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Republik Indonesia

: 2°5900 . . 115°1600 . . / 2.983333° . . 115.266667° . . (G) (O)

: «Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (.
: «Indonesia Raya» ( )
Indonesia (orthographic projection).svg
17 1945 ( )
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1 919 440 ²
4,85

(2010)

237 641 326 . (4-)
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́ (. Indonesia),   ́ ́ (. Republik Indonesia - . , 2010 ,  237,5 ( 2011 245,6 ),   1 919 440 ², .   .

  .   .

, . 2012 , -  . 33 - , 31 2  , .

. . . , . ( ), - ( ) ( ).

.  ( 88 % )  , .

- . 2010   1,03 ( 4300 ).   ( 2010   9170 1 ).

17 1945 . , , XVII ́ XIX .

[]

«» «» (. Indus) «» (. νσος ), « ». XVIII [1][2]. 1850 ,  (.). (. George Windsor Earl) «» (. indunesians) «» (. malayunesians)[3]. ,  (.). (. James Richardson Logan), «» (. Indonesia) « » (. Indian Archipelago), (. Adolf Bastian) « » (. Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels)[1][4].

, «» , ( ) : - « -» (. Nederlandsch Oost Indië) «» (. Indië), - «» (. de Oost)[5].

, 1928 .  

«» - - XX . , 1913 ,  (.).[6] « -» (. Indonesisch Pers Bureau)[1].

«» - 2728 1928 - . « » (. Indonesia Raya), « » (. Sumpah Pemuda),   ,   ,   .

« : , , .

: , , .

: , , .

, 28 1928

»

[]

[] , ( )

 

.   , , (   2 500 )[7][8][9].   , 95 17 , : , , , [10][11][12].

45 000 [13]. , - , . , , .  (.)., , ,   (.).. , , [14][15][16]. , [17].

[] , (IXV )

, ,  ( IV )

IIII . ., , ,   (.).   IV [17][18]. , , , VII XIV , , ́ [15][19]. , IV  XIII , , , : , , [15][17][20].

, - , 1293 . XIV ́ [21].

XIII  (.)., . XIV , [19], , XV  XVI : , , [17]. , , , , , . XVI , , , , , [19].

[] (XVI   1942 )

[] , (15121798 )

, XVI , ,   ,   . .  , 1512   , [19]. XVII , [17].

, - -, . XVII

  , , . 1602 - (), , . , -, -. 1619 (. Jayakerta)   (. Batavia)[17].

XVIIXVIII . , , . , ,    (.)., . ( , , , , ) [17].

- , , . : , ,   . , 1755 : , , :   (.).[17][22].

XVIII - 178084 , : 1796 - , 1798 , , 1800 [17][22].

[] (17981942 )

,

, -   - - -, , . , , -,  , 1808 , , , . , , [19][22].

1811   - , . - , I , , . , , , . , (, 1746 , -)[23][24].

, , 182530 . . , 1835 , . , 1830

- - , 13 1814 [17]. , . . . - : 182137  (.). , 1825-1830 18731913 . XX - . 1906 , 1920   [17].

: XIX , . XX - [17].

- . , , 1908 « » (.). 1911 « » (.).  ,   . , , : 1914 - , 1920 . 1927   . 1930-   , , - [17].

, - . , 1918 -   (. Volksraad), , , -, . : , - «» . 1925 , -[25].

. 1940 , , , , [26].

[] (19421945 )

, 16- , 25- 2-

1942 --- - . : 16- ,   25- ,   2- [26].

- , , , , , . - ( ) : - . ,  (.). (. PETA, Pembela Tanah Air  « »)[27].

: ́ . . 194345 , , , , [26].

1945 , , . 1945 (. Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, BPUPKI) - (   - ). ; 1 1945 , . 1945 , (. Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, PPKI), [28][29][30].

15 1945 . [26].

[] (1945   )

[] (19451950 )

  . 1949

17 1945 . 18 (. Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat, KNIP), , , - , [31][32][33][34].

1945 . , , 1946   . , [35].

, , 12 1946 ́  (.)., - , . 1947 . , ́ , , 17 1948  (.)., . ,   1948 , ( ́ (.).)[35].

.

: 23   2 1949  (.)..  (.)., (. Republik Indonesia Serikat, RIS , , , - , - [36].

: 1950 . 17 1950 , - ( , )[37][38].

[] « » (19501957 )

18 1955 .

