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( . . 明, : Dà Míng Dìguó) ( . . 明, : Míng Cháo), 1368 1644 . , 1644 , ( ) 1662 .
, 1 [1]. , . , , . , . , XVII , , (, ). : . . - , . , .
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. . 7 1461 , .[45] , .[46] ( ) , . .[47][48]
XV . . , , -, , .[49][50] , , , .[51] XV XVI ; , « , , ».[52] , , .[53]
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, , 1592 . , , - , . , . 1598 . , , 26 .[56]
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, . 1516 . , .[57][58][59] 1517 , . (.). I . , ; , .[57] 1521 , , , .[60] 1521 - (, ). , 1549 (.). .[57] 1557 , ().[54]
. - 1602 1608 6 .[61] , , , .
| , , , 50000 . . , , [55]. |
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, , , , . , , .[55][65] (9601279) ; 1560 , , , .[66]
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, (15721620). . - ( 1572 1582) .[67] , ;[67] . , , .[68]
, .[68] (14721529) , , .[69][70] , , , , , .[68][71] , , , ; , , , .[72]
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( XVII . 3-4 XIV .). , . , . - , . , : , , , , . , , . , , , , .[73]
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- ( ) , 1643 . « » (-).[83]
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, , (16121678) . , , , , , , «» «», .[82] (16121650), , . 4 , , . 6 . , . 1645 , . : , , , , .[85]
. , 1647 . .[86]
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, . , (). [87] 1127 , , . , .[88] , , . () (), , , , () .[89] (), .[89] ().[89]
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, , , . , , , , . . , , , . 1380 , . , , , .[8] . , 1382 . , XV . (), , .[8] , , , . , , .[90] , ( , , , , ) .[91] , , .[92] , , , .[93] , ; , .[94] , , , , .[95] , .[96] , , , , .[96]
1391 , « » (); 1421 26 .[97] 1430 . , , . 1453 « » « », .[97] , , . , .[97][98]
, , 1420- , , .[99] , , , , .[99]
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XVI . , , , (, , . .). , (.). ( ).
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, , . , .[8]
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, , , , , .[143] , , .[143] , , .[143] , , , .[143] , , , , , , , , .[143] (15271602) , ; , « ».[146] , «», , , ,[147] , , .[148]
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, , , 365 , 10 . 14 . , , 128 .[155] , , , ; , , , , .[156] , (15361611), 1595 , , , .[155][156] , , (15481620).[157] 1597 , .[156] , , , , ; 1629 . . (. 15301558), , , , , , , , , .[156]
, , , , , , , , (683727) (10201101) .[158] .[159] , , XVI , , , « , ».[160]
, ; 1584 (15271598) Theatrum Orbis Terrarum ( ) , , .[161] , , (15121594) , (16081674) , (17391801) .[162]
« » (« ») (15621633) , , , , , .[163] , , , « » («, »), 30- . XVII . « » (« , »), 1609 . , «- » (« ») .[54]
(15181593) « » (« »), 1892 1000 .[54] , , X- , ( 15671572 .), , .[164] , , , , , , 1498 , .[165]
[]
. , , , , , , .[166] , , , . [167] , , , , 378167 226982 1502 .[168] , , .[169]
, 1381 59873305 ; , , 1391 ., , 3 . [170] 1381 , , , , .[171] 1393 , , , , 60 545 812 . [171] « » , 1393 . 65 , .[172] , , , 1393 . 51 62 .[171] ( 14871505) , , , , . [131] (Heijdra) (Mote), , 1400 . 90 .[173]
, , , , .[167] , , , ( 14641487) 75 ,[169] 62 .[131] , , , , , , , .[174] , , , ( 15211567) .[168]
, , - . , , , , , 1368 .[175] 160 ,[176] 175 ,[175] 200 . [25] « » , , 1578 60 692 856 . , , , , , 15 105 .[54]
, - 1641 , ; , , 1642 . 90 % .[177]
[]
, . , , , , , . , , . . . , «, », « »[178], , , . , - , .[179] , . .
[]
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