́[1], . ́ ( ́; . graffito, . graffiti) , , , . , : .
, . , «» «». , «» ( graffiare «»).
-, .
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graffiato («»). «» , . «», , , . , . , . γράφειν graphein (- «») .
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30 . . , , [2]. . , . , , .
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« » ( ). . , , . , - , [3].
, . , . , , [4]. , , , , , , . , , , . , «mansueta tene»: « ». [5]:
. , , . CIL IV, 7838: Vettium Firmum / aed[ilem] quactiliar[ii] [sic] rog[ant]. «qu» «co». 83 , CIL IV, 4706-85, , . , . , . VII, 12, 18-20 120 , . (CIL IV, 4397) , (Suspirium puellarum Celadus thraex: « »). , , :
- ,
- !
- , ,
- [6].
, , .[7]
[]
. .[8] , , , () , . , , - [9].
[]
. 10 XI .[10][11]. XIXV . , , () . , , , « -», . , . , , .
[]
[]
[]
, -- , - . , . XX . Texino 1920- [16]. «Killroy was here», , . , . ( «Yardbird» «Bird») «Bird Lives» - [17]. 1968 , , Lennui est contre-révolutionnaire (« »), , . ( « », , ). 1970 «Dick Nixon Before He Dicks You», .
, --, . XX , «Clapton is God». 1967 . , . - 1970- . , Black Flag Crass ( ) , , . 1980- - Missing Foundation [18] , - [19].
, . . , -, , . , .
«» . , , , . , , .
[]
1920- , , . , .[21] , the Savage Skulls (« »), La Familia, DTBFBC, the Savage Nomads (« »), «» . 1960- , , - Lord, Cornbread, Cool Earl, Topcat 126. Cornbread .
1969 1974 . , , - , , -. , , . , - , . , , TAKI 183. . TAKI 183 ( , ) , 183. , . , . 1971 - « ».[22][23][24] Julio 204, . Stay High 149, PHASE 2, Stitch 1, Joe 182 Cay 161. Barbara 62 Eva 62 , .
, . , . , . «».
1971 , . -, . . , , , . 1972 , «masterpieces» «». , Super Kool 223 «».[25][26][27]
: , , . . , . «», , «top-to-bottoms», « ». , , . 1972 «United Graffiti Artists» (« »), . , -. 1974 . TF5 («The Fabulous Five», « ») , .[28]
[] 1970-
1970- - . , , - , . «top-to-bottoms» . 1970- «-» («throw-up»), , «», , «». -, , - .
- , . , -. , , 1970-, , 1980- .
1970- 1980 . - Fab 5 Freddy ( ), , («wall-writing group»). , 1970- , , , «wild style»[29]. Fab 5 Freddy - , . , . , 1970- , .
1970- , - . , . , , .
[]
1979 - - Fab 5 Freddy . , -, . Fab 5 Freddy Blondie «Rapture» Blondie 1981 . , - , SAMO , - . 1983 «Wild Style» , « » («Style Wars»), Public Broadcasting Service ( ) 1983 . «The Message» «Planet Rock» - -. « » , Skeme, Dondi, MinOne Zephyr, - - : , - , Rock Steady Crew, . , « » , - 1980-.[30] 1983 («New York City Rap Tour Fab») 5 Freddy Futura 2000 - . -, 1984 «Beat Street», - . PHASE 2.
. 1981 Blek le Rat , 1985 , -, . .
[] -
, , - . . - « ». , - . , - . , , , . , . , , .
, , . , . , . Blade, Dondi, Min 1, Quik, Seen Skeme . - , « ».
[] -, 19851989 .
, 1986 - « », . , «». 1980- . - Cope2, Claw Money, Sane Smith[31], Zephyr T Kid[32] .
[] -
, - « ». - 1989 , - , . . , [33].
- , , -, . , , , .
, - . , , , , . [34].
, .
1980- -, - , (SAMO, , Same Old Shit, « »), , -.
, . . Big Pun , , BG183, Bio, Nicer TATS CRU[35]. The Notorious B.I.G., Tupac Shakur, Big L Jam Master Jay[36][37].
[] -
, . 2001 IBM -, , , ( Linux). «, Linux». , - « » , IBM $120,000[38][39].
