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1831 , .[2][3]

( 1831) ( ). , , . , . , ( « »), , , .[4] . , , , (« »).[5]

. , , , .[6] , .[6][7][8] . , . , .

c 1834 , « » ( ).

, : () , (A), . , . (B), , , (G).[9]

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, : , , , . 1861 . II . .[10] :[11]

, « » , , : , ( , ).... \stackrel{\mathbf{v \times B}}{} « » \stackrel{\mathbf{\nabla \ x \ E \  = \  -\part_{\ t} B}}{} « ».
, .

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- « » , , , .

, [12]

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, Σ . dA, , .
F(r, t) , Σ ∂Σ, v. .

ΦB Σ, :

 \Phi_B = \iint\limits_{\Sigma(t)} \mathbf{B}(\mathbf{r}, t) \cdot d \mathbf{A}\ ,

dA Σ(t), B , B·dA . , «», , ∂Σ(t). , , \mathcal{E} ( ) ∂Σ(t) , (), :

|\mathcal{E}| = \left|{{d\Phi_B} \over dt} \right| \ ,

|\mathcal{E}| () , ΦB . .

, N , ΦB, , :

 |\mathcal{E}| =  N \left| {{d\Phi_B} \over dt} \right|

N , ΦB .

∂Σ(t) , : (i) , (ii) ( t- ∂Σ(t)). , , , , , , . , , , , .

[] 1:

. 3. x v , x.

3, , xy, x v. xC v = dxC / dt. ℓ y w x. B(x) z. B( xC w / 2), B( xC + w / 2). , , , .

[]

q q v × B k = q v B(xC w / 2) j (j, k y z; . ), ( ) v ℓ B(xC w / 2) . , v ℓ B(xC + w / 2). . , B , , . , , B, , .[13] , , ( ). :

 \mathcal{E} = v\ell  [ B(x_C+w/2) - B(x_C-w/2)] \ .

[]

:

\Phi_B = \pm \int_0^{\ell} dy \int_{x_C-w/2}^{x_C+w/2} B(x) dx
= \pm \ell \int_{x_C-w/2}^{x_C+w/2} B(x) dx \ .

, , B, . , B , . ( ) :

\frac {d \Phi_B} {dt} =  (-) \frac {d}{dx_C} \left[ \int_0^{\ell}dy \ \int_{x_C-w/2}^{x_C+w/2} dx B(x)\right] \frac {dx_C}{dt} \ ,
  = (-)  v\ell  [ B(x_C+w/2) - B(x_C-w/2)] \ ,

( v = dxC / dt ), :

 \mathcal{E} = -\frac {d\Phi_B} {dt} = v\ell  [ B(x_C+w/2) - B(x_C-w/2)] \ ,

.

, , .

[] 2: ,

. 4. ω , B . , .

. 4 , , , . , . . B , , . .

[]

, . , , . , B. , , . , , , , :

F = qBv\, .

v = [14]

,

 \mathcal {E} = B v \ell = B r \ell \omega\, ,

v = ,[14] l = . v = r ω, r = . , , .

[]

, ΦB = B w ℓ, w . , , . , .

, . , . , , , .

, , ( . 4). θ , A = r ℓ θ. B, :

 \Phi_B =  -B r \theta \ell \ ,

, B, , B'. , :

 \mathcal{E} = -\frac {d \Phi_B} {dt} = B r  \ell \frac {d \theta} {dt}
 = B r \ell \omega \ ,

.

, . θ, B, , . , , .

[]

. 5. . 4. v B.

, , . , . .

. 5 4, . , . . , . , , B, . , .[15] , . , , , , , , , .

. 5 dA / dt = v ℓ, , :[16]

 \mathcal{E} = {{d\Phi_B} \over dt} = B v \ell \ .

, , : . , . 4 , , . , , , , , , . , , , , , .

[]  

. 6. - Σ, ∂Σ n , .

,   :

\nabla \times \mathbf{E}( \mathbf{r},\ t) = -\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}( \mathbf{r},\ t)} {\partial t}

:

\nabla\times
E 
B  .

, . , , , . , .

