GNU Free Documentation License . .

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́[1], . ́ (   ́; . graffito, . graffiti)  , , , . , : .

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graffiato («»). «» , . «», , , . , . , . γράφειν  graphein (-  «») .

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30  . . , , [2]. . , . , , .

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« » ( ). . , , . , - , [3].

:

, . , . , , [4]. , , , , , ,  . , , , . , «mansueta tene»: « ». [5]:

, II . «ALEXAMENOS SEBETE THEON» , « »

. , , . CIL IV, 7838: Vettium Firmum / aed[ilem] quactiliar[ii] [sic] rog[ant]. «qu» «co». 83 , CIL IV, 4706-85, , . , . , . VII, 12, 18-20 120 , . (CIL IV, 4397) , (Suspirium puellarum Celadus thraex: « »). , , :

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[6].

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. 10 XI .[10][11]. XIXV . , , () .   ,   , , « -», . , . , , .

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1605

, [14]. , .   , . , [15].

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(19431944)

, -- , - . , . XX .   Texino  1920- [16]. «Killroy was here», , . , . ( «Yardbird» «Bird») «Bird Lives» - [17]. 1968 , , Lennui est contre-révolutionnaire (« »), , . ( « », , ). 1970 «Dick Nixon Before He Dicks You», .

, --, . XX , «Clapton is God». 1967 . , . - 1970- . , Black Flag Crass ( ) , , . 1980-   - Missing Foundation [18]  , - [19].

Kilroy.

  , . . , -,  , . , .

- . .   , ,   .

, -, -, , -. , [20].

«» . , , , . , , .

[]

1920- , , . , .[21] , the Savage Skulls (« »), La Familia, DTBFBC, the Savage Nomads (« »), «» . 1960- , , - Lord, Cornbread, Cool Earl, Topcat 126. Cornbread .

, -

1969 1974 . , , - , , -. , , . , - , . , , TAKI 183. . TAKI 183 ( , ) , 183. , . , . 1971 - « ».[22][23][24] Julio 204, . Stay High 149, PHASE 2, Stitch 1, Joe 182 Cay 161. Barbara 62 Eva 62 , .

, . , . , . «».

-

1971 , . -, . . , , , . 1972 , «masterpieces» «». , Super Kool 223 «».[25][26][27]

: , , . . , . «», , «top-to-bottoms», « ». , , . 1972 «United Graffiti Artists» (« »), . , -. 1974 . TF5 («The Fabulous Five», « ») , .[28]

[] 1970-

. -, 1973

1970- - . , , - , . «top-to-bottoms» . 1970- «-» («throw-up»), , «», , «». -, , - .

- , . , -. , , 1970-, , 1980- .

1970-  1980 . - Fab 5 Freddy ( ), , («wall-writing group»). , 1970- , , , «wild style»[29]. Fab 5 Freddy - , . , . , 1970- , .

1970- , -   . , . , , .

[]

1979 - - Fab 5 Freddy . , -, . Fab 5 Freddy Blondie «Rapture» Blondie 1981 . , - , SAMO , - . 1983 «Wild Style» , « » («Style Wars»), Public Broadcasting Service ( ) 1983 . «The Message» «Planet Rock» - -. « » , Skeme, Dondi, MinOne Zephyr, - - : , - , Rock Steady Crew, . , « » , - 1980-.[30] 1983 («New York City Rap Tour Fab») 5 Freddy Futura 2000 - . -, 1984 «Beat Street», - . PHASE 2.

. 1981 Blek le Rat , 1985 , -, . .

[] -

-, -

, , - . . - « ». , - . , - . , , , . , . , , .

, , . , . , . Blade, Dondi, Min 1, Quik, Seen Skeme . - , « ».

[] -, 19851989 .

1985 1989 . , . , , : , , .

, 1986 - « », . , «». 1980- . - Cope2, Claw Money, Sane Smith[31], Zephyr T Kid[32] .

[] -

, - « ». - 1989 , - , . . , [33].

- , , -, . , , , .

, - . , , , , . [34].

, .

1980- -, - , (SAMO, , Same Old Shit, « »), , -.

, . . Big Pun , , BG183, Bio, Nicer TATS CRU[35]. The Notorious B.I.G., Tupac Shakur, Big L Jam Master Jay[36][37].

[] -

, . 2001 IBM -, , , (  Linux). «, Linux». , - « » , IBM $120,000[38][39].

2005 Sony. PSP. TATS CRU -, , , , - . IBM, Sony . , PSP, , [39].

. , Jet Set Radio (20002003) , , . , . , Rakugaki Ōkoku (20032005) Sony PlayStation 2 , , , . , Marc Eckō's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure (2006), , .

, , Bomb the World (2004), . - , 20 . Super Mario Sunshine (2002) , , , Bowser Jr. , - , .

