . , .[5]
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-
- Here is the bird that never flew / ,
- Here is the tree that never grew / ,
- Here is the bell that never rang / ,
- Here is the fish that never swam / ,
, . Ѹ . , , , , . . , , , . , , . , , , , , , . , . . , , , . . , , , [6][7].
. , , , , [8].
, (. Let Glasgow Flourish) . . Ÿ : , (. Lord, Let Glasgow flourish by the preaching of the word and the praising of thy name)[6].
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Cathures. , , , « » ( glas cau). Glaschu, 1180 Glesgu, Glasgeu ( 1297 ) Glaschow ( 1419 )[9][10]. , , , , . , Glesgu, « ». , Deschu, - Glaschu[11].
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XII , .[12] 1136 I , . . 1197 , .[13] 1175 1178 I .[14] , , 1190 , .[15] .[16] 1451 V , , .[17] 1492 .[12] , , . .[14]
[] XVIXVIII
1560 , . , , , . 1611 I , . 1638 , I . , , 16441647 , . , .[18] 1650 , , .[19]
XVI - . . 1557 , , 2 % ( 25 % ). , , , . I 1603 .[18] 1647 , 1652 1677 ( ).[20] XVII , 1670 , , .
. , 1668 ( -), , . 1674 , , .[19] , . :
. , .[21] 1636 , 1649 1661 . Glasgow Courant 1715 . , 1723 , « »[22]:
, . , , . , . , , , . . , , , .
XVIII , ( 47 )[21] ( )[18]. 1755 , 1801 77 . , XIX .[21]
[] XIX
XIX , . . , , . , , [23]. 1840- , . 1859 -; 1866 , , , [24].
1832 ( 14 )[25] , . , . , , , . , 1837 , , , 1848 [23][25][26].
XIX ( ). - , ( 1864 20 ). , 1842 , . 1860- - , . ( ), 1878 , , , [24].
[] XX XXI
XX ( , .). 1920 , , , . 1914 V , , , «». . [26] (, 9 1914 - ), 200 . , .
, « ». 31 1919 60 . , , , . , . - [27]. 10 , . , [28].
1920- , , - . . , 1933 , , 30 % . - , , . , 1926 1938 [28][29].
1930- , (1938). VI , 12 [30]. , 1939 114 . . , . 1950- , 32 . , . [28][31].
, . XX , . . 1980- , 1990-. , , . 1990 , 1999 , 2003 . ; . [31][32][33]:
, , . .[34]
[] -
[]
[]
, . , . , , (, ). , ( , , 20 °C). ( ) .[36]
[]
, , ( 70-). . .[38]
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2001 , 47,07 % , , , 52,93 %. , , , , 40,98 %. , , 0,94 %.[2]
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| 1755 2001 [39] | |||||||||||||||
| 1755 | 1780 | 1801 | 1821 | 1891 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1939 | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | |
| 23 500[21] | 42 000[21] | 77 000[21] | 147 000[23] | 783 000 | 784 000 | 1 034 000 | 1 088 000 | 1 088 000 | 1 079 000 | 1 055 000 | 897 000 | 881 000 | 681 000 | 629 501[2] | |
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, , (89,62 %), . . ( 2,7 % 15 ). , 4,11 % , 1,59 % , 1,07 % , 0,72 % ( ), 0,67 % , 0,31 % , 0,17 % , 0,04 % , .[2][40]
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, , . , 31,5 % , 29,2 % . (22,7 %). 3,1 % , 0,4 % , 0,2 % , 0,2 % 0,2 % . 7,8 % .[41]
( . , . , . ), 13 [42] ( ), 7 . , 2007 .[43]
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- , . . Glasgow Patter. , «» . , th /h/, t /r/, /ʌu/ /k/ /o/ . .[44]
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21 , 3 4 .[45]
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. , 2007 , 79 . 45 , 22 , 5 , 5 -, 1 1 «». ϸ, - . , -.[46]
17 ( 23 % ), 9 , ( ).[47]
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XX , . , , ( 67 %[48] )[49]. , , 309 1993 419 2006 , 25 .[50][51] 4,4 %, ( ) 2005 17 , 2006 4,2 .[52] , ( 45 % 9 ).[53] 2006 12,8 [54], £21 905 11 [53].
20 : ( ), , ( , , , ).[55] ( ) 4 .[56]
- , Scottish Power.
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[]
, - , 8 . . -, -, .
