| |
||||
|
147 098 074 |
||||
|
152 097 701 |
||||
| (a) |
149 597 887,5 |
|||
| (e) |
0,016710219 |
|||
|
365,256366 |
||||
| (v) |
29,783 /c |
|||
| (i) |
7,25° ( ) |
|||
| (Ω) |
348,73936° |
|||
| (ω) |
114,20783° |
|||
|
0,0033528 |
||||
|
6 356,8 |
||||
|
6 371,0 |
||||
|
40009,88 |
||||
| (S) |
510 072 000 ² |
|||
| (V) |
10,832073·1011 ³ |
|||
| (m) |
5,9736·1024 |
|||
| (ρ) |
5,5153 /³ |
|||
| (g) |
9,780327 /² |
|||
| (v1) |
7,91 / |
|||
| (v2) |
11,186 / |
|||
| (T) |
0,99726968 |
|||
|
23,439281° |
||||
|
0,367 |
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
||||
|
78,08 % (N2) 20,95 % (O2) 0,93 % 0,038 % 1 % ( ) |
||||
, 4,54 ,[3][4][5][6] . 3,5 . , , , , . , , , . , , . 70,8 % [7], . , , - , . , , , ( ) , , .
( ) , . 365,26 . , 365,26 . 23,4° , (365,24 ). 24 . 4,53 , , . , , , [8].
|
|
[]
, , 4,54 [3] , . , , [9] , [10] 10 % [11] ( «»). , , [10].
. , , , [12]. . 3,64,1 « » (. last universal common ancestor)[13].
, . , . 750 , , . (600540 ), , 180 [16].
, 535 , [18]. 65 , , , ( ) , , , . 65 , , [19]. , . , , [20], .
40 , 3 . , ( 200 ), , 40100 , , , , , (. [21], (. James Ephraim Lovelock), [22], . . ).
10 [23].
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, , , , . , , . , , [24].
[]
() . , 100 [25]. 12 742 . 40 000 /
, , 1/10 000 000 [26].
, 43 , [27]. (8848 ), (11 022 ). , , 0,17 % (1/584), 0,22 % [28]. - , [29].
[]
| (II) | SiO2 | 59,71 % |
| Al2O3 | 15,41 % | |
| CaO | 4,90 % | |
| MgO | 4,36 % | |
| Na2O | 3,55 % | |
| (II) | FeO | 3,52 % |
| K2O | 2,80 % | |
| (III) | Fe2O3 | 2,63 % |
| H2O | 1,52 % | |
| (IV) | TiO2 | 0,60 % |
| (V) | P2O5 | 0,22 % |
| 99,22 % | ||
5,98·1024 . , ≈1050. (32,1 %), (30,1 %), (15,1 %), (13,9 %), (2,9 %), (1,8 %), (1,5 %) (1,4 %); 1,2 %. - , , (88,8 %), (5,8 %), (4,5 %)[30].
, , 47 % . ; , 1 %. (SiO2), (Al2O3), (FeO), (CaO), (MgO), (K2O) (Na2O). , ; . , 1 672 , , 99,22 % 11 ( ). [31]
[]
, , -40, -238 -232. [32]. , , , 7 000 , 360 (3,6 . )[33]. . [34].
[]
. . . 6 , 3050 [35]. : , . , . , . .
[]
/³ |
||
|---|---|---|
| 060 | ( 5 200 ) | |
| 035 | ( 5 70 ) | 2,22,9 |
| 3560 | 3,44,4 | |
| 352890 | 3,45,6 | |
| 100700 | ||
| 28905100 | 9,912,2 | |
| 51006378 | 12,813,1 |
67 % 83 % . 570 , 2900 . , , . 660 . , , . 660 , , , . . , , , , , .
[]
, , , , , - . 2900 . 3,5 . . 1300 2200 , . 5000 , 12,5 /³, 361 . 1,932·1024 .
[]
106 ² |
||
|---|---|---|
| 61,3 | ||
| 60,9 | ||
| 47,2 | ||
| 67,8 | ||
| - | 75,9 | - |
| - | 43,6 | |
| 103,3 |
, : , , . , . [37].
