Ãðàæäàíñêàÿ âîéíà â Ãðóçèè
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 Òåððèòîðèè, çàíÿòûå çâèàäèñòàìè â Ìåãðåëèè è Àáõàçèè ñ àâãóñòà ïî îêòÿáðü 1993 ãîäà |
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Âîîðóæ¸ííûå ñèëû Ãðóçèè Ðîññèÿ (1993) |
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| Çâèàä Ãàìñàõóðäèÿ Ëîòè Êîáàëèÿ |
Òåíãèç Êèòîâàíè Äæàáà Èîñåëèàíè Òåíãèç Ñèãóà Ýäóàðä Øåâàðäíàäçå |
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Ãðàæäà́íñêàÿ âîéíà́ â Ãðó́çèè (ãðóç. ááááá áá•áááá ááá›ááááááá áá›á˜ ) â âîîðóæ¸ííûé êîíôëèêò ìåæäó ñòîðîííèêàìè ïåðâîãî ïðåçèäåíòà Ãðóçèè Çâèàäà Ãàìñàõóðäèè (çâèàäèñòû) è ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûìè âîéñêàìè (1991-1993) â Çàïàäíîé Ãðóçèè.
Ñîäåðæàíèå |
[ïðàâèòü] Ïðåäûñòîðèÿ
 àïðåëå 1991 ãîäà Ãðóçèÿ ïðîâîçãëàñèëà ñâîþ íåçàâèñèìîñòü. Ïåðâûì å¸ ïðåçèäåíòîì ñòàë áûâøèé äèññèäåíò Çâèàä Ãàìñàõóðäèà. Çà âîñåìü ìåñÿöåâ ñâîåãî ïðàâëåíèÿ îí èñïîðòèë îòíîøåíèÿ ñ ãðóçèíñêîé èíòåëëèãåíöèåé è ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëÿìè, à òàêæå äîïóñòèë ÷ðåçâû÷àéíîå îáîñòðåíèå îòíîøåíèé ñ íàöèîíàëüíûìè ìåíüøèíñòâàìè, êîòîðîå âûëèëîñü â ãðóçèíî-þæíîîñåòèíñêèé êîíôëèêò[1]. Íåïðîñòûå îòíîøåíèÿ ñëîæèëèñü ñ îïïîçèöèîííûìè ñèëàìè è âîîðóæ¸ííûìè ôîðìèðîâàíèÿìè.  äåêàáðå Íàöèîíàëüíàÿ ãâàðäèÿ ïîä êîìàíäîâàíèåì Òåíãèçà Êèòîâàíè è îòðÿäû Ìõåäðèîíè ïîä êîìàíäîâàíèåì Äæàáû Èîñåëèàíè îðãàíèçîâàëà âîåííûé ïåðåâîðîò, âûëèâøèéñÿ â êðîâîïðîëèòíîå ñðàæåíèå íà óëèöàõ Òáèëèñè.  ÿíâàðå 1992 ãîäà Ãàìñàõóðäèÿ, óêðûâàâøèéñÿ â áóíêåðå çäàíèÿ ïðàâèòåëüñòâà, ïîêèíóë ìåñòî ñâîåãî ïðåáûâàíèÿ, è ïîïûòàëñÿ ïåðåáðàòüñÿ â Àçåðáàéäæàí, íî òàì åìó îòêàçàëè â ïðåäîñòàâëåíèè ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî óáåæèùà, ïîñëå ÷åãî îí ïðèáûë â Àðìåíèþ. Íîâûå ãðóçèíñêèå âëàñòè, îäíàêî, ñòàëè óãðîæàòü ñîñåäíåé ñòðàíå ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé áëîêàäîé, åñëè îíà íå âûäàñò Ãàìñàõóðäèþ, ïîòîìó ñâåðãíóòûé ïðåçèäåíò äîëãî îñòàâàòüñÿ çäåñü íå ìîã è ñïóñòÿ íåñêîëüêî äíåé âûëåòåë â ×å÷íþ, ãäå ïðàâèòåëüñòâî Äæîõàðà Äóäàåâà ïðèíÿëî åãî ó ñåáÿ[2]. Ïðèøåäøèå ê âëàñòè â Ãðóçèè ëèäåðû ñôîðìèðîâàëè Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé Ñîâåò Ãðóçèè, âî ãëàâå êîòîðîãî âñòàë áûâøèé Ïåðâûé Ñåêðåòàðü ÖÊ Êîìïàðòèè Ãðóçèíñêîé ÑÑÐ è ìèíèñòð èíîñòðàííûõ äåë ÑÑÑÐ Ýäóàðä Øåâàðäíàäçå. Ñòîðîííèêè Ãàìñàõóðäèè, îáúåäèíÿåìûå òåðìèíîì çâèàäèñòû, íå ñìèðèëèñü ñ åãî èçãíàíèåì è ñïëîòèëèñü äëÿ ïðîäîëæåíèÿ áîðüáû ñ íîâîé ãðóçèíñêîé âëàñòüþ.