, , . 17 1950 , , 1945 , . , -. ( 1957 ) «  (.).» (. Demokrasi Liberal)[39].

, - , . [40]. 1950- , , , . , ,  1824 1955 [41].

1957 , , , , «», , , , «  (.).» (. Demokrasi Terpimpin)[39].

[] « » (19571965 )

« »

« » . 1959 1945 , , -. 1959 «  (.).», . 1960 , , , [39][42].

. 1960 - , , 1962 ( 1963 )[37].

1963   , [43][44].

, , . 1965 , 30 , [39][45][46].

[] « » (19651998 )

  196898 . 1993

30 - . , . , 1968 , , , 500 2 [19][47][48][49].

. 11 1966 , , , , . 12 1967 () , , 27 1968 . : , 30 1965 , « »[50].

, , «- »: [51]. [52].

: , , , [51].

: , , , , [53][54][55]. -, . 1967 -  ()[43].

. « » «», 1964 ,  , [56]. , [57][58].

, , 1971 , , , « », . 1974 : (),   (). , [59].

1975 , . 1976 [51][60].

1998

« » . 1980- , , . 1990- [19][61][62].

- : , , . ́   , ,   [51].

- 199798 , . , , , [63]. , . 21 1998 , , , . - . . [64].

[] (1998   )

- . 2000

, : , . 1999 , . , , 2002 [60].

1999 21 , . 2023 1999 - , -  [65].

- . : , , [66][67][68][69]. , [68][69][70][71][72].

, 2004 . 2004

[67][68][69][71][73] 2001 [67][74][75]. 21 . 22 , , . 23 - [76][77][78][79].

, - , . , , , «- » [51][65]. , ( . « »)[80][81]  2002 [82].

2004   , , [83].

. 2005    (.).[84][85].

2000- : , [86].

8 2009 [86].

[]

[]

  . , 1945 . 1945  (.). 1950 , 1959 , 1998, 1999 2001 [87][88].

. , - 1990-  2000- . , , « » (. Undang-Undang Politik). , [89].

[]

 

,   . . -  . - [87].

- , [87][90]. , , 2001 , . : 2004 , 2009 [91].

  , [87]. , , 1950- , . , 21 2009 ,  « » (. Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu II)[92].

- ( ), ( ), ( , , ), ( ) , , .   -, ,   [87][92].

[]

  , (. Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, MPR). , , , , : , (. Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR)  (.)., (. Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD)[87].

- . , , [87][93].

.   , 4 2009 , 692 .    (.). (. Taufiq Kiemas), , [94][95].

, [87][88][96]. , , , . , . , , . , 2009  (.). 1 2009 ,  560 . 9  9 [97].    (.).[98][98][99].

, 2009 .
148
«» 106
94
57
46
38
28
« » (.). 26
 (.). 17
560

  , 2004 . , , , , , , , - [89].

. , - , , , [87].

-   4 . . , 2009 1 2009 , 132 , 31 2 .    (.).[100].

[]

(. Mahkamah Agung). , , , , [87][101].

  60 , 2011 47 . . , .  (.)., 15 2009 [102][103].

2003 (. Mahkamah Konstitusi), , . 9 , . 3  , 3  3  . .  (.)., 19 2008 [87][104].

[]

1990- . - ( 197399 , , ) [89].

, . 2011 , 2008 , 2011 . 30 , 30 %. . : , ( , ). « » . [105].

2009 70 . , 9 2009 , 44 , 38   6  . 2,5 % 9 (. « »), 29 ( . . ) [106][107].

[]

[]

. , , - . , ( ) / . , , , , . , , , ( . « »). , 2000- 19 , [108][109][110].

, . , 1990- . , 1998 ( ). , [110].

[]

. , 1960- 1990- , : , , , .. , , , , . 1993 (. Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia), , [110][111].

, 1990- . ( № 39 1999 , 2011 [112]), , , (. Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Azasi Manusia). , [110][113].

, . , , « » « » : , , , , , [114][115]. , , , [116].

[] ,

, , , ( , , , 2009 )[87][117].

3:2,   . , , , 3:2 [87][117].

- - . . , , ,   . , [118].

, , , ,  . 17 1945   : 19 45   1945 , 8   , 17   17- . , ,  « » (. Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, « »)[87][117].

, . : ; , ;   ; ,   ,     ( ). , , [87][117].

II 11 1950 [119].