2005 Sony. PSP. TATS CRU -, , , , - . IBM, Sony . , PSP, , [39].
. , Jet Set Radio (20002003) , , . , . , Rakugaki Ōkoku (20032005) Sony PlayStation 2 , , , . , Marc Eckō's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure (2006), , .
, , Bomb the World (2004), . - , 20 . Super Mario Sunshine (2002) , , , Bowser Jr. , - , .
, , , , Half-Life series, the Tony Hawks series, The Urbz: Sims in the City, Rolling and Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. The Darkness, Double Dragon 3: The Rosetta Stone, NetHack, Samurai Champloo: Sidetracked, The World Ends With You, The Warriors, Just Cause, Portal, Virtual Graffiti . , «» «», , Yahoo! Graffiti, Graffiti .
, , , : «, »[40].
, - . 1980- - («Pop Shop»), , , . - . : «- . . , , . , ».
. Mike Giant, Pursue, Rime, Noah , , , DC Shoes, Adidas, Rebel8 Osiris Circa[41]. , DZINE, Daze, Blade, The Mac , , , , [41].
, , , -, 123Klan. 123Klan 1989 Scien Klor. , . , , , Nike, Adidas, Lamborghini, Coca Cola, Stussy, Sony, Nasdaq [42].
, -, , Kung Faux, . , , , - -. ESPO, KAWS, STASH, & Futura 2000, - Crazy Legs, - Afrika Bambaataa, Biz Markie Queen Latifah.
[]
[]
« . , »[44]. « »[44]. « - 1970- »[45]. « »[45]; - , , «, »[46], « , »[47]. , « . »[47]. , Manco, , , , « »[46], .
[]
: , , . Hamshahri , . A1one . PingMag Alone [48]. , . , , , JUIF - DEVIONE . «נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן» («Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman»).
[]
1980- . () . 1980- 1990- 1990- . , , - ( ).
- Da Boogie Crew, .
, , . - .
SNICKERS® URAN, -.
Paint Methods, ( ).
[]
- [50]. . , . -, , .
, 1980- , , , , [51]. , . .
[]
. , «Graffiti Research Lab» (« ») . Kaso , . Yarnbombing, «» ( yarn ) . .
[]
. («tag») , , . , . , . , «» («pissing»), , . 6 . - .
«-», «» . «-» , 2-3 , . - . «» («piece», «masterpiece») , . , «» , . «» «» («blockbuster» or «roller») , . «» . , .
«wildstyle» . , . , , , , . . , , , . , .
, , , . , 30 . Saber MSK, «masterpiece». -. « » CAP, , . «» («capping»), , .
[]
, , 1961 , («Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism»). , , . , -, [52].
- [53]. , . . , , .
, , . , . , M.I.A., 2000- - , «Galang» «Bucky Done Gun», - . . M.I.A. [54].
[]
- , . (Banksy) , [56]. , - . . . 2005 , . , , . 2000 , . . , . , .
Pixnit- , [57]. , , Pixnit . , . , .
[]
, , . , . - Crass, 1970-1980- , , - [58].
- : De Zoot, WoRmi, Vendex Dr Rat[59][60]. , , - Gallery Anus. 1980- - , .
1968 , , Lennui est contre-révolutionnaire (« ») Lisez moins, vivez plus (« , »). , , , .
, . , *. , . . . , .
Lady Pink Fabara[61]
-, , , , 1990- , . , , , .
, , . 1990- , - , , . , , , . , , - .
, , - . , , . , , .
, , , .
. , , . [62].
, , , , . , 2004 the Space Hijackers , , , .
, . , , , ( , ). , , , «» « » , . , , . , .
1970- . , , . : , , . , , . , [63].
. , . , , . , , . , . II , XVII , .
, . , . , , -. , , , [64].
[]
, . - TATS CRU , , Cola, McDonalds, Toyota MTV. Boxfresh , , . Smirnoff « », , ( ). , HOPE, , « ». , .
« » .
[]
2006 , -, 1980- Crash, Lee, Daze, - .
22 - , Crash, Daze Lady Pink. Time Out Magazine , . , - [65]:
« , . , , , ».
. « 17882000 », , , [66].
, , [67].
[]
[]
1984 (Philadelphia Anti-Graffiti Network (PAGN)), . « » («Mural Arts Program»). , , , , , . .