-, , . - (Buchanan Street), -(Argyle Street) - (Sauchiehall Street). , , , , , .[57]
[] -
XVIIIXIX - ( ), , , , . , 1980- , , . - - , , , , .[58][59]
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, . ( ), (IFSD), « » « -».[52] 2001 , - , 750 . , 2011 IFSD 20 . .[60] ( - ): Abbey, Aviva, Barclays, Direct Line, HBOS, JP Morgan, Lloyds TSB, Morgan Stanley, National Australia Group, Royal Bank of Scotland . 2005 IFSD .[61][62]
[] -
, , , , .[63] -. - ( ), , - -- (.), , -, - , , , , 2009 , .[64] - .[65] West End, .[66]
[] -
- . .[67] , 1831 . , . - , , The Barrowlands, - (, XII , ) -.[68]
[]
[]
, . , , .[70] , , ( 33 % 45 % ).[71] , . , , .[72]
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, . . , , XV . , , , XIX . 1529 -, , 17911794 .[73]
́ XIX XX , . . , (1888), (1856), (1892), , CadOro (1872), . (1857) ( , - , 1778 , XIX ). (1873), . (1817) . (1877).[74][75]
(1990), (2001), - ( 1983 2007 ), Buchanan Galleries (1999) St Enoch Centre (1989).
, :
- , «»[76].
[]
(, , .), , . , . --, . - XIX [77]. Clyde Arc ( 2006 ), « » (. Squinty Bridge) - , [78].
[]
70 , , [79]:
[]
, 1990 [80], . , , , , , BBC . 1999 - , 2005 [81].
[]
. , . - «», 1904 , . , . XX -, - , . -, - , [82][83].
[]
, . , , , , , , [84]. . 9 , 1944 , , , , ( , ), , , , [85]. :
[] ,
. , -, -[87] The Barrowlands -, , The Cure The Smiths Megadeth Metallica. King Tut's Wah Wah Hut, 1993 Oasis Creation Records[88]. , , . : The Arches, Blanket, Campus, Cathouse, Cube, Garage, Tiger Tiger, The Tunnel .[89][90] Belle & Sebastian, Glasvegas, Franz Ferdinand, The Fratellis, Mogwai, Primal Scream, Simple Minds, Texas, Travis, Camera Obscura.
10 , 2001 18- Cineworld, [91].
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. , , . West End, 1996 . , , , , .[66]
[]
, [92]. , :
- - Scottish Television, -- (.) ( BBC) BBC Radio Scotland;
- Daily Record, Evening Times, Sunday Mail The Herald;
- The Sun, Daily Mail, The Times The Sunday Times;
- The Digger, The Glaswegian, The Glasgow East News .
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37 , 1877 . Ÿ 1,3 35 , , .
[]
184 29 [93], [94], 34 , [95]. [96].
:
, , , . 168 ( )[98].
[]
[]
«» «» (. Old Firm), « » « ». 6 «» ( ) « », «», « », «» «». « », « » «» ( 60 832, 52 670 51 082 .). , , 30 1872 . 0:0[99].
[]
Glasgow Warriors , , , . 1997 Glasgow Hawks.[100] Scottish Rocks .[101] , , 1984 Glasgow Lions.[102] .[103] ( ) - , 2003 . 2003 .
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9 2007 ( ()) 2014 . - ( 1970 1986 ).[104] , -, , , . - (SECC). 17 : , , , , , , , , , , ( ), ( ), , , , , .[105]
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[]
. [106]:
- A8/8 , ;
- A82 - - ;
- A80/M80 - ;
- A74/M74 ;
- A77/M77 - .
, , , , ( 56 % 34 % ).[107]
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Strathclyde Partnership for Transport (SPT).[108]
40 , First 70 % .[107] XX [109] [110], , , , . 4 1962 , 1967 .[111]
( ) 1896 . 1970- . 13 . The Clockwork Orange (« »).[113]
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Transport Scotland. - -, , , - .[107] - ( 1999 2005 )[114] , 29 [115]. - , 4 .[115]
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, . Renfrew-Yoker ferry, , . ( 2001 200 . )[107], Waverley , [116]. 2007 , .[117]
[]
- (GLA) 13 . , 80 . [118] , 2007 - . 2008 , 2010 [119]. 30 2007 , . - , , [120].
- (PIK) 46 - . 27 [121] [122].
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- Analyser UV02. 21 2011. 4 2007.
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