GNU Free Documentation License . .

( « »)
: ,
       .
:
:
( )
EU Globe No Borders.svg


-

   
 
 
   
 

 [1]
  

 -
()
 ()
  
 
 
  

23 1952
1 1958
1 1993
1 2009

 
7- [nb 1]
4 324 782 ²

   (2010)
 
3- [nb 1]
501 064 211[2]
115,9 /²
()
 
  /
1- [nb 1] (2009)
14,793  $[3]
29 729 $
()
 
  /
1- [nb 1] (2009)
16,447 $[3]
33 052 $

  
    
UTC 0 +2
UTC +1 +3
UTC 4 +4
   .eu
.
http://europa.eu/

́ ́ (́, 27 .[4] , 1992 .[5] [2] 2009 28 % (16,4 $) 21 % (14,8 $)  .[3]

, , ,[6] , , ,[7] , -, .[8] (, ) , ,[9] , [10] .[11] , , .

, .[12] , . , , , . .

  , () (),[13][14] , . ,   -. , , , . .

[] -

27 : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

, ,   , ,[nb 2] , ,   27 : , , .[15]

- , 1993 1995 . , , , . , , , .[16]

, , , 1985-. - .

6 : , , , , , , . , , .[17] , , . . .[18]

30 2011 . 1 2013 , 28 . 9 2011 .   .[19].

, , : , , .[20][21] , , , -, .[22]

[]

, , . : , , .

1951 : , ,[nb 2] , , , (, ECSC  European Coal and Steel Community), , 1952 .

1957  (, ) (EEC  European Economic Community) (, Euratom  European Atomic Energy Community). .

, -, , -, .

[]

19572007:


25 1957 , ,[nb 2] , , , [nb 3] 6
1 1973 ,[nb 4] ,[nb 5] 9
1 1981 10
1 1986 , 12
1 1995 , , 15
1 2004 , , , , , , , , , 25
1 2007 , 27

[]

  • 1951  .
  • 1957  .
  • 1965  , , . 1 1967 .
  • 1973  ( , , ).
  • 1978  .
  • 1979  .
  • 1981  ( ).
  • 1985  .
  • 1986  ( ).
  • 1986    .
  • 1992  .
  • 1995  ( , ).
  • 1999    ( 2002 ).
  • 2004  ( , , , , , , , , , ).
  • 2004  ( ).
  • 2007  .
  • 2007  ( ). 50- .
  • 2009  .

, : , . . - . :

  • . .
  • .
  • , , , .

[]


  
1948
1948
1951
1952
1954
1955
1957
1958
1965
1967
1975

1986
1987
1992
1993
1997
1999
2001
2003
2007
2009
Pix.gif Pix.gif Pix.gif Pix.gif Pix.gif Pix.gif Pix.gif Pix.gif
                       
   :  
 :  
()
() 2002- ()
    () ()
    TREVI ()  
  ()
   () ()
()    
2011-  
                   
··

[]


(, 2009).[23]

- .[24] 17 , .[25] , , 2009 14,79 (16,45 $ ), 21 % .[3]   . ,   [26] [27] , , , , .[28][29][30]

161- ( Fortune Global 500 2010-) .[31]

2010- 9,7 %,[32] 18,4 % ,   1,5 %,   0,2 %.[33] 7 78 . $.[34]

.

[]

-, « » ( ) .

- ( [35]), . , - , , : , , .[36] , , , .[20]

, , .[37] . .   .[37]

, ( [37]), .[38] [38] .[37]

, , . , 70 % -, , . .[39]

[]

. , , , c , , .[40]

, , , , .[41][42] , 2001 , («General Electric» «Honeywell») .[43] , «Microsoft», , «Microsoft» 777,5 .[44]

[]

 (-)   17 -,     .
(-) 17 -, .
    --  - .
-- - .

, , 1957 ,[45] 1969 . 1993 1 1999 . , 1 2002 , . (), 1979 1998 , 1:1. 17 .

, , , , , . , , , .

; , ; , ; ; , .

, , - . , , , , -   .

