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5 , 1939 . , [1]. , . , , , , , . , « »[2], , (Z=92) 2 ( Z=56).
1939 « »[4], . , , [5][6][7][8].
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, 1939 [4].
, . , , [9] ( [10][11][12]) . , .
, . , , . , . , . , , . , [11].
, , , . , , . , . ( ) . . ( 1-3) , (3-4). . , , (4-5). , .
, .
.
| A | 16 | 60 | 100 | 140 | 200 | 236 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
, |
14,5 | 16 | 13,5 | 44 | 135 | 205 |
, |
18,5 | 48 | 47 | 62 | 40 | 6 |
- , -,
( ), ; - , [13].
[] .
, , [14]. , , , ( ), . ( 242mAm) [15].
, . 1966 [16]. ; , [17]. . , . ( ) 24 [18].
, . . ( ) [19]. , 235U [20][21]. .
[]
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, , .
, ( ) :
,
.
, .
α-, . , , , .
. ( )
[22] , . .
, . 238U 239Pu
1016 , 235U .
,[23] |
,[24] |
, % [24] |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| 235U | (1,0 ± 0,3)·1019 | (7,04 ± 0,01)·108 | 7·109 |
| 238U | (8,2 ± 0,1)·1015 | (4,468 ± 0,003)·109 | 5,5·105 |
| 239Pu | (8 ± 2)·1015 | (2,411 ± 0,003)·104 | 3·1010 |
| 240Pu | (1,151 ± 0,04)·109 | (6,564 ± 0,011)·103 | 5.7·106 |
| 246Cm | (1,82 ± 0,02)·107 | 4760 ± 40 | 2,62·10-2 |
| 252Cf | 86 ± 1 | 2,645 ± 0,008 | 3,09 |
| 254Cf | 60,7 ± 0,2 | 60,5 ± 0,2 | 99,7 |
, . , 238U, , , , [25][26]. , 252Cf.
, , ( )[27].
[]
92 97 ( ) . 1026 . . [28].
. , - . 35 ( 1994 233mTh), (236mU 238mU) -[29].
2 4 , . . 14 242mAm, [30][31][32][33].
[]
, |
, |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| 232Th | 5,9 | 233Th | 4,79 |
| 233U | 5,5 | 234U | 6,84 |
| 235U | 5,75 | 236U | 6,55 |
| 238U | 5,85 | 239U | 4,80 |
| 239Pu | 5,5 | 240Pu | 6,53 |
, , , , .
:
, , . ( ): 233U, 235U, 239Pu, ;
, , , . ( ): 232Th, 238U, . 1,2 232Th 1 238U.
: 232Th, 235U, 238U. 99,3 % 238U 0,7 % 235U. , 233U 239Pu, . 232Th 238U :
![{}^{232}_{90}\textrm{Th} + {}^{1}_{0}\textrm{n} \xrightarrow {}^{233}_{90}\textrm{Th} \xrightarrow[22min]{\beta^-} {}^{233}_{91}\textrm{Pa} \xrightarrow[27,4days]{\beta^-} {}^{233}_{92}\textrm{U} \xrightarrow[1,6\cdot 10^5 years]{\alpha}](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ru/math/4/7/e/47ea4c6a047dd7ee111f6abab14ccb6d.png)
![{}^{238}_{92}\textrm{U} + {}^{1}_{0}\textrm{n} \xrightarrow {}^{239}_{92}\textrm{U} \xrightarrow[23,5min]{\beta^-} {}^{239}_{93}\textrm{Np} \xrightarrow[2,3days]{\beta^-} {}^{239}_{94}\textrm{Pu} \xrightarrow[2,4\cdot 10^4 years]{\alpha}](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ru/math/c/f/a/cfa7a1394cdd357ec027f8eb199f9328.png)
. β- . , . , , .
[]
. 1014 , , , . 1017 . 170 108 , .
, , -, , , .
, , , -, ( ). , , , , . 20 , , 10171014 . , .
- , , - 1014109 , - .
[]
200 80 % . , -, β- . , .
5·1023 = 1,94·1010 = 8,1·1010 = 22,5 · ≈ 1 ·
, 5 % .
, - . β-, 7 % , , β- . , ( ) , . : 1 , 60 % 1 , 75 % 1 . , , , , ( ) [38][39].
, :
| - | - | - | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 233U | 160,5 | 7,0 | 7,0 | 5,0 | 9,0 | 10 | 198,5 |
| 235U | 166,0 | 7,2 | 7,2 | 4,9 | 9,0 | 10 | 204,1 |
| 239Pu | 171,5 | 7,0 | 7,0 | 5,8 | 9,0 | 10 | 210,3 |
[]
235U 30 , . 72, 161. 3/2. 6 %, 102 %. , , . , , .
, . , 50 82 ( ). . , 235U 0,01 %, 14 1 %, 100 , . [40][41].
[]
, , β-, . , 90105 130145 (. ).
, , β- . . :
[]
[]
,
E=0,025 .
[]
β- , . , . -, .
, . , , , .
[]
[]
, , . , « -1» (. Chicago Pile-1), 1942 , [48]. 4 № 2 1[49]. -1 1954 [50].
. :
, , . 433 366,590 65 [55]. ( 100 ) ( 63 ), , 18- . [56]:
| , | ,% | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 101,2 | 74,1 | ||
| 63,1 | 51,8 | ||
| 44,1 | 51,2 | ||
| 22,7 | 48,1 | ||
| 20,5 | 42,1 |
[]
, , . ( ) 1945 -, [57]. , (6 ) (9 ) , .
, , , - , . - , , , , . , [58]:
, , , , , [59].
[]
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