, . the Board and Spring Garden ( the Broad & Ridge) , 15- .
« » , , , , , . , , . - « », , , 1980- - . , . , , . - , .
1995 - , , -. . 10-117 - 18 . , , , . 350$ [70]. - Zephyr [71].
1 2006 , , 21 . . «» . 1 2006 , . 4 2006 , , , [72]. 2006 -, , [73].
( « »). , , . [74].
1992 , , , [74]. 8-4 « », 100: «». (8-4-130) $500, , .
2005 , , [75]. . . , , [76]. « »[77] , 200 . 2,5 [78].
[]
2006 , . , , , , , [79].
2003 . 2004 « » -, « », 16 [80]. - . , «» .
123 ( - ) , : « , . , , »[81]. , , , , - , ( ) . . .
, [82]. , .
2008 . DMP[83]. , 1 . 18 2 . , [84].
, , , , , . , , [85].
« » , [86].
2010 .[87]
[]
, , [88][89]. , [90]. « », . - BCW («Buffers Cant Win» « ») .
18 . , , . , , 26 000 .
. , - , . Lonely Planet, , . , , , , . CBD , . , - , . , , , . 2008 . 2003 , [91].
[]
2008 - . , . 18 , 200 2 000 . . , 2008 , . , .
[]
, 1920- . , 4000 , [92].
1993 , . , , . . , , . 1966 , , , 3,500 (2,233 ) . - , . , , : [93].
[]
[] .
[]
- . ., , ., 1976.;
- . . «Graffiti » // , . , 1897;
- . XIXVII . ., 1985;
- Powers S. The Art of Getting Over. Graffiti at the Millennium. N. Y., 1999;
- . High Art // , 09.11.2008.
[]
- 1979 80 Blocks from Tiffanys , 1970- . - , , .
- 1980 Stations of the Elevated - . .
- 1983 Wild Style , - -.
- 1983 Style Wars (« ») , - . -.
- 2002 Bomb the System (« ») , -.
- 2004 Quality of Life (« ») , -. .
- 2004 The Graffiti Artist ( ) , . , .
- 2005 Piece by Piece (« ») , - 1980- .
- 2005 Infamy (« ») , . A
- 2005 NEXT: A Primer on Urban Painting («NEXT: »)
- 2005 RASH («») , .
- 2007 BOMB IT , .
- 2006 Wholetrain («») , , , , .
- 2007 Jisoe .
- 2009 Roadsworth: Crossing the Line (« ») , , .
- 2010 Innapau Russian Steel -
- 2010 Exit Through the Gift Shop (« »)
- 2011 - - "!".
[]
- .
- Stowers, George C. «Graffiti Art: An Essay Concerning The Recognition of Some Forms of Graffiti As Art.» HipHop-Network. 1 Mar. 2009 <http://www.hiphop-network.com/articles/graffitiarticles/graffitiart.asp>
- Mike Von Joel. «Urbane Guerrillas». http://www.state-of-art.org/state-of-art/ISSUE%20FOUR/urbane4.html. Retrieved 2006-10-18
- Ancelet, Jeanine. «The history of graffiti.» UCL Londons Global University. 2006. 20 Apr. 2009 <http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museumstudies/websites06/ancelet/thehistoryofgraffiti.htm
- http://metamedia.stanford.edu:3455/SeeingThePast/admin/download.html?attachid=122971
- Olmert, Michael (1996). Miltons Teeth and Ovids Umbrella: Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History, p.48-49. Simon & Schuster, New York. ISBN 0-684-80164-7.
- http://www.egyptportal.ru/content/view/12/26/] [1]
- Tikal: Graffiti (#graffiti)
- http://www.green-man-of-cercles.org/articles/builders_marks.pdf
- Ïåðâîå ïîëèòè÷åñêîå ãðàôôèòè â Ðîññèéñêîé èìïåðèè
- British Archaeology, June 1999
- The Atlantic Monthly ( 1997). 24 2011. 10 2009.
- Jinx | Art Crimes
- YouTube Who is Bozo Texino?
- Ross Russell. Bird Lives!: The High Life And Hard Times Of Charlie (yardbird) Parker Da Capo Press
- Missing Foundation: Information from Answers.com
- Missing Foundation MySpace Music MP3,
- Mistery Interview
- Abel, Ernest L., and Barbara E. Buckley. «The Handwriting on the Wall: Toward Sociology and Psychology of Graffiti». Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1977.
