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Geor


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150-meter-tall glass Georgian Alphabet Tower in Batumi, south-western resort city of Georgia by Black Sea.
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IPA ISO 9984 NGR
Asomtavruli a.svg Nuskhuri a.svg Mkhedruli a.svg 1 ɑ A a A a A a
Asomtavruli b.svg Nuskhuri b.svg Mkhedruli b.svg 2 b B b B b B b
Asomtavruli g.svg Nuskhuri g.svg Mkhedruli g.svg 3 g G g G g G g
Asomtavruli d.svg Nuskhuri d.svg Mkhedruli d.svg 4 d D d D d D d
Asomtavruli e.svg Nuskhuri e.svg Mkhedruli e.svg 5 ɛ E e E e E e ( )
Asomtavruli v.svg Nuskhuri v.svg Mkhedruli v.svg 6 v V v V v V v
Asomtavruli z.svg Nuskhuri z.svg Mkhedruli z.svg 7 z Z z Z z Z z
Asomtavruli ei.svg Nuskhuri ei.svg Mkhedruli ei.svg 8 ɛj E' e'
Asomtavruli t.svg Nuskhuri t.svg Mkhedruli t.svg 9 tʰ T' t' T t T t Ҭ ҭ
Asomtavruli i.svg Nuskhuri i.svg Mkhedruli i.svg 10 ɪ I i I i I i
Asomtavruli k'.svg Nuskhuri k'.svg Mkhedruli k'.svg 20 k' K k K' k' K k
Asomtavruli l.svg Nuskhuri l.svg Mkhedruli l.svg 30 l L l L l L l
Asomtavruli m.svg Nuskhuri m.svg Mkhedruli m.svg 40 m M m M m M m
Asomtavruli n.svg Nuskhuri n.svg Mkhedruli n.svg 50 n N n N n N n
Asomtavruli iota.svg Nuskhuri iota.svg Mkhedruli iota.svg 60 j I' i'
Asomtavruli o.svg Nuskhuri o.svg Mkhedruli o.png 70 ɔ O o O o O o
Asomtavruli p'.svg Nuskhuri p'.svg Mkhedruli p'.png 80 p' P p P' p' P p
Asomtavruli zh.svg Nuskhuri zh.svg Mkhedruli zh.svg 90 ʒ Ž ž Zh zh G' g'
Asomtavruli r.svg Nuskhuri r.svg Mkhedruli r.svg 100 r R r R r R r
Asomtavruli s.svg Nuskhuri s.svg Mkhedruli s.svg 200 s S s S s S s
Asomtavruli t'.svg Nuskhuri t'.svg Mkhedruli t'.svg 300 t' T t T' t' T t
Asomtavruli vie.svg Nuskhuri vie.svg Mkhedruli vie.svg 400 wi F' f'
Asomtavruli u.svg Nuskhuri u.svg Mkhedruli u.png u U u U u U u
Asomtavruli p.svg Nuskhuri p.svg Mkhedruli p.svg 500 pʰ P' p' P p P p Ҧ ҧ
Asomtavruli k.svg Nuskhuri k.svg Mkhedruli k.svg 600 kʰ K' k' K k K k Қ қ
Asomtavruli gh.svg Nuskhuri gh.svg Mkhedruli gh.svg 700 ɣ Ḡ Gh gh Q q Ҕ ҕ (' ')
Asomtavruli q'.svg Nuskhuri q'.svg Mkhedruli q'.svg 800 q' Q q Q' q' Q q Ҟ ҟ
Asomtavruli sh.svg Nuskhuri sh.svg Mkhedruli sh.svg 900 ʃ Š š Sh sh X x
Asomtavruli ch.svg Nuskhuri ch.svg Mkhedruli ch.svg 1000 tʃ Č' č' Ch ch C' c'
Asomtavruli c.svg Nuskhuri c.svg Mkhedruli c.svg 2000 ts C' c' Ts ts C c
Asomtavruli dz.svg Nuskhuri dz.svg Mkhedruli dz.svg 3000 dz J j Dz dz Z' z' Ӡ ӡ
Asomtavruli ts.svg Nuskhuri ts.svg Mkhedruli ts.svg 4000 tsʼ C c Ts' ts' C c Ҵ ҵ
Asomtavruli ch'.svg Nuskhuri ch'.svg Mkhedruli ch'.svg 5000 tʃʼ Č č Ch' ch' J j Ҷ ҷ
Asomtavruli x.svg Nuskhuri x.svg Mkhedruli x.svg 6000 x X x Kh kh K' k'
Asomtavruli hari.svg Nuskhuri hari.svg Mkhedruli hari.svg 7000 q Q' q'
Asomtavruli dj.svg Nuskhuri dj.svg Mkhedruli dj.svg 8000 dʒ J̌ ǰ J j J j Џ џ
Asomtavruli h.svg Nuskhuri h.svg Mkhedruli h.svg 9000 h H h H h H h Ҳ ҳ
Asomtavruli hoe.svg Mkhedruli hoe.svg 10000 hɔɛ H' h'

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  1. , ( - 1950 ).
