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147 098 074
0,9832898912 . .

152 097 701
1,0167103335 . .

 (a)

149 597 887,5
1,0000001124 . .

 (e)

0,016710219

365,256366
365 . 6 . 9 . 10 .

 (v)

29,783 /c
107 218 /

 (i)

7,25° ( )

 (Ω)

348,73936°

 (ω)

114,20783°

1 ()

0,0033528

6 356,8

6 371,0

40009,88

 (S)

510 072 000 ²

 (V)

10,832073·1011 ³

 (m)

5,9736·1024

 (ρ)

5,5153 /³

 (g)

9,780327 /²

 (v1)

7,91 /

 (v2)

11,186 /

 (T)

0,99726968

23,439281°

0,367

 
. . .
89 °C (184,16 K) 14 °C (287,16 K, 11,20 °R, 57,20 °F) 62,5 °C
:

78,08 % (N2)
20,95 % (O2)
0,93 %
0,038 %
1 % ( )

́  , , .

, [1][2], ( . Terra). , .

, 4,54 ,[3][4][5][6]   . 3,5 . , , , , . , , , . , , . 70,8 % [7], . , , - , . , , , ( ) , , .

( ) , . 365,26 .   , 365,26 . 23,4° , (365,24 ). 24 .   4,53 , [   31 ] , . , , , [8].

[]

, , 4,54  [3] , . , , [9] , [10] 10 % [11] ( «»). , , [10].

. , , , [12]. . 3,64,1  « » (. last universal common ancestor)[13].

. ,   .   [14]. , , . , [15].

, . , . 750  ,   , . (600540  ),   , 180 [16].

1960 -, , 750 580  . , [17].

, 535  , [18]. 65  , , , ( ) , , , . 65 , , [19]. , . , , [20], .

40  , 3 . , ( 200  ), , 40100 , , , , , (. [21], (. James Ephraim Lovelock), [22], . . ).

10 [23].

[]

, , , , . , , . , , [24].

[]

( ): , , ,

() . , 100 [25]. 12 742 . 40 000 /\pi, , 1/10 000 000 [26].

, 43  , [27]. (8848  ),   (11 022  ). , , 0,17 % (1/584), 0,22 %  [28]. - , [29].

[]

. . 

(II) SiO2 59,71 %
Al2O3 15,41 %
CaO 4,90 %
MgO 4,36 %
Na2O 3,55 %
(II) FeO 3,52 %
K2O 2,80 %
(III) Fe2O3 2,63 %
H2O 1,52 %
(IV) TiO2 0,60 %
(V) P2O5 0,22 %
99,22 %

5,98·1024 . , ≈1050. (32,1 %), (30,1 %), (15,1 %), (13,9 %), (2,9 %), (1,8 %), (1,5 %) (1,4 %); 1,2 %. - , , (88,8 %), (5,8 %), (4,5 %)[30].

, , 47 % . ; , 1 %. (SiO2), (Al2O3), (FeO), (CaO), (MgO), (K2O) (Na2O). , ; . , 1 672 , , 99,22 % 11 ( ). [31]

[]

, , . (, ), . ( , ),   .

, , -40, -238 -232.[   691 ] [32]. , , , 7 000 , 360 (3,6 . )[33]. . [34].

[]

  .   .   . 6  , 3050  [35]. : , . , . , . .

[]



060 ( 5 200 )
035 ( 5 70 ) 2,22,9
3560 3,44,4
352890 3,45,6
100700
28905100 9,912,2
51006378 12,813,1

  ,   , , , . , .

67 % 83 % . 570 , 2900 . , , . 660 . , , . 660 , , , . . , , , , , .

, . . (. ). . , .

[]

  , , , , , - .   2900 .   3,5 . . 1300  2200 , . 5000 , 12,5 /³, 361 .   1,932·1024 .

[]

:[36]

106 ²
61,3
60,9
47,2
67,8
- 75,9 -
- 43,6
103,3
, .

, : , , . , . [37].

, . , . : , . , , , [38].

. , , , . 50 55  . ; , 75  [39],   52-69  .   21  [40].

[]

. .

( , , ) .

. 70,8 %[41] ( ). , - , [27], , , . 29,2 %, , , , , .

, , - , . , , , . , , , [42] .

, . , , - . . 100  . , 200  . , , , 3  [43][44].

, .   , [45]. 75 % , 5 % [46]. , () , .   , , , , [47];   ( ), [48].