[ïðàâèòü] Õðîíîëîãèÿ ñîáûòèé
[ïðàâèòü] Ïàðòèçàíñêîå äâèæåíèå
Öåíòðîì àêòèâíîñòè çâèàäèñòîâ â òî âðåìÿ ñòàëà Ìåãðåëèÿ. 28 ìàðòà 1992 ãîäà îíè íà÷àëè íàñòóïëåíèå è â òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ äíåé çàíÿëè ãîðîäà Çóãäèäè, Ñåíàêè, Õîáè, Àáàøà è Ïîòè. Óòðîì 3 àïðåëÿ ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûå âîéñêà, ïåðåéäÿ ðåêó Öõåíèñêàëè, äâèíóëèñü íà Çàïàäíóþ Ãðóçèþ è ê âå÷åðó îñâîáîäèëè áåç êðîâîïðîëèòèÿ âñå çàíÿòûå ìÿòåæíèêàìè ãîðîäà[3]. 24 èþíÿ â 3 ÷àñà óòðà áîëåå ñòà ñòîðîííèêîâ Ãàìñàõóðäèè çàõâàòèëè çäàíèå òåëåöåíòðà â Òáèëèñè, à â 6 ÷àñîâ óòðà â ýôèð âûøåë îäèí èç ñîðàòíèêîâ ñâåðãíóòîãî ïðåçèäåíòà Âàëüòåð Øóðãàÿ, êîòîðûé ïðèçâàë ëþäåé ñîáðàòüñÿ âîçëå òåëåöåíòðà è ïîòðåáîâàòü âîçâðàùåíèÿ Çâèàäà Ãàìñàõóðäèÿ[4]. Ñïóñòÿ íåñêîëüêî ÷àñîâ âîéñêà îêðóæèëè òåëåöåíòð è ïîøëè íà øòóðì, îñâîáîäèâ çäàíèå è àðåñòîâàâ ìÿòåæíèêîâ. 6 èþëÿ â Öàëåíäæèõà îòðÿä çâèàäèñòîâ îêðóæèë øêîëó-èíòåðíàò, ãäå íàõîäèëèñü 80 áîéöîâ è êîìàíäóþùèé ôîðìèðîâàíèÿìè "Ìõåäðèîíè" Äæàáà Èîñåëèàíè, ïîñëå ÷åãî îíè ïîøëè íà øòóðì çäàíèÿ, íî ïîòåðïåëè ïîðàæåíèå[5]. 9 èþëÿ âîçëå ñåëà Êàíòè íà ãðàíèöå Öàëåíäæèõñêîãî è ×õîðîöêóñêîãî ðàéîíîâ çâèàäèñòû àòàêîâàëè àâòîìîáèëü è ïîõèòèëè íàõîäèâøåãîñÿ â í¸ì çàìåñòèòåëÿ ïðåìüåð-ìèíèñòðà è ïðåäñåäàòåëÿ Êîìèññèè ïî ïðàâàì ÷åëîâåêà è ìåæíàöèîíàëüíûì îòíîøåíèÿì Àëåêñàíäðà Êàâñàäçå[6], êîòîðûé áûë íàïðàâëåí íà ïåðåãîâîðû ñ íèìè[7]. 11 àâãóñòà â Çóãäèäå íà âñòðå÷å ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé Ãîññîâåòà ñ çâèàäèñòàìè áûâøèé íà÷àëüíèê ëè÷íîé îõðàíû Ãàìñàõóðäèè Ãî÷à Áàõèÿ ïëåíèë åù¸ 12 ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ äåÿòåëåé Ãðóçèè, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ áûëè ìèíèñòð âíóòðåííèõ äåë Ðîìàí Ãâåíöàäçå è ïîìîùíèê Øåâàðäíàäçå ïî íàöèîíàëüíîé áåçîïàñíîñòè Äàâèä Ñàëàðèäçå[8]. Ïîä ïðåäëîãîì îñâîáîæäåíèÿ âèöå-ïðåìüåðà Êàâñàäçå, îõðàíû êîììóíèêàöèé, â ò.÷. æåëåçíîé äîðîãè è äðóãèõ âàæíûõ îáúåêòîâ, íà òåððèòîðèþ Àáõàçèè âîøëè îòðÿäû Íàöèîíàëüíîé ãâàðäèè, ãäå âñêîðå ðàçâåðíóëèñü âîåííûå äåéñòâèÿ.
