Éîëà (ÿçûê)
| ßçûê éîëà | |
| Ñàìîíàçâàíèå: |
Yola |
|---|---|
| Ñòðàíû: | |
| Ðåãèîíû: |
ãðàôñòâî Óýêñôîðä |
| Âûìåð: |
ñåðåäèíà XIX âåêà |
| Êëàññèôèêàöèÿ | |
| Êàòåãîðèÿ: | |
| Ïèñüìåííîñòü: | |
| ßçûêîâûå êîäû | |
| ISO 639-2: |
gem |
| ISO 639-3: |
yol |
| Ñì. òàêæå: Ïðîåêò:Ëèíãâèñòèêà | |
Éîëà, Yola â ì¸ðòâûé ÿçûê çàïàäíîãåðìàíñêîé ïîäãðóïïû ãåðìàíñêèõ ÿçûêîâ, ðàñïðîñòðàí¸ííûé äî ñåðåäèíû XIX âåêà â èðëàíäñêèõ áàðîíñòâàõ Ôîðò (Forth) è Áàðãè (Bargy) ãðàôñòâà Óýêñôîðä.
Îòäåëèëñÿ îò ñðåäíåâåêîâîãî àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà (äèàëåêòû þãî-çàïàäíîé Àíãëèè â Äåâîí, Ñîìåðñåò, Þæíûé Ïåìáðóêøèð) è ðàçâèâàëñÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî â ðåçóëüòàòå íåóäà÷íîé ïîïûòêè âòîðæåíèÿ â Èðëàíäèþ íîðìàíäñêèõ áàðîíîâ Ðè÷àðäà äå Êëýðà è Ðîáåðòà Ôèòö-Ñòèâåíà â 1169 ãîäó. Ïåðåñåëåíöàì (ñðåäè êîòîðûõ ïðåîáëàäàëè àíãëîñàêñû) óäàëîñü çàêðåïèòüñÿ ëèøü íà íåáîëüøîé òåððèòîðèè.
Íàçâàíèå «Yola» îçíà÷àåò «old», «ñòàðûé».  ðåçóëüòàòå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé èçîëÿöèè éîëà ìàëî èçìåíèëñÿ ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñî ñðåäíåâåêîâûì àíãëèéñêèì. Êðîìå òîãî, â íåãî ïðîíèêëî íåìàëî èðëàíäñêèõ ñëîâ. Ê íà÷àëó XIX âåêà îí ñóùåñòâåííî îòëè÷àëñÿ îò àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Âåñüìà áëèçêèì ê éîëà áûë ôèíãàëüñêèé ÿçûê èëè äèàëåêò, ñóùåñòâîâàâøèé â ãðàôñòâå Ôèíãàë, òàêæå âîçíèêøèé â ñðåäå ïîòîìêîâ íîðìàííîâ, ïûòàâøèõñÿ âòîðãíóòüñÿ â Èðëàíäèþ è òàêæå ïîòåðïåâøèõ íåóäà÷ó â ýòîì äåëå.
 ðåçóëüòàòå ìàññîâîãî ãîëîäà â Èðëàíäèè ÿçûê éîëà (êàê è ÿçûê êîðåííîãî íàñåëåíèÿ, èðëàíäñêèé) ê ñåðåäèíå XIX âåêà ïîñòåïåííî âûõîäèò èç óïîòðåáëåíèÿ, åãî âûòåñíÿåò àíãëî-èðëàíäñêèé äèàëåêò àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà.
Ñîäåðæàíèå |
[ïðàâèòü] Ôîíîëîãèÿ
Òàê æå, êàê è â íèäåðëàíäñêîì è þãî-çàïàäíûõ äèàëåêòàõ àíãëèéñêîãî, áîëüøèíñòâî ãëóõèõ ôðèêàòèâíûõ â éîëà ñòàëè çâîíêèìè. Ñèñòåìà ãëàñíûõ, ñâîéñòâåííàÿ ñðåäíåâåêîâîìó àíãëèéñêîìó, õîðîøî ñîõðàíèëàñü, áåç ìàëåéøèõ ïðèçíàêîâ âåëèêîãî ñäâèãà ãëàñíûõ.
Èíòåðåñíîé îñîáåííîñòüþ éîëà ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåõàðàêòåðíîå äëÿ ãåðìàíñêèõ ÿçûêîâ ñìåùåíèå óäàðåíèÿ íà âòîðîé ñëîã âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ: morsaale «morsel», hatcheat «hatchet», dineare «dinner», readeare «reader», weddeen «wedding», etc. (Oâ™Rahilly 1932).
