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Åãèøå

Ìàòåðèàë èç Ýíöèêëîïåäèè â ñâîáîäíîé ýíöèêëîïåäèè
Ïåðåéòè ê: íàâèãàöèÿ, ïîèñê
Åãèøå
Եղիշե
Íàó÷íàÿ ñôåðà:

èñòîðèê

Èçâåñòåí êàê:

àâòîð òðóäà «Î Âàðäàíå è âîéíå àðìÿíñêîé»

Åãèøå (àðì. Եղիշե) â àâòîð êíèãè «Î Âàðäàíå è âîéíå àðìÿíñêîé», îïèñûâàþùåé íåóäà÷íîå âîññòàíèå àðìÿí ïðîòèâ ïåðñîâ â 450-451 ãîäàõ. Æèë â V èëè VI âåêå[1][2][3].

Ñîäåðæàíèå

[ïðàâèòü] Áèîãðàôèÿ

Î Åãèøå ìû ðàñïîëàãàåì î÷åíü íåçíà÷èòåëüíûìè ñâåäåíèÿìè[1].

Ñîãëàñíî ñîáñòâåííîìó óòâåðæäåíèþ â êíèãå «Î Âàðäàíå è âîéíå àðìÿíñêîé», Åãèøå áûë âîèíîì è ñåêðåòàðåì ðóêîâîäèòåëÿ áîðüáû àðìÿí ïðîòèâ ïåðñîâ â ëåãåíäàðíîãî ïîëêîâîäöà Âàðäàíà Ìàìèêîíÿíà. Îí ó÷àñòâîâàë â çíàìåíèòîì Àâàðàéðñêîì ñðàæåíèè 451 ãîäà. Ïîñëå îêîí÷àíèÿ âîéíû Åãèøå óø¸ë â ìîíàñòûðü, à çàòåì ñòàë îòøåëüíèêîì â îáëàñòè Ìîêê, ãäå íàïèñàë íåñêîëüêî èñòîðè÷åñêèõ ñî÷èíåíèé. Ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî â 442â448 ãã. Åãèøå ñîñòîÿë íà âîåííîé ñëóæáå â ñòðàíå Àïàð âî âðåìÿ âîéíû Ñàñàíèäñêîãî Èðàíà ñ ýôòàëèòàìè, æèòåëÿìè Õîðàñàíà, êîòîðûõ Åãèøå íàçûâàåò êóøàíàìè.

Ñîâðåìåííûå èñòîðèêè ïîëàãàþò, âîïðîñ î âðåìåíè æèçíè Åãèøå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñïîðíûì[1]. Ðîáåðò Òîìñîí (Robert W. Thomson) è Ýëèçàáåò Ðåäãåéò (A. E. Redgate) ñ÷èòàþò, ÷òî Åãèøå æèë â VI âåêå[2][3].

[ïðàâèòü] Òðóäû

[ïðàâèòü] Î Âàðäàíå è âîéíå àðìÿíñêîé

Åãèøå, «Î Âàðäàíå è âîéíå àðìÿíñêîé» (èç ðóêîïèñè XV âåêà)

Ãëàâíûé òðóä Åãèøå â ñî÷èíåíèå «Î Âàðäàíå è âîéíå àðìÿíñêîé», îõâàòûâàþùåå 35-ëåòíþþ èñòîðèþ Àðìåíèè ñî âðåìåíè ïàäåíèÿ äèíàñòèè Àðøàêèäîâ äî 464â465 ãã. «Î Âàðäàíå è âîéíå àðìÿíñêîé» - îäíî èç íàèáîëåå ñëîæíûõ ïðîèçâåäåíèé ðàííåé àðìÿíñêîé ëèòåðàòóðû.

Ñîãëàñíî óòâåðæäåíèÿì â ñàìîì òåêñòå, îíî áûëî ñîçäàíî ÷åðåç íåñêîëüêî ëåò ïîñëå îêîí÷àíèÿ âîéíû àðìÿí ñ ïåðñàìè, âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå V â. ïî ïðîñüáå ïîëêîâîäöà Äàâèäà Ìàìèêîíÿíîâ. Ýòà âîéíà èçâåñòíà â èñòîðè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðå êàê «âîéíà Âàðäàíàíö». Îíà íàçâàíà òàê â ÷åñòü ñïàðàïåòà Âàðäàíà Ìàìèêîíÿíà.