[ïðàâèòü] Òðèóìô è ïîðàæåíèå çâèàäèñòîâ
Ïîêà ãðóçèíñêèå âîéñêà âåëè âîéíó â Àáõàçèè, â Çàïàäíîé Ãðóçèè àêòèâèçèðîâàëèñü çâèàäèñòû âî ãëàâå ñ Âàõòàíãîì (Ëîòè) Êîáàëèåé. 3 èþíÿ 1993 ãîäà â ãîðîä Ãàëè íà òåððèòîðèè Àáõàçèè âîøëî âîåííîå ïîäðàçäåëåíèå ïîä êîìàíäîâàíèåì ñïîäâèæíèêà Êîáàëèè â Áàäçàãóà, óñòàíîâèâøèé êîíòðîëü íàä âñåé òåððèòîðèåé ðàéîíà. 14 èþíÿ ïî Çóãäèäñêîìó òåëåâèäåíèþ ÷ëåí áûâøåãî «çâèàäèñòñêîãî» ïàðëàìåíòà Äæàáà Ìàãëàêåëèäçå çà÷èòàë îáðàùåíèå Çâèàäà Ãàìñàõóðäèè ê íàöèè, â êîòîðîì ãîâîðèëîñü, ÷òî â áëèæàéøåå âðåìÿ àáõàçàì ñäàäóò ãîðîäà Ñóõóìè, Î÷àì÷èðè, Ãàëè è ÷òî ãðóçèíñêèå âîéñêà äîëæíû îñîçíàòü íåçàêîííîñòü ïðàâÿùåé âëàñòè, ïðèñîåäèíèòüñÿ ê ôîðìèðîâàíèÿì Êîáàëèè è âìåñòå ñðàæàòüñÿ çà âîññòàíîâëåíèå çàêîííîé âëàñòè[9].  èþëå â Çóãäèäè âîøëè îòðÿäû çâèàäèñòîâ ïîä êîìàíäîâàíèåì Ëîòè Êîáàëèè[10]. 28 èþëÿ âîîðóæ¸ííûé îòðÿä Êîáàëèè áåç áîÿ çàíÿë Ñåíàêè, íî 31 èþëÿ ïîñëå ïåðåãîâîðîâ ñ âëàñòÿìè Êîáàëèÿ îñòàâèë Ñåíàêè. 28 àâãóñòà çâèàäèñòû çàõâàòèëè ðÿä íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ â Ìåãðåëèè: Ñåíàêè, Àáàøà è Õîáè[11].  íî÷ü ñ 14 íà 15 ñåíòÿáðÿ èõ îòðÿäû ïîä êîìàíäîâàíèåì Ëîòè Êîáàëèÿ áëîêèðîâàëè æåëåçíîäîðîæíóþ ìàãèñòðàëü Áàòóìè-Òáèëèñè[12]. 24 ñåíòÿáðÿ Ãàìñàõóðäèÿ âåðíóëñÿ â Çàïàäíóþ Ãðóçèþ è âîçãëàâèë â Çóãäèäè òàê íàçûâàåìîå «Ïðàâèòåëüñòâî â èçãíàíèè», ïîñòàâèâ öåëüþ âîññòàíîâëåíèå çàêîííîé âëàñòè â ñòðàíå. Âå÷åðîì 4 îêòÿáðÿ ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûå âîéñêà âîññòàíîâèëè êîíòðîëü íàä Õîíè[13]. 10 îêòÿáðÿ Çâèàä Ãàìñàõóðäèÿ ïðîâ¸ë ìèòèíã, íà êîòîðîì îí çàâåðèë ñâîèõ ñòîðîííèêîâ â òîì, ÷òî «çàêîííàÿ âëàñòü áóäåò âîññòàíîâëåíà»[14]. Áîè â ðàéîíå Ñàìòðåäèà íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü ïðèíÿëè îæåñòî÷¸ííûé õàðàêòåð. Çâèàäèñòû ñêîíöåíòðèðîâàëè æèâóþ ñèëó è òåõíèêó ó ðåêè Öõåíèñöêàëè[14]. Íà ðàññâåòå 17 îêòÿáðÿ îíè àòàêîâàëè Ñàìòðåäèà è ñïóñòÿ íåñêîëüêî ÷àñîâ îâëàäåëè èì[15], à 19 ÷èñëà ïðàêòè÷åñêè áåç áîÿ çàíÿëè Ëàí÷õóòè[14]. Ðàçâèâàÿ óñïåõ, ñòîðîííèêè Ãàìñàõóðäèè íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü íà÷àëè ìàññèðîâàííîå íàñòóïëåíèå íà âòîðîé ïî âåëè÷èíå ãîðîä Ãðóçèè â Êóòàèñè, ïàäåíèå êîòîðîãî îòêðûâàëî äîðîãó íà Òáèëèñè.