- «Art Crimes». Jinx Magazine. Unknown. http://www.jinxmagazine.com/art_crimes.html.
- «A History of Graffiti in Its Own Words». New York Magazine. unknown. http://nymag.com/guides/summer/17406/.
- «Black History Month 1971». BBC. unknown. http://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/bhm05/years/1971.shtml.
- «Style Writing From The Underground, (R)evolutions of Aerosol Linguistic.» Stampa Alternativa in Association with IGTimes, 1996, ISBN : 88-7226-318-2.
- «Freight Train Graffiti», Roger Gastman, Ian Sattler, Darin Rowland. Harry N Abrams Inc, 2006. ISBN 978-0-8109-9249-8.
- Burners
- The Fabulous 5ive @149st
- Fab 5 Freddy quote in: Lippard, Lucy. Mixed Blessings: Art in Multicultural America. New York: The New Press, 1990.
- Labonte, Paul. All City: The book about taking space. Toronto. ECW Press. 2003
- SaneSmith @149st
- «T KID 170». http://www.at149st.com/tkid.ht. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
- «From graffiti to galleries». CNN. 2005-11-04. http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/03/21/otr.green/index.html. Retrieved 2006-10-10.
- Beaty, Jonathon ; Cray, Dan. «Zap Youve Been Tagged». Time Magazine. 10 September, 1990. prgrph.2
- «New Big Pun Mural To Mark Anniversary Of Rappers Death in the late 1990s.». MTV News. 2001-02-02. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1439015/20010202/story.jhtml. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
- «Tupak Shakur». Harlem Live. unknown. http://www.harlemlive.org/community/elbarrio/tupac.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
- «Bang the Hate Mural Pushes Limits». Santa Monica News. unknown. http://www.surfsantamonica.com/ssm_site/the_lookout/news/News-2006/May-2006/05_04_06_Bang_the_Wall.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
- «IBMs graffiti ads run afoul of city officials». CNN. 2001-04-19. http://archives.cnn.com/2001/TECH/industry/04/19/ibm.guerilla.idg/index.html. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
- 1 2 «Sony Draws Ire With PSP Graffiti». Wired. 2005-12-05. http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69741. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
- «Marc Ecko Hosts Getting Up Block Party For NYC Graffiti, But Mayor Is A Hater». SOHH.com. 2005-08-17. http://www.sohh.com/articles/article.php/7428. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
- 1 2 Ganz, Nicolas. «Graffiti World». New York. Abrams. 2004
- «123Klan Interview». Samuel Jesse Gráfica Real. 2009-01-27. http://graficareal.net/index.php/interviews/graffiti-to-graphic-design-kings-of-evolution-part-1-123klan-interview/. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
- Tristan Manco São Paulo pics on flikr.com
- 1 2 Manco, Tristan. Lost Art & Caleb Neelon, Graffiti Brazil. London: Thames and Hudson, 2005, 7.
- 1 2 Manco, 9
- 1 2 Manco, 10
- 1 2 Manco, 8
- Uleshka, «A1one: 1st generation Graffiti in Iran», PingMag, 19 January 2005.
- ""
- Ganz, Nicolas. «Graffiti World». New York. Abrams. 2004.
- «Stencil graffiti tutorial Learn to design graffiti stencils | onelegout.com.» Choose language | Drupal. Stencil Revolution. 17 Apr. 2009 <http://www.onelegout.com/stencil_tutorial.html>.
- «P(ART)icipation and Social Change (.doc file)» (DOC). 2002-01-25. http://www.jss.org.au/media/docs/participation.doc. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
- «Pictures of Murals of Los Angeles». http://rpmurals.home.att.net/.
- «Graffiti Telecinco». YouTube. http://es.youtube.com/watch?v=THzQQ_OdTC0. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
- Lippard, Lucy, All Fired Up, Village Voice, December 2-8, 1981
- Banksy. Wall and Piece. New York: Random House UK, 2005.
- Shaer, Matthew. «Pixnit Was Here.» The Boston Globe 3 Jan. 2007. 1 Mar. 2009 <http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2007/01/03/pixnit_was_here/>.