Ðîáåðò Òîìñîí (Robert W. Thomson) è Ýëèçàáåò Ðåäãåéò (A. E. Redgate) ïîëàãàþò, ÷òî ýòî ñî÷èíåíèå áûëî ñîçäàíî íå ðàíåå VI âåêà, íàèáîëåå âåðîÿòíî â âî âòîðîé åãî ïîëîâèíå[2][3]. Ïî ìíåíèþ Ðîáåðòà Òîìñîíà (Robert W. Thomson), òðóä Åãèøå ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ ðàñøèðåííîé ïåðåäåëêîé ÷àñòè ñî÷èíåíèÿ Ëàçàðÿ Ïàðïåöè «Èñòîðèÿ Àðìåíèè»[2] è ÿâëÿåòñÿ èíòåðïðåòàöèåé ñîáûòèé, â êîòîðîé ðå÷è, ïèñüìà è óêàçû èãðàþò ëèòåðàòóðíóþ ðîëü è íå äîëæíû âîñïðèíèìàòüñÿ êàê äîñëîâíîå èçëîæåíèå ôàêòîâ[4]. Ñîãëàñíî Òîìñîíó, Åãèøå ïîñòàâèë ïåðåä ñîáîé çàäà÷ó îáúÿñíèòü ïðè÷èíû âîññòàíèÿ íå ëè÷íîé âðàæäîé, êàê ýòî ñäåëàë Ïàðïåöè, à áîëåå îáùèìè òðóäíîñòÿìè, ñ êîòîðûìè ïîñòîÿííî ñòàëêèâàëèñü àðìÿíå, â òðóäíîñòÿìè ðåëèãèîçíîãî õàðàêòåðà. Ãëàâíîé ïðîáëåìîé àðìÿí ÿâëÿëîñü ñîõðàíåíèå ñâîèõ òðàäèöèé, âêëþ÷àþùèõ ðåëèãèîçíûå ïðàêòèêè, íî íå îãðàíè÷èâàþùèõñÿ èìè. Åãèøå óñìàòðèâàë ìíîãî ïàðàëëåëåé ñ èñòîðèåé ïðîòèâîñòîÿíèÿ åâðååâ è Ñåëåâêèäîâ, è ïîýòîìó «Î Âàðäàíå è âîéíå àðìÿíñêîé» Åãèøå ðàññìàòðèâàåò îòäåëüíûé ýïèçîä àðìÿíñêîé èñòîðèè â âîññòàíèå 450â451 ãîäîâ è åãî ïîñëåäñòâèÿ â îïèñûâàÿ åãî íàïîäîáèå âîññòàíèÿ Ìàêêàâååâ, ÷òîáû ïîä÷åðêíóòü îáùèå ïðîáëåìû àðìÿí òîãî âðåìåíè[5].

Òðóä Åãèøå äåëèòñÿ íà ñåìü ãëàâ, â êîòîðûõ îí ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî èçëàãàåò ïðè÷èíû «Àðìÿíñêîé âîéíû», âîåííûå äåéñòâèÿ è îêîí÷àíèå âîéíû. Ïðè÷èíó âîéíû ìåæäó àðìÿíàìè è ïåðñàìè Åãèøå âèäèò â íàñèëüñòâåííîì íàñàæäåíèè â õðèñòèàíñêîé Àðìåíèè ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé ðåëèãèè Ñàñàíèäñêîãî Èðàíà â çîðîàñòðèçìà, êîòîðûé ïîëó÷èë óñèëåííîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ïðè öàðå Øàïóðå II, à â îñîáåííîñòè ïðè Éåçäèãåðäå II. Ïðè í¸ì ïîñëåäîâàëè áîëüøèå ãîíåíèÿ íà àðìÿí-õðèñòèàí, î êîòîðûõ Åãèøå ïîâåñòâóåò âî âòîðîé ãëàâå.

Ñî÷èíåíèå Åãèøå áûëî ïåðåâåäåíî íà àíãëèéñêèé (1830), èòàëüÿíñêèé (1840), ôðàíöóçñêèé (1844) è ðóññêèé (1853) ÿçûêè. Ïåðâûé ïåðåâîä íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê áûë ñäåëàí Ï.Øàíøèåâûì â 1853 ã.  1884 ã. ïîÿâèëñÿ ïåðåâîä Ý. Äèëëåíà. Íàêîíåö, â 1971 ã. âûøåë â ñâåò íîâûé ïåðåâîä ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ Åãèøå, âûïîëíåííûé ñîâåòñêèì âîñòîêîâåäîì àêàäåìèêîì È. À. Îðáåëè. Ýòîò ïåðåâîä ñ áîëüøîé ïàëëåòíûé òî÷íîñòüþ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïîäëèííèêó.