 ýòî æå âðåìÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ Ëîòè Êîáàëèè ðàçâåðíóëè áîåâûå äåéñòâèÿ â íàïðàâëåíèè Öõàëòóáî è Êîïèòíàðè, íî áûëè îñòàíîâëåíû ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûìè âîéñêàìè, ðàâíî êàê è ïîä ãîðîäîì Âàíè[14]. Îáîðîíó Êóòàèñè ëè÷íî âîçãëàâèë ìèíèñòð îáîðîíû Ãåîðãèé Êàðêàðàøâèëè[16]. Ïî ñîîáùåíèþ ÌÂÄ Ãðóçèè, ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûì âîéñêàì óäàëîñü îòáèòü ïåðâóþ àòàêó è îñòàíîâèòü ïðîäâèæåíèå ïðîòèâíèêà â 12 êì îò ãîðîäà[16]. Ñäåðæàâ íàòèñê ñòîðîííèêîâ ñâåðãíóòîãî ïðåçèäåíòà, ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûå âîéñêà ïåðåøëè â íàñòóïëåíèå è âñêîðå âîññòàíîâèëè êîíòðîëü íàä Õîíè è Ëàí÷õóòè[17]. Ïîä èõ êîíòðîëü âåðíóëñÿ Îçóðãåòè, êîòîðûé áûë çàíÿò çâèàäèñòàìè ïðàêòè÷åñêè áåç ñîïðîòèâëåíèÿ[18]. 25 îêòÿáðÿ ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûå âîéñêà âûñòóïèëè â íàïðàâëåíèè Ñåíàêè è ê ñëåäóþùåìó äíþ çàíÿëè åãî, à ê èñõîäó 28 îêòÿáðÿ ïîä èõ êîíòðîëü îêîí÷àòåëüíî ïåðåø¸ë Õîáè[14]. Ïîñëå ïàäåíèÿ Õîáè Ãàìñàõóðäèÿ ñìåñòèë Êîáàëèþ è íàçíà÷èë ìèíèñòðîì îáîðîíû Áàäðè Çàðàíäèþ, íî ýòî íå èçìåíèëî õîäà âîåííûõ äåéñòâèé. 11 íîÿáðÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè áåç áîÿ ïàë ïîñëåäíèé îïëîò çâèàäèñòîâ â Çóãäèäè. Îñòàòêè ñòîðîííèêîâ Ãàìñàõóðäèè ðàññåÿëèñü â ëåñàõ Öàëåíäæèõñêîãî ðàéîíà, à ñàì ñâåðãíóòûé ïðåçèäåíò ñêðûëñÿ. Ê äåêàáðþ Ãàìñàõóðäèè ñòàíîâèëîñü âñå òðóäíåå óêðûâàòüñÿ îò ðàçûñêèâàâøèõ åãî ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûõ îòðÿäîâ. 31 äåêàáðÿ îí ïîãèá ïðè íåâûÿñíåííûõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâàõ â ñåëå Äçâåëè Õèáóëà â ãîðíîé îáëàñòè Ñàìåãðåëî.