- «Crass Discography (Christs reality asylum)». Southern Records. unknown. http://www.southern.com/southern/label/CRC/09400a.html. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
- SFT: Ny dokumentär reder ut graffitins punkiga rötter. Dr Rat died in 1981 of an overdose at the age of 20 and was somewhat of an underground hero.
- Kroonjuwelen
- Chang, Jeff (2005). Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 124. ISBN 0-312-30143-X.
- «Border Crossings». Village Voice. 2000-08-01. http://www.villagevoice.com/art/0030,levin,16706,13.html. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
- [3]
- ^ Ley, David, and Roman Cybriwsky. «Urban Graffiti as Territorial Markers.» Dec. 1974. JSTOR. University of Arizona Library, Tucson. 14 Mar. 2009 <http://www.jstor.org/>.
- «Writing on the Wall». Time Out New York Kids. 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061113004456/http://www.tonykids.com/features/13/k13.ft.writing.html. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
- Bernard Smith, Terry Smith and Christopher Heathcote, Australian Painting 17882000, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 2001, chapter 17. See also Christopher Heathcote, Discovering Graffiti, Art Monthly Australia (Canberra), September 2000, pp. 4-8.
- http://www.graffiti.org/faq/tobin.html
- RFI Graffiti gets into the Grand Palais
- Arts, Briefly Toasting Graffiti Artists NYTimes.com
- «The full text of the law». http://www.nyc.gov/html/nograffiti/html/legislation.html.
- «Zephyrs opposing viewpoint». http://www.zephyrgraffiti.com/zephyrwrt/crackdwn.html.
- «Marc Ecko Helps Graffiti Artists Beat NYC in Court, Preps 2nd Annual Save The Rhinos Concert». May 2, 2006. http://www.vibe.com/news/news_headlines/2006/05/marc_ccko_helps_graffiti_artists_beat_nyc_in_court_preps_2nd/.
- Staff (May 24, 2006). «NCCo OKs laws to keep spray paint from kids». The News Journal. p. B3.
- 1 2 «Clean Ups and Graffiti Removal». http://www.kcb.org/kcb_cleanups.html.
- «Graffiti Artists Paint Pittsburgh; Police See Red». WPXI. March 2007. http://www.wpxi.com/target11/4233599/detail.html.
- «Graffiti suspect faces felony charge». Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. March 2007. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07079/770929-53.stm.
- «Pittsburgh Police Arrest King Of Graffiti». KDKA. March 2007. http://kdka.com/topstories/graffiti.Daniel.Joseph.2.388172.html.
- Pittsburgh Graffiti Tagger 'MFONE' Gets State Prison Time Pittsburgh News Story WTAE Pittsburgh
- Thematic strategy on the urban environment European Parliament resolution on the thematic strategy on the urban environment (2006/2061(INI))
- EnCams. «Graffiti». Press release.
- «Is the Writing on the Wall for Graffiti». PR News Wire. 2004-07-28. http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=127383.
- Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 (c. 16)
- «Jail for leader of graffiti gang». BBC News. 2008-07-11. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/7502768.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
- Arifa Akbar; Paul Vallely (2008-07-16). «Graffiti: Street art or crime?». The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art-and-architecture/features/graffiti-street-art-ndash-or-crime-868736.html. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
- [2] BBC Gloucestershire
- Szerver hoszting szerver hosting
- «» «» PRM.RU
- «Legal Graffiti Wall Rules». Warringah Council. http://www.warringah.nsw.gov.au/rules.htm.
- «Newcastle beach to get 'legal graffiti' wall». ABC News Online. 2005-05-25. http://www.abc.net.au/news/australia/nsw/newcastle/200505/s1376470.htm.
- «Against the wall». North Shore:Towns Online.com. 08-11-06. http://www.townonline.com/lynnfield/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=555224.
- «The painter painted: Melbourne loses its treasured Banksy». http://www.watoday.com.au/national/the-painter-painted-melbourne-loses-its-treasured-banksy-20081213-6xzy.html. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
- BBC NEWS | In pictures: Graffiti artists in Beijing, Graffiti tradition
- «Singapore Swings; Michael Fays Tortures Over; Watch for the Docudrama». New York Times. 05-08-94. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE1DA1539F93BA35756C0A962958260.
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