 « » (. Indonesia Raya  (.). 1924 28 1928 . 17 1945 [87][120].

( 2011 )[121]:

  1. 1 ( , . Tahun Baru Masehi);
  2. 3 ( ) (. Hari Imlek);
  3. 15 ( ) (. Maulid Nabi Muhammad);
  4. 5 , (  (.)., . Tahun Baru Saka);
  5. 22 ( , . Wafat Isa Al-Masih);
  6. 17 ( , . Waisak);
  7. 2 ( , . Kenaikan Isa Al-Masih);
  8. 29 ( , (. Lailat Al Miraj);
  9. 17 (. Hari Proklamasi Kemerdekaan);
  10. 30-31 - ( , . Idul Fitri);
  11. 6 - ( , . Idul Adha);
  12. 27 ( , . Tahun Baru Hijriyah);
  13. 25 ( , . Natal);

[]

, . 1950- ( 19911995 )[122][123][124]. , , 1965 . , 1965 , , , : 30 1965 , ( 1990 ) , [123].

, 1960- . 1967 - ()  , , -   , () [44][123][125]. - , , ,  (.).[93][124][126].

. .  . . . , 6 2007

- , - , . : , , (19891991 )[127], (2011 )[128], 1960- ( . « »). XX [122][124].

, , , « », , . . , , [93][122][124]. , 1990- [93]. ,   2003 , 2006   , 2007 . .  [129][130][131].

[]

[] ,

, . [132][133][134][135].

12 2002

, - 1970- 1990- , , . 1998 . , , , : , , [135][136][137][138].

, : , . , - , - [134][139]. , , 2002 (202 )[140] 2005 ( 19 )[141], 2003 (12 )[142] 2004 ( 9 )[143] [82][134][139].

2000- ( ), . , , , , [80][81][135][138][140].

[]

1990-  2000- . , , (, .), . , 100 . , , 2000-   0,60,7 . , . , [144][145][146].

, , . 2010 40 . [147].

2006 84 . (13 ), 362 (11 ). 100 . ( 38 ) [148][149]. , ( , , )[150]. 2010 7 [151].

[]

[]

 

, 5 1945 , . . 1965 , , , , : (. Dwifungsi), , - .   ,   , ,   . ,   , : , , , 1960- , , , [51][152].

1998 . « » , - , . , 2004 . [51].

, , , , . , , , , : , [51][153][154][155].

[] , ,

-

« » (. Tentara Nasional Indonesia).  (.). (. Angkatan Darat) , - (. Angkatan Laut), - (. Angkatan Udara). 1999     , « » (. Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia)[51][156].

,  ( 2012   , . Purnomo Yusgiantoro)  ( 2012   (. Agus Suhartono)). 2011 428 . , 400 [157].

2011   326 . , , (. Komando Cadangan Strategis Angkatan Darat, KOSTRAD)  26 ,  (. Komando Pasukan Khusus, KOPASSUS)  6 .   2012 (. Pramono Eddi Wibowo). 315 , 691 , 565 , 730 , 12 , 160 370 , 17 64 [157][158].

- 2011   67 , (. Korps Marinir)  20 . ,  2012 (. Suparno). 136 , 6 , 2 , 1 , 4 , 12 . 48 45 [157][158].

- 2011   34 . , 2012   (. Imam Sufaat). 88 136 , 44 [157][158].

- . 2010 4,7  . ( 4,5 % )[157][158]. , [51].

- 1950- 1960- , 1960- . 1992 ( 2008 ). - , , [152][159][160].

[]

, 194549 . 1950 - (. Republik Maluku Selatan), , , 1960-   [51][152][161].

196062 , . - 19631965   [51][152].

1975 . , , , . . 1970- , . , , 1990-  2000- [51][152].

: 1950- 15 800 18 . 2011 « » -, [132].

[]

. 2011 № 32 2004 . , , (. ), [87][162].

31 (. provinsi, . propinsi), (, ) , , ,  . (. gubernur), 5 ( 2005 ). , [162].

1969 , 19611962 (  « » 19691973 , « » 19732002 ). 1975   1999 [51].

- 1990- - . 1999 2007   , , , , . , [162].

, (, ) , , . , , ( ) [162][163].

(, . kabupaten) (, . kota), . (, . bupati),   (, . walikota). , , . , [162]. : (. kota administrasi) (. kabupaten administrasi). , , , , [162].