  2. Lenore A. Grenoble. Language policy in the Soviet Union. Springer, 2003. ISBN 1-4020-1298-5. P. 116: «The creation of the Georgian alphabet is generally attributed to Mesrop, who is also credited with the creation of the Armenian alphabet».
  3. 1 2 3 Rayfield D. The Literature of Georgia: A History (Caucasus World). RoutledgeCurzon, 2000. ISBN 0-7007-1163-5. P. 19: «The Georgian alphabet seems unlikely to have a pre-Christian origin, for the major archaeological monument of the first century 4IX the bilingual Armazi gravestone commemorating Serafua, daughter of the Georgian viceroy of Mtskheta, is inscribed in Greek and Aramaic only. It has been believed, and not only in Armenia, that all the Caucasian alphabets Armenian, Georgian and Caucaso-AIbanian were invented in the fourth century by the Armenian scholar Mesrop Mashtots.<> The Georgian chronicles The Life of Kanli assert that a Georgian script was invented two centuries before Christ, an assertion unsupported by archaeology. There is a possibility that the Georgians, like many minor nations of the area, wrote in a foreign language Persian, Aramaic, or Greek and translated back as they read».
  4. Catholic Encyclopedia. Mesrob: «But his activity was not confined to Eastern Armenia. Provided with letters from Isaac he went to Constantinople and obtained from the Emperor Theodosius the Younger permission to preach and teach in his Armenian possessions. He evangelized successively the Georgians, Albanians, and Aghouanghks, adapting his alphabet to their languages, and, wherever he preached the Gospel, he built schools and appointed teachers and priests to continue his work. Having returned to Eastern Armenia to report on his missions to the patriarch, his first thought was to provide a religious literature for his countrymen».
  5. Britannica. Alphabet: «The Aramaic alphabet was probably also the prototype of the Brāhmī script of India, a script that became the parent of nearly all Indian writings. Derived from the Aramaic alphabet, it came into being in northwest India. The Armenian and Georgian alphabets, created by St. Mesrob (Mashtots) in the early 5th century ad, were also based on the Aramaic alphabet».
  6. Glen Warren Bowersock, Peter Robert Lamont Brown, Oleg Grabar. Late antiquity: a guide to the postclassical world. Harvard University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-674-51173-5. P. 289: James R. Russell. Alphabets. « Mastoc' was a charismatic visionary who accomplished his task at a time when Armenia stood in danger of losing both its national identity, through partition, and its newly acquired Christian faith, through Sassanian pressure and reversion to paganism. By preaching in Armenian, he was able to undermine and co-opt the discourse founded in native tradition, and to create a counterweight against both Byzantine and Syriac cultural hegemony in the church. Mastoc' also created the Georgian and Caucasian-Albanian alphabets, based on the Armenian model».
  7. George L. Campbell. Compendium of the Worlds Languages. Routledge; New edition edition (May 14, 1998) ISBN 0-415-16049-9. . 183: «Old Georgian was written in the xucuri character, traditionally invented by Mesrop Mashtots, to whom the Armenians owe their script. In the eleventh century the ecclesiastical xucuri was replaced by the character known as the mxedruli 'civil', which is in use today. Georgian is the only Caucasian language to have developed its own script».