1978 Space Invaders
-

, , , , Half-Life series, the Tony Hawks series, The Urbz: Sims in the City, Rolling and Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. The Darkness, Double Dragon 3: The Rosetta Stone, NetHack, Samurai Champloo: Sidetracked, The World Ends With You, The Warriors, Just Cause, Portal, Virtual Graffiti . , «» «», , Yahoo! Graffiti, Graffiti .

, , , : «,   »[40].

  , - . 1980- - («Pop Shop»), , , . -   . : «- . . , , . , ».

. Mike Giant, Pursue, Rime, Noah , , , DC Shoes, Adidas, Rebel8 Osiris Circa[41]. , DZINE, Daze, Blade, The Mac , , , , [41].

, , , -, 123Klan. 123Klan 1989 Scien Klor. , . , , , Nike, Adidas, Lamborghini, Coca Cola, Stussy, Sony, Nasdaq [42].

, -, , Kung Faux, . , , , - -. ESPO, KAWS, STASH, & Futura 2000, - Crazy Legs, - Afrika Bambaataa, Biz Markie Queen Latifah.

[]

[]

,

, , . - [43].

« . , »[44]. « »[44]. « - 1970- »[45]. « »[45]; - , , «, »[46], « , »[47]. , « . »[47]. , Manco, , , , « »[46], .

[]

,

: , , . Hamshahri , . A1one . PingMag Alone [48]. , . , , , JUIF - DEVIONE . «נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן» («Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman»).

[]

1980- . () . 1980- 1990- 1990- . , , - ( ).

- Da Boogie Crew, .

- , 1992

, , . - .

2006 - . 2006  (20032005 ), .

SNICKERS® URAN, -.

c 2001 - - «».

Paint Methods, ( ).

- «».[49]

[]

- [50].   . , . -, , .

, 1980- , , , , [51]. , . .

[]

. , «Graffiti Research Lab» (« ») . Kaso , . Yarnbombing, «» ( yarn  )  . .

[]

Ontario

. («tag»)  , , .   , . , . , «» («pissing»), , . 6 . - .

«-», «»  . «-» , 2-3 , . - . «» («piece», «masterpiece»)  , . , «» , . «» «» («blockbuster» or «roller»)  , . «» . , .

. ,

«wildstyle»  . , .   , , , , .     . , , , . , .

, , , . , 30 . Saber MSK, «masterpiece». -. « » CAP, , . «» («capping»), , .

[]

. , -, 1980
. ,
« », Ces53

, , 1961 , («Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism»). , , . , -, [52].

- [53]. , . . , , .

, ,   . , . , M.I.A., 2000- - , «Galang» «Bucky Done Gun», - . . M.I.A. [54].

, « , »[55], , -. .

[]

- , . (Banksy)  , [56]. , - . . . 2005 , . , ,   . 2000 , .   . , . , .

Pixnit- , [57]. , , Pixnit . , . , .

[]

, , . , . - Crass, 1970-1980- , , - [58].

- : De Zoot, WoRmi, Vendex Dr Rat[59][60]. , , - Gallery Anus. 1980- - , .

1968 , , Lennui est contre-révolutionnaire (« ») Lisez moins, vivez plus (« , »). , , , .

, . , *. , . . . , .

Lady Pink Fabara[61]

-, , , , 1990- , . , , , .

, , . 1990- , - , , . , , , . ,   , - .

, , - . , , . , , .

, , , .

. , , . [62].

, , , , . , 2004 the Space Hijackers , , , .

, . , , , ( , ). ,     , , «» « » , . , , . , .

1970- . , , . : , , . , , . , [63].

,

. , . , , . ,   , . , .   II , XVII , .

, . , . , , -. , ,   , [64].

. .

[]

. ,

, . - TATS CRU , , Cola, McDonalds, Toyota MTV. Boxfresh , , . Smirnoff « », , ( ). , HOPE, , « ». , .

« » .

[]

Miss Van Ciou

2006 , -, 1980- Crash, Lee, Daze, - .

22 - , Crash, Daze Lady Pink. Time Out Magazine , . , - [65]:

« , . , , ,   ».

. « 17882000 », , , [66].

  , , [67].

2009 150 300 . [68][69].

[]

[]

. ,

; , . : , , , , , .

1984 (Philadelphia Anti-Graffiti Network (PAGN)), . « » («Mural Arts Program»). , , , , , . .

, . the Board and Spring Garden ( the Broad & Ridge) , 15- .

« » , , , , , . , , . - « », , , 1980- - . , . , , . - , .

1995 - , , -. . 10-117 - 18 . , , , . 350$ [70]. - Zephyr [71].

1 2006 , , 21 . . «» . 1 2006 , . 4 2006 , , , [72]. 2006 -, , [73].

( « »). , , . [74].

1992 , , , [74]. 8-4 « », 100: «». (8-4-130) $500, , .

2005 , , [75]. . . , , [76]. « »[77] , 200 . 2,5 [78].

[]

, . 1992 , , , . 1992 .

. . , 2007
19Ž44

2006 , . , , , , , [79].