(, . kecamatan), (, . camat), .   [162]. (. distrik),   ( , . kepala distrik)[162].

; (. desa), ,   (. kelurahan). , , , (. kepala desa),   (. lurah), [162].

[] -

[]

1 919 440 ² (14- - )[164]. , . 17 508 , 6000 , ( , , ) 7,9  ². , .   , ,  ( , , -)[124][152].

( ), - ( ) ( ). : -, . , , [165].

[]

́ ,   - , -   . , , - - . [166][167].

« », . , . , 26 2004 , , , , , 130 170 [168]. , 150 , , , , ( ), ( ), ( )[167].     1883 : 36 , , 300 [169].

[] , , ,

 

: ,   . (   )  - (4884 ), . [166].

, , , . : (1143 [170]), (920 [171]), (900 [172]). . . , , : , [166][173].

  ( 1145 ²), , 500 , [174].

. , , , , , , , ;   . , , ,  (.).  ,   ,   ,   [166].

80 % - , ,   . - [166].

[]

, , . 26°,   3°. ( 1° 100 ) , 1500  [166][175].

, 80 %. 1800  3200  , 6100 .   ( ) ( )  . , . [166][175].

[]

[] ,

:   . , ,  

: , 1,3 % , 17 % . , , [176][177].

, , . ́ , , - , . ,   , , . , ,  , , . , ,     ,   ́ , [178].

[]

XXI , , 28 . 60 % , , ́ [166][177][179].

,   1500  , , , , , , , . ́   25003000   - ,   , . ( , , , ) . - , .   [166][179].

[]

  , ,

, . XXI 515 , 1531 , 122 , 600 270 . , , 39 % 36 % .   , , , [177].

, . , 140 () , 15 . , , , [177][180].

[] ,

, ,   . ( ), , , [181][182]. , : , , . 1997  (.)., , , : 45 000 ² , , 500 % 2000 % [183].

XX , , , . ́   2008 349 , , [184]. , , ,   [182][185][186].

14,63 % (278 315 2) 2,98 % (178 807 2)[187].

[]

[] ,

, 2010 , 237 556 363 [188], , , 2011 245 613 043 [147]. , , - [147].

  9,6

( 2010 ) 124 ², : 57,5 % , 7 % , ( 1000 ²)[188]. 21,3 % (116 ²), 7,3 %  (91 ²), 5,8 %  (24 ²), 5,5 %  (138 ²), 1,8 %  (9 ²), 0,8 %  (34 ²). -   14 400 ²,     8 ²[188].

1950-   (, , ) (, , ). 2000- 5,5 ,   1970-  1980- [189].

44 %[147]. 2010 11 1 [190]:

  1. ,   9 607 787 ;
  2. ,   2 765 487 ;
  3. ,   2 394 873 ;
  4. ,   2 334 871 ;
  5. ,   2 097 610 ;
  6. ,   1 798 601 ;
  7. ,   1 738 570 ;
  8. ,   1 555 984 ;
  9. ,   1 455 284 ;
  10. ,   1 338 663 ;
  11. -,   1 290 322 .

[] ,

, 1980- [191]. 2011 1,069 % (110 ) 18,1 (104 ) 6,1 (155 )[147]. , , 2055 (295 ), [191].

[188][191][192]

1961 1971 1980 1990 2000 2010 2011 () 2025 () 2055 ()
( .) 97,1 119,2 146,9 178,6 205,1 237,6 245,5 273 295

:   28 . 27,3 % 15 , 66,5 %  1565 6,1 %  65 [147].

,   1,01 . : 1,05 , 1,04 15 , 1,01  15 64 0,79  65 . : 1,121,13,   0,94[188].

[]

, ,

300 , . , ,   ( XXI 40 % ), ( 15 %), ( 4 %), ( 3 %), ( 2,5 %)[147].   ,   , , [193]. ́ , . : , , ( . «, »), [189][194].

, , : , , 2,5 7 . , : XVI , , . , ( ), , , [195][196].

  ,   , - [197].

[]

(. Bahasa Indonesia), [198]. [87][105].   [199][200][201].

. , 2009 144   60 % [202]. , ( , 12 % 20 %)  .   , [200][201][203].

XX , . , , . , « » 2728 1928 (. «»)[200][201].

, . , ,  , 1945 [200][201].

2009 719 [204]. , ,   , 80 , 30 13 [205]. .   270 [206].