  8. Merriam-Websters Encyclopedia of Literature. Merriam-Webster, 1995. ISBN 0-87779-042-6 . 756. «Mesrob»: «A collection of biblical commentaries, translations of patristic works, and liturgical prayers and hymns is credited to Mesrob, corroborating his reputation for having laid the foundation of a national Armenian liturgy. He is also credited with contributing to the origin of the Georgian alphabet».
  9. « », IVXI : « . IVV . , . ».
  10. Peter R. Ackroyd, C. F. Evans, Geoffrey William Hugo Lampe, Stanley Lawrence Greenslade. The Cambridge History of the Bible: From the Beginnings to Jerome Cambridge University Press, 1975 ISBN 0-521-09973-0. . 367: «Georgia was converted during the fourth century, tradition has it by the agency of an Armenian slave woman, and whether these details are in any measure true or not, the tradition probably indicates the source of the Georgians' knowledge of Christianity and the Christian scriptures. These did not begin to be translated into Georgian until Mesrop, provider of an Armenian alphabet, also supplied the Georgians with an adequate means of transcription for their speech».
  11. David G.K. Taylor. CHRISTIAN REGIONAL DIVERSITY // Philip Francis Esler, NetLibrary, Inc. The Early Christian World. Routledge, 2002. ISBN 0-203-47062-1. P. 335: «Because of its location on the Black Sea, Georgia was influenced by contacts with churches in Armenia (Mashtots, fresh from creating the Armenian alphabet, created a Georgian alphabet in c. 410)».
  12. . . // . .: , 1966. . 2. . 127133.
  13. Greppin, John A.C.: Some comments on the origin of the Georgian alphabet. Bazmavep 139, 1981. Pp. 449456.
  14. Stephen H. Rapp. Studies in medieval Georgian historiography: early texts and Eurasian contexts, 601. Peeters Publishers, 2003. ISBN 90-429-1318-5, 9789042913189. . 275. «While Parnavaz may in fact be a fabrication, it is more feasible that over time the memory of the historical Parnavaz accumulated a legendary facade.»
  16. 1 2 Stephen H. Rapp. Studies in medieval Georgian historiography: early texts and Eurasian contexts. Peeters Publishers, 2003. ISBN 90-429-1318-5. . 19: «Not a shred of dated evidence has come to light confirming the invention of a Georgian alphabet by King Parnavaz in the third century BC as is fabulously attested in the first text of KC'. Rather, the Georgian, Armenian, and Caucasian Albanian scripts were likely created by a Christian pan-Caucasian initiative in the late fourth/early fifth century AD. // Moreover, all surviving MSS written in Georgian postdate Kartlis fourth-century conversion to Christianity. Not a shred of dated evidence has come to light confirming the invention of a Georgian alphabet by King Parnavaz in the third century as is fabulously attested in the first text of KC'<> Cf. Chilashvilis Nekresi for the claim that a Geo. asomtavruli burial inscription from Nekresi commemorates a Zoroastrian who died in the first/second century AD. Archaeological evidence confirms that a Zoroastrian temple once stood at Nekresi, but the date of the supposed grave marker is hopelessly circumstantial. Chilashvili reasons, on the basis of the first-/second-century date, that Pamavaz likely created the script in order to translate the Avesta (i.e.. sacred Zoroastrian writings) into Geo., thus turning on its head the argument that the Georgian script was deliberately fashioned by Christians in order to disseminate the New Testament. Though I accept eastern Georgias intimate connection to Iran, I cannot support Chilashvilis dubious hypothesis. I find more palatable the idea that KC actually refers to the introduction of a local form of written Aramaic during the reign of Pamavaz: Cereteli». Aramaic, «p. 243.»
  17. . . . II // . ., .: - , 1949.
  18. ., ., . : 2 . . 1. XIX . .: , 1950.
  19. . . . // : 3 . .: - , 1959.
  20. . ( )
  21. Levan Chilashvili «The Pre-Christian Georgian inscription from Nekresi». Centre for Kartvelian Studies, Tbilisi State University. The Kartvelologist (Journal of Georgian Studies), no. 7. Tbilisi, 2000. ISBN 99928-816-1-5
  22. . . . « 01», ., 2001 .( . . // « 01». ., 2001.)

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