-:[17]

 \oint_{\partial \Sigma} \mathbf{E} \cdot d\boldsymbol{\ell} = - \int_{\Sigma}  { \partial \over {\partial t} } \mathbf{B} \cdot d\mathbf{A}

Σ ( ). . 6:

Σ  , ∂Σ, , Σ, ∂Σ , ,
E  ,
d  ∂Σ,
∂Σ  ,
dA  Σ.

d dA . , , -. Σ d ∂Σ , , n Σ.

∂Σ . - ΦB Σ. , E , . E- , .

∂Σ Σ, .

. 7. d ∂Σ dt v.

[18]

\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\int\limits_{A}{\mathbf{B}}\text{ d}\mathbf{A}=\int\limits_{A}{\left( \frac{\partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t}+\mathbf{v}\ \text{div}\ \mathbf{B}+\text{curl}\;(\mathbf{B}\times \mathbf{v}) \right)\;\text{d}}\mathbf{A}

\text{div}\mathbf{B}=0 ( ), \mathbf{B}\times \mathbf{v}=-\mathbf{v}\times \mathbf{B} ( ) \int_A \text{curl}\; \mathbf{X} \;\mathrm{d}\mathbf{A} = \oint_{\partial A} \mathbf{X} \;\text{d}\boldsymbol{\ell} (   ), ,

\int\limits_{\Sigma}\frac{\partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t} \textrm{d}\mathbf{A} = \frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\int\limits_{\Sigma}{\mathbf{B}}\text{ d}\mathbf{A} + \oint_{\partial \Sigma} \mathbf{v}\times \mathbf{B}\,\text{d} \boldsymbol{\ell}

\oint \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B} \mathrm{d}\mathbf{\ell} - , :

\oint\limits_{\partial \Sigma }{(\mathbf{E}+\mathbf{v}\times \mathbf{B})}\text{d}\ell =\underbrace{-\int\limits_{\Sigma }{\frac{\partial }{\partial t}}\mathbf{B}\text{d}\mathbf{A}}_{\text{induced}\ \text{emf}}+\underbrace{\oint\limits_{\partial \Sigma }{\mathbf{v}}\times \mathbf{B}\text{d}\ell }_{\text{motional}\ \text{emf}}=-\frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}t}\int\limits_{\Sigma }{\mathbf{B}}\text{ d}\mathbf{A},

. , - .

. 7 . , d ∂Σ dt v, :

 d\mathbf{A} = -d \boldsymbol{\ell \times v } dt \ ,

ΔΦB , ∂Σ dt, :

\frac {d \Delta \Phi_B} {dt} = -\mathbf{B} \cdot \ d \boldsymbol{\ell \times v } \ = -\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B} \cdot \ d \boldsymbol{\ell} \ ,

ΔΦB- d, . .

[] 3:

. 3, E- B-, .[19] , . , . , , v × B. , B x, , :

 \mathbf{B} = \mathbf{k}{B}(x+vt) \ ,

k   z.[20]

[]

- , Ey y, :

 \nabla \times \mathbf{E} = \mathbf{k}\ \frac {dE_y}{dx}
=- \frac { \partial \mathbf{B}}{\partial t}=-\mathbf{k}\frac {d B(x+vt)} {dt} = -\mathbf{k}\frac {dB}{dx} v \  \ ,

:

 \frac {dB}{dt} = \frac {dB}{d(x+vt)} \frac {d(x+vt)}{dt} =\frac {dB} {dx} v \ .

Ey , :

 E_y (x,\ t) = -B(x+vt) \ v \ .

, , t :

 \mathcal{E} = -\ell  [ E_y (x_C+w/2,\ t) - E_y(x_C-w/2,\ t)]
  = v\ell  [ B(x_C+w/2+v t) - B(x_C-w/2+vt)] \ ,

, , , xC xC + v t. , , , , .

[]

, xC. , : xC , . :

\Phi_B =-\int_0^{\ell} dy \int_{x_C-w/2}^{x_C+w/2} B(x+vt) dx \ ,

- , , B. :

 \mathcal{E} = -\frac {d\Phi_B} {dt} =  \int_0^{\ell} dy \int_{x_C-w/2}^{x_C+w/2} \frac{d}{dt}B(x+vt) dx
 =  \int_0^{\ell} dy \int_{x_C-w/2}^{x_C+w/2} \frac{d}{dx}B(x+vt)\ v\  dx
=v\ell \  [ B(x_C+w/2+vt) - B(x_C-w/2+vt)] \ ,

. , . , x .