[]

2009 , :[46] (. European System of Financial Supervisors), , (. European Banking Authority), (. European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority), (. European Securities and Markets Authority)[47] (. European Systemic Risk Board).[48] 1 2011 , 7 (. Andrea Enria),   (. Steven Maijoor),   (. Gabriel Bernardino).[47]

[]

47,7 %
[nb 6] 28,4 %[49]
20,4 %[50]
18,8 %[51]
18,3 %[52]
12,8 %[53]
1,3 %
[54]
52,3 %
57,8 %
28,4 %
11,8 %
2 %

2009 27 - 1,703 .[55] 47,7 % -, 52,3 %  ,[56] , 3 % .[57] 84,6 %,   64,3 %.[54]

; . 2005 , 2007 .[58]

: , , , .[59]

[]

, , (TEN). TEN , LGV Est, - , , . 2001 2010 : 75 200  , 76 000  , 330 , 270 210 .[60]

- . 2004 , ( , ), (). (. accessibility).[61] , 2006 650 , 1990 12  , 40 % .[62]

  «». , «» 2014 . 2019 .[63] , GPS, .[64][65] «» , .[66]

[]

  , .[67] , , , , .[68] . 70- 80- ,[67] 20072013 34 %.[69]

[]

:
« »
··

, . , , . , , ,   .

[]

, -   . . , . 1961 ., 1974 . `, .

.   . , .   , -, . . .

«» , . , 2009 , . , - .

.

[]

  . 27 , -. , , - . - .

5 . / , , . , -. «» . ( ).

, . , . , . , , , , ,  . . , (, «TACIS»).

, . - .

[]

(   , )  , C . 27 - , . , , . .

[]

754 ( ), - . . , .

  . , , . .

, .

2009 . .

[]

.

-; - ; ; , ( ). ; () - . . .

-, .

27 ( -) . , . .

. , , .

.

[]

26 :
:
« , ».
:
«- , ». « , - ».
  • ,
« , - ».
  • ,
:
« , , -, ».
  • , ,
 ·· 


[]

, , , -, .

, ( ).   ; , ( ); -.   , . .

.

(, ) (, ). , , : , , , . (« ») , .

: , , .

[]

, , ( 2005 )

2009 .[2]

[]

23 : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .

, , , .[70]

[]

18 % , 27 % « », 52 % () [71].

[]

[]

. Future and Emerging Technologie, , , , [72].

[] .


[]

  1. 1 2 3 4 .
  2. 1 2 3 ( ). ( ) ( ) 3 1990 .
  3. , , . ( ) 5 1962 . - ( ) 1976 1983 . - -, 22 2007 , .
  4. 1973 () , (. European Communities Act 1972 1972  (.)).
  5. , 1985 .
  6. , , , .

[]