, . , . : , . , , , [38].
. , , , . 50 55 . ; , 75 [39], 52-69 . 21 [40].
[]
. 70,8 %[41] ( ). , - , [27], , , . 29,2 %, , , , , .
, , - , . , , , . , , , [42] .
, . , , - . . 100 . , 200 . , , , 3 [43][44].
, . , [45]. 75 % , 5 % [46]. , () , . , , , , [47]; ( ), [48].
, . , , . 13,31 % , 4,71 % [49]. 40 % , 1,3·107 ² 3,4·107 ² [50].
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
23 56 4.091 ( ), , [51]. 15 (1 4 , 15' ). . ( ).
[52], . 2000 0,0023 ( 250 0,0014 100 )[53].
150 29,765 /. 30,27 / ( ) 29,27 / ( )[54]. , 365,2564 ( ). 1° . : ( ), ( ). 220 /c. , 20 / (), , . , .
27,32 . ( ) 29,53059 . , . - 23,5 ( , ); - 5 - ( : )[55].
( ) . , . 21 , 21 , 20 , 23 . . , , , ( , , , ; , ).
. , , ( ) 18,6 . ( 41 000 ), . , 25 000 ; . , . . , , . , 14- , . , [56].
, 3 , 4 . - , , , 6,9 %[57] , . , , , . , , , , , ́ ́ [58].
[]
1959 -6[61]. , , 1961 . -8 1968 . 1972 -17 «The Blue Marble».
[]
- 38 . , 23 , [62]. , , ( 410 ) 400 , 21,8 [63].
. , [64]. , . , , . . , , , , , [65].
, , , ( ) -. , , [66].
, , 3753 , 2002 AA29[67][68] .
[]
, 1,3 , , 0,05 . ., . 6200 , 1,3 . , , . , ( ) , .
[]
- : 510,073 ²
- : 148,94 ²
- : 361,132 ²
- 70,8 % , 29,2 % .
286 800 [69]
[]
- 10 %
- 1 %
- 26 %
- 32 %
- 1,5 %
- 30 % ( 1993 )
: 2 481 250 ² ( 1993 )
[]
7 ( 2012 ). , 7,3 2013 9,1 2050 ( 2009 ). , . 40 ./2, .
22 2007 457 .
[]
. (), 24 1945 , . , , , ́ , , «», «», « », « » «». ́ , , , . , , .
300 , , , . « » « » , . , , , , , , .
5 -, , , , , . (IVIII . . .), (IIIII . . .), (IIIII . . .) (XIVVII . . .). (VIIVI . . .) (VIIV . . .). , , , : (IIIII . . .), (III . . . 476 . . .) (330 1453 .).
, (, , , .), , , «Ҹ » (VIVIII . .) , , , ( 632 1258 .) . VIII (800 X .) ( 962 1806 .). XIIIXV . ( 1299 1922 .). (12061368 .), . (, , ), . 1492 , , - 1588 , , - , : (XIXVI ), (XIIIXVI ) (IX . . . XI . . .). , , . 1815 XX , ́ , (17211917 .), (18041867-1918 .) (18711918 .) , (18671945 .) (17071949 .) XVIII , -, - .
XX - , , , «-» - , , 19551991 , 1949 .
[]
«» «-», «», «», «»[71].
Earth. - VIII erda, . eorthe, erthe[72]. Earth 1400 [73]. , - .
, . . (♁), ; [74].
. , -, , .
, , , , . ; . , , [76]. , [77].
XX . , . , , ( ) Amazing Stories 1940 [78].
1972 -17 , «Blue Marble» ( ). , 1990 -1 , (Pale Blue Dot)[79]. , [80]. [81].
, . - , . . , , . . , [82].
[]
. «» , . 10 % 1,1 40 % 3,5 [83]. , , , , [84].
CO2, (10 ppm C4-) 900 . , (- )[85]. [86]. 5 . , , 99 % (1 . .). 1,7 . ., - . , , , , , [83].
. , ( ) , , ( , ) [87].
[] .
[]
[]
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- ?
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