[ïðàâèòü] Ñì. òàêæå
[ïðàâèòü] Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ
- â‘ ÑÅÐÃÅÉ Ú-ÂÎÐÌ. Ãàìñàõóðäèà â ÷óæîé ñðåäè ñâîèõ? (ðóñ.), Æóðíàë «Êîììåðñàíòú» (30.12.1991).
- â‘ Àíäðåé Êóçíåöîâ. Áåñïîêîéíûé ïîêîéíèê (ðóñ.), "Ëåíòà.Ðó" (05.03.2007,).
- â‘ ÂËÀÄÈÌÈÐ Ú-ÌÈÐÎØÍÈ×ÅÍÊÎ. Ãàìñàõóðäèà: äåíü ðîæäåíèÿ â ãðóñòíûé ïðàçäíèê (ðóñ.), Æóðíàë «Êîììåðñàíòú» (06.04.1992).
- â‘ A Day's Work in Georgia: Shevardnadze Dodges a Coup and Ends a War (ðóñ.), The New York Times (June 25, 1992).
- â‘ ÈÂÀÍ Ú-ÄÐÎÇÄÎÂ, ÂËÀÄÈÌÈÐ Ú-ÌÈÐÎØÍÈ×ÅÍÊÎ. Øêîëà æèçíè Äæàáû Èîñåëèàíè (ðóñ.), Æóðíàë «Êîììåðñàíòú» (13.07.1992).
- â‘ Edward F. Mickolus,Susan L. Simmons Terrorism, 1992-1995: a chronology of events and a selectively annotated bibliography. â ABC-CLIO, 1997. â Ñ. 185. â ISBN 0313304688, 9780313304682
Îðèãèíàëüíûé òåêñò (àíãë.)Georgian supporters of ousted Georgian President Zviad Gamsakhurdia blew up car of Deputy Prime Minister Alexsandr Kavsadze and kidnapped him and Kangug Gogua, head of the local administration. Kavsadze is also Chairman of the State Committee on Inter-Ethnic Relations and Security of Human Rights. The attack occured near the village of Kanti on the border of Tsalendzhikh and Chkhorotskulsk regions. The car was in the western area of Georgia, the stronghold of Gamsakhurdia, who was elected president in a landslide in May 1991. His opponents, however, had denounced him as a dictator and deposed him in January 1992, replacing him with former Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze. Reports conflicted as to whom was kidnapped. On july 10 INTERFAX was quoted by KYODO as saying that the driver was not killed but Kandid Gogua (chairman of the regional department of Chkhorotskulski region) was. The driver, the chief physician of the region, was also taken hostage. Kavsadze reportedly was going to negotiations with supporters of Gamsakhurdia. The hostages brother, Iosif, said that the kidnappers "wish to exchange Aleksandr for their people". On July 14 Kavsadzes staff driver was freed. On August 6 Acting Georgian Prime Minister Tengiz Sigua told the press that the kidnappers promised to release Kavsadze and deliver him by nightfall to the Abkhaz KGB (which did not happen despite the release from prison of 54 Gamsakhurdia supporters).
- â‘ Ñïèñêè ëèö, ïðåñëåäóåìûõ ïî ïîëèòè÷åñêèì ìîòèâàì (ðóñ.), Ìåìîðèàë.
- â‘ ÂËÀÄÈÌÈÐ Ú-ÌÈÐÎØÍÈ×ÅÍÊÎ, ÎËÅà Ú-ÌÅÄÂÅÄÅÂ. Òáèëèñè ïðîòèâ Ñóõóìè (ðóñ.), Æóðíàë «Êîììåðñàíòú» (17.08.1992).
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- â‘ Georgians Say Rebels Have Left Two Towns (àíãë.), The New York Times (October 24, 1993).Georgia's Defense Ministry said the rebels retreated early today from Ozurgeti, a small town about 25 miles southeast of Poti, which along with most of western Georgia is under rebel control. On Friday, about 200 rebel fighters and five tanks seized Ozurgeti without resistance.
[ïðàâèòü] Ññûëêè
- Ñïàðòàê Æèäêîâ ÁÐÎÑÎÊ ÌÀËÎÉ ÈÌÏÅÐÈÈ ( (ðóñ.)) // ÁÈÁËÈÎÒÅÊÀ ÕÐÎÍÎÑÀ.