[]

e,

, [87]. , , 1965 , , ,   , , , ,   [207]. , 1967 2000 [208][209] : , , , , , , « »[210].

  88 %  , XIIIXVI , [147]. , ( 1 ) , [211]. , , . 2011 - [212].

, . XXI 8,7 % , 5,7 % 3 %  . ,   , , , , [213][214].

2 %   , , , , [215]. 1 %   [216].   , , ,   , [217].

[]

[] ,

- . 2010 44 [218]. [219].

2010 , , 1,03  .   16   - ( 4300 .   155 )[147]. , 2010 ,  6,1 % (50 )[147]. 2011   119,5  . ,   132,9  . ,   13,4  . [147].

  (. Rupiah), 2010   9170 1 .   (. sen), .   [220].

2010   5,1 % (151 ). 2010   196,1  . (30 )[147]. 2011 122,7  [221].

, 2009

, , : 140 , , - . 2010 47 %,   37,6 %,   15,4 %. 12,8 %,   38,3 %   48,9 % .   116,5 (5 ),   7,1 % (70 )[147].

- , 10 % 11 10 % . 13 % [147].

  , « », [222][223].

  -  1980-  1990- , , , - [19][61][62]. , , - 199798 , 2600 14 000 1 [224], 13,7 %[224].

- 1990- , 200405 , 2007 , 6 %[225][226][227].

20082009 , , [228][229][230]. 2011 . Fitch «» «» , 2012 . Moody's[231][232]

[]

XVIIXVIII , . , . 1980- 1990- , , - , .

199798 , . 2000- , , ,  4,3 % 2010 [147].

2010 47 %, .   13 % [147].

2009 25 , 3,2 . ( 19 % , 6000 ), (16 %, 900 ), (7 %, 2000 ), (7 %, 1600 ), (7 %, 600 ), (6 %, 270 ), - (6 %, 530 ), (4 %, 2000 )[233][234]. , : , , , , [235].

, , . «Pertamina», [147].

( 2009 ) 1,02  (37 ),   85,7  (8 )[147]. , «, , , ».

[]

  .

    14 % ,   38 %. , [147].

. 13 %   , 7- . 1/3 . [236].

: ( 2009   64,4  , 3- , 1980- ), (22  , 1- ), (21,5  , 1- ), (16,9  , 4- ), (6,3  , 6- ), (2  , 4- ). (22,5  , 1- ),  (5,2  , 1- ), (26,5  , 10- ), - (800 . , 2- ), (700 . , 4- ), (181 . , 6- ), (160 . , 7- ), (81 . , 1- ), (80 . , 2- )[236]. (2,8  , 2- )[236].

. 2010 15,23  , 13,5   , 0,53   1,2   , [237]. 2014 ( 2010 97,5 % ). 2008 , 15,8  ,   10,3  , ( )  5,5  [238][239]. : 2008 68  -, 1,2  , 1  [236][240].

: 2009   5,1    [241], : , , , , , [242]. : 2009   4,7    . : , , , , [243].

: 2009 98,7  ³ (8- ), 36,4  ³  [244]. [245].

[]

( ), 1970-  1980- . 2010 37,6 %, (48,9 %) . , , , [218].

2010 . , ,   55 % 2025 , : (. «»), (. « »), , , , [218].

[]

- , 199798 , 2000- . 2005 () , , , . 2011 122 , 28, , 10, . , 10 63,4 % , 353  . , ,   1 % ( 35,6 % 4 , ). , , , 2011 3,3 % [152].

2010 6,37 % (62 ),   13,25 % (65 )[147].

[]

2010 50  . ( 5 % ), 2,5 ( ). . , 57 % , 22 %  , 21 %  [246][247].

: , . , , , 2010 , 18 152 , 154 , 2000  ,   «». 1990-  2000- , , . , 2010 2009 1,3 %, 38 %. , , [246][247].

[]

. , . 1980- , . -, , , . , 2011 7 , ( - )[248][249][250][251][252].

[252]

  1. ( )
  2. ( )
  3. ( )
  4. -
  5. ()
  6.  (.)., ( )

, - , , , 1990-  2000- , . 2007 , . 2011   7,7 8,3  . ( 8 % )[251][253].

[251][253]

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 ()
( .) 5,0 4,9 5,5 6,4 6,5 7,0 7,7
( . ) 4,5 4,4 5,3 7,4 6,3 7,7 8,3

  - : ( 2010   1,37  .), (1,28  .), (0,77  .), (0,47  .), (0,42  .)[254].