[ïðàâèòü] Äðóãèå òðóäû

Åãèøå ïðèïèñûâàþò áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî òåîëîãè÷åñêèõ òðóäîâ, íî èõ àâòîðñòâî êðàéíå íåîïðåäåëåííî[6].

[ïðàâèòü] Ñì. òàêæå

[ïðàâèòü] Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ

  1. â‘ 1 2 3 Îêñôîðäñêèé ñëîâàðü Âèçàíòèè, ñòð. 688:

    Elishe, author of an Armenian History describing the unsuccessful revolt led by Vardan Mamikonean against Sasanian overlordship in 450/1. Of Elishe little is known, and it is debatable whether he wrote as an eyewitness (as he claims) or whether this History was written after that of Lazar of Parpi, who describes the same events somewhat differently.

  2. â‘ 1 2 3 4 Saint Eghishē (Vardapet), Robert W. Thomson, «History of Vardan and the Armenian War», 1982, pp. 27-29:

    But not only is the History of Elishe more easily understood as an expansive adaptation of Lazar than the latterâ™s work as an abbreviation of Elishe; the influence of translations from the «Hellenizing» period on Elishe is explained by that order without doing violence to our knowledge of such translations and their probable sixth-century date. Although the present writer is unconvinced by Akineanâ™s theories that teh original version of this History described the revolt of 572 and that it was rewritten in the seventh century, he does agree with Akinean and Kiwleserean that Elise wrote after Lazar. there is no compelling reason to accept the «eyewitness» claim, and the literary aspects of the work are far more easily explicable if it is dated to the sixth century. â One final argument that would place Elisheâ™s History in the last decade of the sixth century or later needs to be reviewed â It seems, therefore, most unlikely that Elisheâ™s History can predate the sixth century.

  3. â‘ 1 2 3 A. E. Redgate, Myth and Reality: Armenian Identity in the Early Middle Ages, National Identities, Vol. 9, No. 4, December 2007, p.284:

    The great classic of Armenian historiography, Eghishe¯â™s history of the Armenian rebellion against Persia in 450, which was written, probably, in the late sixth century, unequivocally equates Christianity with â˜Armeniannessâ™ and ancestral culture.

  4. â‘ Saint Eghishē (Vardapet), Robert W. Thomson, «History of Vardan and the Armenian War», 1982, pp. 24-25:

    For Elishe´s history is not simply a record of events as remembered by an eyewitness. This claim to literal veracity obscures the underlying purpose of the book, which is to offer an interpretation of the events described. â Thus because Elishe´s history gives us an interpretation â in which the speeches, letters, and edicts play an effective literary role and are not to be taken as verbatim reports â

  5. â‘ Saint Eghishē (Vardapet), Robert W. Thomson, «History of Vardan and the Armenian War», 1982, p. 25:

    This war is not to be explained as caused by personal rancor, as Lazar explained it, but on more general grounds. It illustrates difficulties faced by Armenians not merely on 450/1 but perennially, and these difficulties are basically of a religious nature. The main problem is the preservation of Armenian traqditions (awrenk), which include religious practices but are more comprehensive than the term «religion» in a modern sense. â Elishe saw many parallels with the position of the Jews vis-a-vis the Seleucid kings of Antioch as described in the books of Maccabees, though, of course, the political circumstances were quite different. Elishe does not entirely hide his knowledge of the Maccabees, but he does conceal the extent to which he was indebted to the Armenian version. For his purpose was not just to borrow a few expressive phrases in order to embellish his own story â as, for example, many Armenian historians did in their descriptions of battles. Rather, he wanted to recreate the kind of situation in which the play of basic issues between the antagonists would become clear in general terms. So Elishe´s History takes a specific occasion â the revolt of 450/1 and its aftermath â and describes it in terms reminiscent of the Maccabees so that the general problems will emerge more clearly.

  6. â‘ Îêñôîðäñêèé ñëîâàðü Âèçàíòèè, ñòð. 688:

    Numerous theological works are also attributed to Elishe, but their authorship is most uncertain.

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