, . , , . 13,31 % , 4,71 % [49]. 40 % , 1,3·107 ² 3,4·107 ² [50].

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  . ,   . , .

, , , .

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  , . , , . , ,   .

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  (-, - ), , .


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, . , . , , . , .

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23 56 4.091 ( ), , [51]. 15 (1 4 , 15' ). . ( ).

[52],   . 2000 0,0023 ( 250   0,0014 100 )[53].

150  29,765 /. 30,27 / ( ) 29,27 / ( )[54]. , 365,2564 ( ). 1° . : ( ),   ( ). 220 /c. , 20 / (), , . , .

, -1 6  (40 ..) .
, 9,66 (0.06457 ..) . 26 2011

27,32 . ( ) 29,53059 . , . - 23,5 ( , ); - 5 - ( : )[55].

- , . , C , . . , . , ( ), .

( ) .   ,   . 21 ,   21 ,   20 ,   23 . . , ,   , ( , , , ;   ,   ).

. , , ( ) 18,6 . ( 41 000 ), . , 25 000 ; . , . . , , . , 14- , . , [56].

, 3 ,   4 . - , , , 6,9 %[57] , . , , , . , , , , , ́ ́ [58].

( ) 1,5  [59][60]. , , .

(). Lunar Orbiter V 8 1967 .

[]

1959 -6[61]. , , 1961 . -8 1968 . 1972 -17   «The Blue Marble».

, , , ( ).

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  , . , , . , «».

. , ( ; . ). . , : .

- 38  . , 23 , [62]. , , ( 410  ) 400 , 21,8 [63].

. , [64]. , . ,   , . . , , , , , [65].

. ( ) , 400 , 400 . , , .

, .

, , , ( ) -. , , [66].

, ,   3753 , 2002 AA29[67][68] .

[]

, 1,3 , , 0,05 . ., . 6200 , 1,3 . , , . , ( ) , .

[]

  • : 510,073 ²
  • : 148,94 ²
  • : 361,132 ²
  • 70,8 % , 29,2 % .

286 800 [69]

[]

  • 10 %
  • 1 %
  • 26 %
  • 32 %
  • 1,5 %
  • 30 % ( 1993 )

: 2 481 250 ² ( 1993 )

[]

7  ( 2012 ). , 7,3 2013 9,1  2050 ( 2009 ). , . 40 ./2, .

22 2007 457 .

[]

, 30.000

. (), 24 1945 , . , , , ́ , ,   «»,   «»,   « »,   « »   «». ́ , , , . , , .

300 , , , . « » « » , . , , ,   ,   ,   , .

5 -, , , , , . (IVIII . . .), (IIIII . . .), (IIIII . . .) (XIVVII . . .). (VIIVI . . .) (VIIV . . .). , , , : (IIIII . . .), (III . . .  476 . . .) (330   1453 .).

, , - , . , , , . , , .

, (, , , .), , , «Ҹ » (VIVIII . .) , , ,   ( 632 1258 .)  . VIII (800   X .) ( 962 1806 .). XIIIXV . ( 1299 1922 .). (12061368 .), . (, , ), .   1492 , , - 1588 , , - , : (XIXVI ), (XIIIXVI ) (IX . . .  XI . . .). , , . 1815 XX , ́ ,   (17211917 .), (18041867-1918 .) (18711918 .) ,   (18671945 .) (17071949 .) XVIII , -, - .

XX - , , , «-» - , , 19551991 , 1949 .

[?], XXI , 400 - -   [70][ ].

«» , , , , , , ,   , , ,   , .

[]

1969  ( ( «») #3822).

«» «-», «», «», «»[71].

  Earth. - VIII erda, . eorthe,   erthe[72]. Earth 1400 [73]. , - .

, . .   (♁), ; [74].

. , -, , .

  « ».   - ()[75],   . . , ,   ,   .

, .

, , , , . ; . , , [76]. , [77].

XX . , . , , ( ) Amazing Stories 1940 [78].

1972 -17 , «Blue Marble» ( ). , 1990 -1 , (Pale Blue Dot)[79]. , [80]. [81].

, . - , . . , , . . , [82].

[]

, 5-7 , .

. «» , . 10 % 1,1  40 % 3,5  [83]. , , , , [84].

CO2, (10 ppm C4-) 900  . , (- )[85]. [86]. 5 . , , 99 % (1 . .). 1,7 . ., - . , , , , , [83].

. , ( ) , , ( , ) [87].

[] .

[]

  • // : 86 (82 . 4 .).  ., 18901907.

[]

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