, , .[21]

[]

. 8. . ω, , , B. v × B , . , .

, - , . , , . , , , . , , . 4. , . 8. , . 5, , .

, , . , , , . , ( . 8 « B» Induced B). , , , ( ). . , , , , , . . B , , . , , . , , ( - , - ). .

, . , , -, . . , , , ( ), . .[22]

[]

« » . , , . , - . B, , . , , , , d ΦB / dt , .

[]

, , . , . d ΦB / d t. , , . , .

[]

. . , B , v, :

\mathcal{E}= B \ell v,

ℓ .

[]

, , , . , - , .

, .

  • , , , «». , .
  • , . , . .

[]

Hawkins Electrical Guide - Figure 292 - Eddy currents in a solid armature.jpg

, , , , , . , .[23]

Hawkins Electrical Guide - Figure 293 - Armature core with a few laminations showing effect on eddy currents.jpg

. 40 66 , . , , , .[23]

Small DC Motor pole laminations and overview.jpg

20 , -. , .

[]

Hawkins Electrical Guide - Figure 291 - Formation of eddy currents in a solid bar inductor.jpg

N . . , , (a,b), (c,d). , .[24]

, , , , . , . , , .

[] .

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  1. 1 2 Sadiku, M. N. O. Elements of Electromagnetics.  fourth.  New York (USA)/Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press, 2007.  P. 386.  ISBN 0-19-530048-3
  2. Ulaby Fawwaz Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics.  5th.  Pearson:Prentice Hall, 2007.  P. 255.  ISBN 0-13-241326-4
  3. Joseph Henry. Distinguished Members Gallery, National Academy of Sciences. 4 2012.
  4. Michael Faraday, by L. Pearce Williams, p. 182-3
  5. Michael Faraday, by L. Pearce Williams, p. 191-5
  6. 1 2 Michael Faraday, by L. Pearce Williams, p. 510
  7. Maxwell, James Clerk (1904), A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, Vol. II, Third Edition. Oxford University Press, pp. 178-9 and 189.
  8. "Archives Biographies: Michael Faraday", The Institution of Engineering and Technology.
  9. Poyser, Arthur William (1892), Magnetism and electricity: A manual for students in advanced classes. London and New York; Longmans, Green, & Co., p. 285, fig. 248
  10. Griffiths, David J. Introduction to Electrodynamics.  Third.  Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999.  P. 3013.  ISBN 0-13-805326-X
  11. Richard Phillips Feynman, Leighton R B & Sands M L The Feynman Lectures on Physics.  San Francisco: Pearson/Addison-Wesley, 2006.  P. Vol. II, pp. 17-2.  ISBN 0805390499
  12. A. Einstein, On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies
  13. - , ( () ). .
  14. 1 2 Chapter 5, Electromagnetic Induction, http://services.eng.uts.edu.au/cempe/subjects_JGZ/ems/ems_ch5_nt.pdf
  15. .
  16. , . « » « », B, , . , dΦB / dt , , , , .
  17. Roger F Harrington Introduction to electromagnetic engineering.  Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2003.  P. 56.  ISBN 0486432416
  18. K. Simonyi, Theoretische Elektrotechnik, 5th edition, VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1973, equation 20, page 47
  19. , , , , .
  20. x xC , ξ = x  xC (t). t B (ξ, t), B [ ξ + xC (t) ] = B (ξ + xC0 + v t) xC0 = xC (t = 0).
  21. Peter Alan Davidson An Introduction to Magnetohydrodynamics.  Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001.  P. 44.  ISBN 0521794870
  22. Griffiths, David J. Introduction to Electrodynamics.  Third.  Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999.  P. 301303.  ISBN 0-13-805326-X
  23. 1 2 Images and reference text are from the public domain book: Hawkins Electrical Guide, Volume 1, Chapter 19: Theory of the Armature, pp. 272-273, Copyright 1917 by Theo. Audel & Co., Printed in the United States
  24. Images and reference text are from the public domain book: Hawkins Electrical Guide, Volume 1, Chapter 19: Theory of the Armature, pp. 270-271, Copyright 1917 by Theo. Audel & Co., Printed in the United States

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