  1. , . «Euronews» (19  2009). 22 2011. 6 2010.
  2. 1 2 3 Total population as of 1 January  (.). Eurostat. Europa portal. 21 2011. 6 2010.
  3. 1 2 3 4 World Economic Outlook Database  (.). International Monetary Fund (April 2010). 22 2011. 6 2010.
  4. . ., . ., . . . // .  5- ., . .  .: -, 2007.
  5. Treaty of Maastricht on European Union  (.). Europa portal. 22 2011. 6 2010.
  6. European Commission: Internal Market  (.). European Commission. Europa portal. 22 2011. 8 2010.
  7. Activities of the European Union: Internal Market  (.). European Commission. Europa portal. 22 2011. 8 2010.
  8. Schengen area  (.). European Commission. Europa portal. 22 2011. 8 2010.
  9. Common commercial policy  (.). Glossary. Europa portal. 22 2011. 8 2010.
  10. Consilium: Agriculture and Fisheries  (.). Consilium. Europa portal. 22 2011. 8 2010.
  11. Activities of the European Union: Regional Policy  (.). European Commission. Europa portal. 22 2011. 8 2010.
  12. Sari, Aurel. The Conclusion of International Agreements by the European Union in the Context of the ESDP  (.) // International and Comparative Law Quarterly. Social Science Electronic Publishing, 2008. Vol. 57. P. 5386.
  13. European Union. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.  «Although the EU is not a federation in the strict sense, it is far more than a free-trade association such as ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur, and it has many of the attributes associated with independent nations: its own flag, anthem, founding date, and currency, as well as an incipient common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other nations.»  1 2010.
  14. Anneli Albi. Implications of the European constitution // EU enlargement and the constitutions of Central and Eastern Europe.  Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008, 2005.  P. 204.  ISBN 9067042854
  15. . ., . ., . . 1 // : / . . .  3- ., . .  .: «», 2010.  . 22.  ISBN 978-5-699-41527-4
  16. Conditions for Enlargement  (.). European Commission. Europa portal. 22 2011. 18 2010.
  17. Candidate and Potential Candidate Countries  (.). European Commission. Europa portal. 22 2011. 3 2010.
  18. Enlargement Newsletter  (.). European Commission. Europa portal. 22 2011. 3 2010.
  19. Lenta.ru: :
  20. 1 2 The European Economic Area (EEA)  (.). European External Action Service. Europa portal. 22 2011. 3 2010.
  21. The EU's relations with Switzerland  (.). European External Action Service. Europa portal. 22 2011. 3 2010.
  22. Use of the euro in the world  (.). European Commission. Europa portal. 22 2011. 3 2010.
  23. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2010: Nominal GDP list of countries. Data for the year 2009  (.). International Monetary Fund (April 2010). 22 2011. 8 2010.
  24. The Single Market  (.). European Commission. Europa portal. 22 2011. 10 2010.
  25. The Euro  (.). European Commission. Europa portal. 22 2011. 10 2010.
  26. Rank Order Exports  (.). The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 10 2010.
  27. World trade report 2009  (.) (PDF). World Trade Organization. 22 2011. 10 2010.
  28. China now EU's biggest import market  (.). People's Daily Online (31 January 2007). 22 2011. 10 2010.
  29. EU now biggest trading partner of China  (.). Chinese Embassy (15 September 2006). 22 2011. 10 2010.
  30. India and the EU: strategic partners?  (.). Centre for European Reform (February/March 2006). 22 2011. 10 2010.
  31. Global 500 2010: Countries Australia  (.), Fortune, CNN.com (26 July 2010). 10 2010.
  32. Euro area unemployment rate at 10.1%  (.). Europa portal (1 June 2010). 22 2011. 8 2010.
  33. World Economic Outlook Database, April 2010  (.). International Monetary Fund (April 2010). 22 2011. 9 2010.
  34. European Union  (.). The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (3 November 2010).  «Because of the great differences in per capita income among member states (from $7,000 to $78,000) and historic national animosities, the EU faces difficulties in devising and enforcing common policies.»  1 2010.
  35. , . :  (.). « » (24  2010). 3 2012. 13 2011.
  36. . ., . .  (.). . 3 2012. 13 2011.
  37. 1 2 3 4 :  (.). «- » (7  2006). 3 2012. 14 2011.
  38. 1 2 :  (.) (PDF). .: « » (2005). 3 2012. 15 2011.
  39. 2006/123/ 12 2006 .  (.). , . . 3 2012. 15 2011.
  40. , .  (.). « » (17  2010). 3 2012. 16 2011.