[]

65 % [255].   , , . 2009 142,2 · (24- ) 127,2  · (26- )    15  ·[256]. 40,5 % , 39,3 %  ,   [257].  (.). (. Perusahaan Listrik Negara)[256].

́   87,2 %  , 44,9 % , 26,5 %  15,8 %  . 7,9 % , 4,9 %  , ( , , )[256]. 2011 . 1997 , 2006 [258]. , 2025 4 [255].

[]

2010 285,3  . 31,1  .   158,2  .,   127,1  . (   30- )[147].

, , , , , , . , , , , , . 2000-   2008 , 1962 [147].

, 2010 , (15,9 % ), (9,9 %), (9,3 %), (8,8 %), (7 %), (6,4 %), (5,8 %). ́   (16,1 %), (14,5 %), (10,2 %), (7,3 %), (5,8 %), (4,9 %), (4,8 %)[147].

2010 85,6  . (38 ). 33  . (37 )[147].

[] , ,

,

[]

- .   21 579  2011   5 [147].

1244 , 87 65  . 17 , 47  -, . , , , , [147].

, , , : (. «, , , »), [170][171][172].

[]

  437 759  2008   14 . 258 744  , 179 015 . : ,   [147].

2010 58,8 , 48 , 6,4 , 2,8 , 767 278 [259].

[]

( 1867 ). 2009 5042   35- . 565 . , 1067 . , [147].

2011 . 1990- . 2004 (. Jakarta Mass Rapid Transportation), . ( 15,7 7 6 ) 2016 [260].

«-737» « » (.).

[]

, XX : ( ) 1910 . 2010 684 (10 ), 64 . 171 - 513  [147].

2011 17 , , 32 , , 3 , , 1 , . , - [261][262].

[]

, .   2010   7165 , 5984 , 885  617  [147].

  , , , . . , (. becak)[263][264].

[]

, 2000- , . , 100 14,8 ( 5 ) 69,2 ( 38 ). 90 % .   + 62[265].

: 2000 1 % , 2007 8,9 %, 2009 16,1 %. 4 -  , . , ,   0,72 % 2009 0,34 % 2007 . 2009 100 2 ,   2,1 -[265][266].

-  .id[265].

«́» (.)., 1976 . 10 , , «-D» (.). 2009 [267].

[]

199798 . 2000- , , - . , , , , , , , . , , [268].

. 2000- (, . «- ») ( , . Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat), , 8 . , (. Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat Pembantu), , , . ( ) [268][269].

  (. «- ») (. Pondok Bersalin Desa, ), (. Pos Pelayanan Terpadu), [268][269][270].

3472 ,   1667 . 80 % ( 89 % 71 % ),   52 % (67 % 36 % )[147].

2010 5,5 % (125 ). 2011 71,3 (137 ),   68,8   74 . 26,21 (72 ),   240 100 000 (55 ).   2,25 (102 )[147].

-  (.).

.   , , , , , . - : , 2009 , 0,2 % 15 49 (99 ), , , 310 000. 2009 8300 [147]. , : 2004 2011 181 , 149 [271].

, , , [272][273].

: 2011 71 . ( , . Kolegium Dokter Indonesia) 5- , 1,5 . : , - . [274].

. , , . , . , 2008 , 100  [275].

[]

2,8 % ( 2008 , 139 ). 2009   94,7 % ( 15 ) . ( 2006 2009   ), ́ , . 2015 [276].

, ,  50    3 . : (16 , 7 12 ), (79 , 13 15 ) (1012 , 16 18 ). ( , ), , . , [276].

, 9 . 95,1 % ,   92,5 %,   71,6 %. 20,1 (85 )[276][277].

 (.). 

4,8  . 19 23 2010 18,4 %, 2014 30 %[278].

2011 83 3000 [279][280]. [281]:

  1. (. Institut Teknologi Bandung)
  2. « » (. Universitas Gadjah Mada, )
  3. «» (. Universitas Indonesia, )
  4. (. Institut Pertanian Bogor)
  5. «» (. Universitas Gunadarma, )
  6. «» (. Universitas Diponegoro, )
  7. « » (. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, )
  8. (. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, )
  9. « » (. Universitas Sebelas Maret, )
  10. (. Universitas Sumatera Utara, )

[]

, ,  

. - XIX : , (1884 ) (1876 ), (1855 ), (1866 ), (  1888 ), (  1890 ). XX , , (1908 ) (1913 ) , (1914 ), (1919 )[282][283].