2003 . 2004 « » -, « », 16 [80]. - . , «» .

123 ( - ) , : « ,   . , , »[81]. , , , , - , (   ) . . .

, [82]. , .

« » . ,

2008 . DMP[83]. , 1 . 18 2 . , [84].

, , , , , . , ,     [85].

« » , [86].

«» «»

2010 .[87]

[]

, .   « », . , -, .

, , [88][89]. , [90]. « », . - BCW («Buffers Cant Win» « ») .

18 . , ,   . , , 26 000 .

. , - , . Lonely Planet, , .   , , , , . CBD , . , - , . , , , . 2008 . 2003 , [91].

[]

2008 - . , . 18 , 200 2 000 . . , 2008 , . , .

[]

.

, 1920- . , 4000 , [92].

, . , . .

1993 , . , , . . , , . 1966 , , , 3,500 (2,233 ) . - , . , , : [93].

[]

[] .

[]

  • . ., , ., 1976.;
  • . . «Graffiti » // , . , 1897;
  • . XIXVII .  ., 1985;
  • Powers S. The Art of Getting Over. Graffiti at the Millennium.  N. Y., 1999;
  • . High Art // , 09.11.2008.

[]

  • 1979  80 Blocks from Tiffanys  , 1970- . - , , .
  • 1980  Stations of the Elevated  - .   .
  • 1983  Wild Style  , - -.
  • 1983  Style Wars (« »)  , - . -.
  • 2002  Bomb the System (« »)  , -.
  • 2004  Quality of Life (« »)  , -. .
  • 2004  The Graffiti Artist ( )  , .   , .
  • 2005  Piece by Piece (« »)  , - 1980- .
  • 2005  Infamy (« »)  , . A
  • 2005  NEXT: A Primer on Urban Painting («NEXT: ») 
  • 2005  RASH («»)  , .
  • 2007  BOMB IT  , .
  • 2006  Wholetrain («»)  , , , , .
  • 2007  Jisoe  .
  • 2009  Roadsworth: Crossing the Line (« »)  , , .
  • 2010  Innapau  Russian Steel  -
  • 2010  Exit Through the Gift Shop (« ») 
  • 2011 - - "!".

[]

  1. .
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  3. Mike Von Joel. «Urbane Guerrillas». http://www.state-of-art.org/state-of-art/ISSUE%20FOUR/urbane4.html. Retrieved 2006-10-18
  4. Ancelet, Jeanine. «The history of graffiti.» UCL  Londons Global University. 2006. 20 Apr. 2009 <http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museumstudies/websites06/ancelet/thehistoryofgraffiti.htm
  5. http://metamedia.stanford.edu:3455/SeeingThePast/admin/download.html?attachid=122971
  6. Olmert, Michael (1996). Miltons Teeth and Ovids Umbrella: Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History, p.48-49. Simon & Schuster, New York. ISBN 0-684-80164-7.
  7. http://www.egyptportal.ru/content/view/12/26/] [1]
  8. Tikal: Graffiti (#graffiti)
  9. http://www.green-man-of-cercles.org/articles/builders_marks.pdf
  10. Ïåðâîå ïîëèòè÷åñêîå ãðàôôèòè â Ðîññèéñêîé èìïåðèè
  11. British Archaeology, June 1999
  12. The Atlantic Monthly ( 1997). 24 2011. 10 2009.
  13. Jinx | Art Crimes
  14. YouTube  Who is Bozo Texino?
  15. Ross Russell. Bird Lives!: The High Life And Hard Times Of Charlie (yardbird) Parker Da Capo Press
  16. Missing Foundation: Information from Answers.com
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  20. «Art Crimes». Jinx Magazine. Unknown. http://www.jinxmagazine.com/art_crimes.html.
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  25. Burners
  26. The Fabulous 5ive @149st
  27. Fab 5 Freddy quote in: Lippard, Lucy. Mixed Blessings: Art in Multicultural America. New York: The New Press, 1990.
  28. Labonte, Paul. All City: The book about taking space. Toronto. ECW Press. 2003
  29. SaneSmith @149st
  30. «T KID 170». http://www.at149st.com/tkid.ht. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
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  32. Beaty, Jonathon ; Cray, Dan. «Zap Youve Been Tagged». Time Magazine. 10 September, 1990. prgrph.2
  33. «New Big Pun Mural To Mark Anniversary Of Rappers Death in the late 1990s.». MTV News. 2001-02-02. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1439015/20010202/story.jhtml. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
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  39. 1 2 Ganz, Nicolas. «Graffiti World». New York. Abrams. 2004
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  41. Tristan Manco São Paulo pics on flikr.com
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  43. 1 2 Manco, 9
  44. 1 2 Manco, 10
  45. 1 2 Manco, 8
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  47. ""
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  84. Szerver hoszting szerver hosting
  85. «» «»     PRM.RU
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  92. 1 2 3
  93. -:

[]