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700 000 |
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| 7.7597: |
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| ISO 639-1: |
dz |
| ISO 639-2: |
dzo |
| ISO 639-3: |
dzo |
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- (; - ྫོང་ཁ, rdzong-kha, . dzongkha) . - «, » ( - ). - .
- , (-, , , , , , ). , , , ( ). - .
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- , Joyi ( mgyogs-yig) Joshum ( mgyogs-tshugs-ma).
, (Roman Dzongkha), , . , , -. . 22 ( F, Q, V X) (, ).
-
- - (« -»). 13:28 (UTC) 25 2012 171 ( 1150); 2844 , ; 16 - 30 ; 23 515[1].
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| . | . | . | . | |
| i iː | yː | u uː | ||
| ɛ eː | øː | ɔ oː | ||
| æː | a aː | |||
- 13 . 10 -, 3 , (Roman Dzongkha) ä, ö, ü.
: î, ê, â, ô, û. , : .
| - |
- |
- |
||||||
| . | p | t | ʈ | k | ʔ | |||
| . | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | ||||
| . | b | d | ɖ | g | ||||
| . | b̥ | d̥ | ɖ̥ | g̥ | ||||
| . | pʨ | ʦ | ʨ | |||||
| . | pʨʰ | ʦʰ | ʨʰ | |||||
| . | bʥ | dz | ʥ | |||||
| . | b̥ʥ̥ | ʥ̥ | ||||||
| . | s | ɕ | h | |||||
| . | z | ʑ | ||||||
| . | z̥ | ʑ̥ | ||||||
| . | w | r | j | |||||
| . | r̥ | |||||||
| . | l | |||||||
| . | l̥ | |||||||
| m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||||
| . = , . = , . = , . = | ||||||||
, .
(, devoiced; : d) (slack voice), . () (breathy voiced) ([a̤]). . . ( : hr, lh) /r̥/ /l̥/ .
- 8 : n, m, ng, p, k, g, l, r.
, .
| - |
- |
- |
||||||
| . | p | t | tr | k | ʔ | |||
| . | ph | th | thr | kh | ||||
| . | b | d | dr | g | ||||
| . | b | d | dr | g | ||||
| . | pc | ts | c | |||||
| . | pch | tsh | ch | |||||
| . | bj | dz | j | |||||
| . | bj | j | ||||||
| . | s | sh | h | |||||
| . | z | zh | ||||||
| . | z | zh | ||||||
| . | w | r | y | |||||
| . | hr | |||||||
| . | l | |||||||
| . | lh | |||||||
| m | n | ny | ng | |||||
| . = , . = , . = , . = | ||||||||
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- () : (high register tone) (low register tone). .
- , , (hr, lh), .
- , r, .
- , ( r, hr, lh) . : lo <blo, glo>, yâ , ôm . .
, : (́, breathy voiced). , , .
[] Microsoft
2005 Microsoft - (Dzongkha) . Tibetan Bhutan. , - - .
[] .
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- van Driem, George. Endangered Languages of Bhutan and Sikkim: South Bodish Languages // Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages / Christopher Moseley (ed.). Routledge, 2007. . 294295. ISBN 070071197X.
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- van Driem, George., Karma Tshering of Gaselô (collab) Dzongkha. Leiden: Research School CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies, 1998. (Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region). ISBN 905789002X - -
- van Driem, George. The Grammar of Dzongkha. Thimphu, Bhutan: RGoB, Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC), 1992.
- van Driem, George. Guide to Official Dzongkha Romanization. Thimphu, Bhutan: Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC), 1991.
- van Driem, George. The First Linguistic Survey of Bhutan. Thimphu, Bhutan: Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC), n.d..
- Dzongkha Rabsel Lamzang (rdzong kha rab gsal lam bzang). Thimphu: Dzongkha Development Commission, 1990.
- English-Dzongkha Dictionary (ཨིང་ལི་ྫོང་ཁ་ན་་ིག་མཛོད།). Thimphu: Dzongkha Development Authority, Ministry of Education, 2005. ISBN 999-663-3-5
- Imaeda, Yoshiro. Manual of Spoken Dzongkha in Roman Transcription. Thimphu: Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV), Bhutan Coordinator Office, 1990.
- Kartshok Threngwa: A Book on Dzongkha Synonyms & Antonyms (ྫོང་ཁའི་མིང་ིག་ྣམ་གྲང་དང་འགལ་མིང་་ོག་ཕྲང་བ།). Thimphu: Dzongkha Development Commission, 2009. ISBN 99936663136
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- Mazaudon, Martine; Michailovsky, Boyd. Lost syllables and tone contour in Dzongkha (Bhutan) // Prosodic analysis and Asian linguistics: to honour R.K. Sprigg. (Pacific Linguistics, Series C-104) / David Bradley, Eugénie J.A. Henderson & Martine Mazaudon (eds.). 1988.. . 11536.
- Mazaudon, Martine; Michailovsky, Boyd. Syllabicity and suprasegmentals: the Dzongkha monosyllabic noun // Prosodic analysis and Asian linguistics: to honour R.K. Sprigg. Canberra. (Pacific Linguistics) / D. Bradley et al. (eds.). 1989. . 11536.
- Michailovsky, Boyd. Notes on Dzongkha orthography // Prosodic analysis and Asian linguistics: to honour R.K. Sprigg. Canberra. (Pacific Lingustics) / D. Bradley et al. (eds.). 1989. . 297301.
- The New Dzongkha Grammar (rdzong kha'i brda gzhung gsar pa). Thimphu: Dzongkha Development Commission, 1999.
- Rigpai Lodap: An Intermediate Dzongkha-English Dictionary (འབྲིང་ིམ་ྫོང་ཁ་ཨིང་ལི་ིག་མཛོད་ིག་འི་ལོ་འདབ།). Thimphu: Dzongkha Development Commission, 2009. ISBN 9993676539
- Tournadre, Nicolas. Comparaison des systèmes médiatifs de quatre dialectes tibétains (tibétain central, ladakhi, dzongkha et amdo) // Lénonciation médiatisée. Louvain_Paris: Peeters (Bibliothèque de lInformation Grammaticale, 34) / Z. Guentchéva (ed.). 1996. . 195214.
- Watters, Stephen A. A preliminary study of prosody in Dzongkha (Master Thesis). Arlington: UT at Arlington, 1996.
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- Dzongkha transliteration (Extended Wylie transliteration system),
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. , . |