XIX   XX , . , , , . , : , [23][283][282][284].

, . 1940- . , [283][282]. - ( 100 ,   , , , ), (   , ), (   , , , )[285][286][287].

[288] [289]. 2011 , () (.). (. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, LIPI). - , , 1991 [283].

[]

[]

    .   , , ,   , , , , , . [290].

[]

(18831959) 

. ,   «»  IX . , , . , , . XIX .   , , , [290].

, , 1920- .    (.)., ,  (.).,  (.).  . 1930- : ,  (.).,  (.).. 1950- 1960- , , , . 196567 : ( ) . , . 1960-  1980-    (.).,  (.).,  (.).  , , .    (.).,  (.).  [290][291].

1998 . . , ,  (.).,  (.).. 2000- , , (. 2009 ), ,  (.).[291].

[]

, , . VII . , ,     , (, )[290].

(18071880) 

. Ÿ  (.). (18071880 ), , . XIX , [290][292].

XX ,  (.). ( ),  (.).  (.).. , , . , 1950- 1960-  ( (. Rustamadji), (. Sumitro), (. Sajono), (. Saptoto)), ,    ( (. Achmad Sadali), (. But Mochtar), (. Popo Iskandar) (. Srihadi Sudarsono), , , )[292][293].

, , « » (, . Gerakan Seni Rupa Baru)  , ( , ).     - , , ,   . , , (. Jim Supangkat) (. Harsono), 2000- [292][293][294][295][296][297][298][299].

2000- : . . «», ,  (. Iwan Sulistyo), (. Lanny Andriani), (. Idran Yusup), (. Sukriyal Sadin) «», ,  . .  (. Heri Dono), (. Dadang Christanto), (. Tisna Sanjaya), (. Marida Nasution), (. Agus Suwage)[292][293].

[]

  -

  , , , ( ). , . , IX . ( , ), ,   , . , [300].

, , .   (, ), (), (), ( , )[300].

. , , ,   (. keraton, kraton).   , [300].

[]

, , , , , . ́ (. selendero) ́ (. pelog). , .   , : , , , . XVI - (. keroncong  (.). ,   - .  (.)., , [301].

.   , ( - -, XX ). XX , , . 1960 ,   1968 [301].

[]

-, «»  . : , , ,

. IX -  . XI - -  , , ( -, ),  . «» . , , (. «»). - ,   , ,   , [302].

XIX , , ,  , .   , . , , [302].

: ,

1920- . 1930- (   ), ( , )  1950-. 1950-  1960- (   , , , , ). (   , , , ). 1980-  1990- , XXI . 2000- , : , [302][303].

[] -

-   . , ,   , (, , , ),   (, ) ( ), (. « »), (, , , ).

, , ( , )  . ,   , . ( ), ( ) [300].

[]

 (.). , . , , . , : [304][305][306].

: , , , , ,

, , , .   , , , , , , , , ( -  . lauk-pauk). (. nasi goreng, « »),   , , , . , ( , (. mie goreng, « »))[304][305][306].

, , , , . , , , ,  . , . ,   ́ (.). (. bakso),   (. sate, satai), , . (   ́ (. soto))  , . , , , .   , [307].

    . , , . , .   . , , : , [304][305][308].

[]

[]

(, ) XX , . , 1950-  1960- ,   . 1990-  2000- . , [309][310].

2000- 170   ,   4,8  , 425 7,8  .   « » (.)., «» (.)., « » (.)., «» (.)., « » (.).[310][311].

[]

1934 . . 2009 700 . 6 50 , 1000 140 [147][311].

1962 ,   TVRI (.). (   . Televisi Republik Indonesia). 1979 [311].

2008 2 10 . , 100 . 1000 60 . XX ,   1,7 % 0,1 % [147][311].

[]

100  

  . , , , , ,  (.). (. Komite Nasional Olahraga Indonesia)[312][313].

XXI   , . , . , 2008 5 , 1 , 1 3 . 2007 , 202 , 4- 11 -. , .  (.).   (.)., ,    (.).[314].

, , , , . , ( , ), , [315][316][317].

  « » (, 100 ), «» (, 60 ), «» (, 55 ), « » (, 50 )[318][319].

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