  41. Lungescu, Oana. Examining the EU executive  (.), BBC News (23 July 2004). 16 2011. «The commissioner for competition is an extremely powerful person, who has the ability to affect the interest of global corporations, like Microsoft, not just those in the EU but those abroad.».
  42. ,  (.). «» №201 (919). «. » (28  1995).  « , , , .»  3 2012. 16 2011.
  43. GE Honeywell  (.), «.ru» (4  2001). 16 2011. « General Electric Honeywell. , .».
  44. , . Microsoft  (.), «CNews», «.» (23  2007). 16 2011. « , 2004 . . , , .».
  45.  (.). . . 3 2012. 19 2011.
  46. , .  (.), «» № 226, .  (3  2009). 15 2011. « () , .».
  47. 1 2 , .  (.), : « » (7  2011). 15 2011. « , 1 2011 , , , .».
  48.  (.), NEWSru.ua (3  2009). 15 2011. « : , .».
  49. Primary production of nuclear energy  (.). Eurostat. Europa portal (24 November 2011). 3 2012. 10 2011.
  50. Primary production of coal and lignite  (.). Eurostat. Europa portal (24 November 2011). 3 2012. 10 2011.
  51. Primary production of natural gas  (.). Eurostat. Europa portal (24 November 2011). 3 2012. 10 2011.
  52. Primary production of renewable energy  (.). Eurostat. Europa portal (24 November 2011). 3 2012. 10 2011.
  53. Primary production of crude oil  (.). Eurostat. Europa portal (24 November 2011). 3 2012. 10 2011.
  54. 1 2 Keenan, Rita Statistical aspects of the energy economy in 2009  (.) (PDF). Eurostat. Europa portal (2010). 3 2012. 10 2011.
  55. Gross inland consumption of primary energy  (.). Eurostat. Europa portal (24 November 2011). 3 2012. 10 2011.
  56. Total production of primary energy  (.). Eurostat. Europa portal (24 November 2011). 3 2012. 10 2011.
  57. EU supply and demand for nuclear fuels // Euratom Supply AgencyAnnual Report 2007.  Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008.  P. 22.  ISBN 978-92-79-09437-8
    Nuclear energy and renewable energy are treated differently from oil, gas, and coal in this respect.
  58. "" , DW-World .de, Deutsche Welle (10  2007). 11 2011. « 10 .».
  59. , «.», «» (4  2011). 11 2011. « 5 , 2020 . , , , , .».
  60. Mirea, Silvia The trans-European transport network: new guidelines and financial rules  (.). The Railway Journal. 3 2012. 23 2011.
  61. White Paper on Transport  (.). Euractiv (22 September 2004). 3 2012. 5 2011.
  62. Ondrejička, Dušan EUR 650 million for the Polish Road Network  (.). European Investment Bank (25 October 2006). 3 2012. 5 2011.
  63. Launch of first 2 operational Galileo IOV Satellites  (.). European Commission. Europa portal (23 September 2011).  «The launch of the Galileo satellites at an altitude of 23.600km will lead to the provision of initial satellite navigation services in 2014. Successive launches will complete the constellation by 2019.»  3 2012. 9 2011.
  64. McKie, Robin Sat-nav rival could crash and burn  (.). The Observer. Guardian Media Group (15 July 2007).  «Galileo's supporters say the current GPS system, run by the US air force, could be turned off at any time that the US military decided, causing mayhem for European trucking companies, sat-nav firms, mobile phone operators and other users of GPS devices. In addition, current GPS devices are based on technology designed in the 1980s and have an accuracy of between 3 and 15 metres. Galileo, using 21st-century technology, can determine locations to within centimetres.»  3 2012. 9 2011.
  65. "-" 20 2011  (.), : « » (16  2011). 9 2011. « Galileo, , GPS.».
  66. " GPS"  (.), « --», «--» (12  2011). 9 2011. « , .».
  67. 1 2 Stead, David; Robert Whaples (editor) Common Agricultural Policy  (.). EH.Net Encyclopedia (22 June 2007). 3 2012. 4 2011.
  68. , . (14  2010). 3 2012. 4 2011.
  69. Agriculture: Meeting the needs of farmers and consumers  (.). European Commission. Europa portal (26 August 2011).  «Reforms notwithstanding, the common agricultural policy is the most integrated of all EU policies and consequently takes a large share of the EU budget. Nevertheless, its portion of the EU budget has dropped from a peak of nearly 70% in the 1970s to 34% over the 2007-2013 period.»  3 2012. 10 2011.
  70. Petition calls for German language boost  (.), Euractiv (11 April 2008). 30 2012. «The three procedural languages of the EU are English, French and German.».
  71. Social values, Science and Technology  (.) (PDF). European Commission P. 711. Europa portal (June 2005). 21 2011.
  72.  

[]