[ïðàâèòü] Ãðàììàòèêà
[ïðàâèòü] Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ
Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ïîõîæè íà ñîâðåìåííûå àíãëèéñêèå, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì 1-ãî ëèöà åä.÷. (â àíãëèéñêîì èçìåíèëîñü ïîä âëèÿíèåì àíãëî-íîðìàíäñêîãî) è 3-ãî ëèöà ìí.÷. (â àíãëèéñêîì èçìåíèëîñü ïîä âëèÿíèåì ñêàíäèíàâñêèõ ÿçûêîâ).[1]
| 1-å ëèöî | 2-å ëèöî | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| åä.÷. | ìí.÷. | åä.÷. | ìí.÷. | |
| íîìèíàòèâ | Ich | wough/wee | thou | ye |
| àêêóçàòèâ | me | ouse | thee | ye |
| ãåíèòèâ | mee | oure | yer | yer |
[ïðàâèòü] Ãëàãîëû
Ãëàãîë ñîõðàíèë ðÿä êîíñåðâàòèâíûõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê. Îêîí÷àíèå 2-ãî è 3-ãî ëèöà ìí.÷. èíîãäà -eth, êàê â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ýïîõè ×îñåðà. Ïðè÷àñòèå ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè ñîõðàíèëî ïðåôèêñ ñðåäíåàíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà «y» â ôîðìå «ee».[1]
[ïðàâèòü] Ëåêñèêà
Áîëüøèíñòâî ñâåäåíèé î ÿçûêå éîëà äîøëî äî íàñ èç ãëîññàðèÿ, êîòîðûé ñîñòàâèë Äæåéêîá Ïóë (Jacob Poole), ôåðìåð è ÷ëåí îáùèíû êâàêåðîâ èç Ãðîóòàóíà, ïðèõîä Òàãìîí, íà ãðàíèöå ìåæäó áàðîíñòâàìè Áàðãè è Øåëìàëüåð. [2] Îí ñîáèðàë ñëîâà è ôðàçû ìåñòíîãî íàðå÷èÿ, çàïèñûâàÿ ðå÷ü ñâîèõ ðàáîòíèêîâ â ïåðèîä ñ 1800 ãîäà è äî ñâîåé ñìåðòè â 1827 ãîäó.
Õîòÿ áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ñëîâ èìååò àíãëîñàêñîíñêîå ïðîèñõîæäåíèå, â ÿçûêå éîëà èìåëèñü çàèìñòâîâàíèÿ èç èðëàíäñêîãî è ôðàíöóçñêîãî ÿçûêîâ.
| Éîëà | Àíãëèéñêèé |
|---|---|
| Weisforthe | Wexford |
| zin | sun |
| lhoan | land |
| die | day |
| theezil | yourself |
| vriene | friend |
| a, ee (îïðåäåë¸ííûé àðòèêëü) | the |
| dhing | thing |
| fho | who |
| ee-go | gone |
| egast | fear |
| yola, yole | old |
[ïðàâèòü] Âëèÿíèå íà ñîâðåìåííûé þæíî-óýêñôîðäñêèé äèàëåêò
Äåðìîò Îâ™Ìèðèõ (Diarmaid Ó Muirithe) ñîâåðøèë â 1978 ã. ïîåçäêó íà çàïàä Óýêñôîðäà äëÿ èçó÷åíèÿ ìåñòíîãî ãîâîðà àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà (Ó Muirithe 1997). Âîçðàñò åãî ñîáåñåäíèêîâ ñîñòàâëÿë îò 40 äî 90 ëåò. Îí îáíàðóæèë, ÷òî â èõ ðå÷è äî ñèõ ïîð ñîõðàíèëèñü ìíîãèå ñòàðûå ñëîâà, â ÷àñòíîñòè (ñëåâà â óñòàðåâøåå ñëîâî, ñïðàâà â ñîâðåìåííûé àíãëèéñêèé àíàëîã):
- Amain: â˜Going on amainâ™ = getting on well
- Bolsker: an unfriendly person
- Chy: a little
- Drazed: threadbare
- Fash: confusion, in a fash
- Keek: to peep
- Saak: to sunbathe, to relax in front of the fire
[ïðàâèòü] Ïðèìåðû
[ïðàâèòü] Ïåñíÿ íà ÿçûêå éîëà
Fade teil thee zo lournagh, co Joane, zo knaggee?
Th' weithest all curcagh, wafur, an cornee.
Lidge wâ™ouse an a milagh, tis gaay an louthee:
Huck nigher; yâ™art scuddeen; fartoo zo hachee?
Well, gosp, câ™hull be zeid; mot thee fartoo, an fade;
Ha deight ouse var gabble, tell ee zin go tâ™glade.
Châ™am a stouk, an a donel; wouâ™ll leigh out ee dey.
Th' valler wâ™speen here, th' lass ee chourch-hey.
Yerstey wâ™had a baree, gist ing oor hoane,
Aar gentrize ware bibbern, aamzil cou no stoane.
Yith Muzleare had ba hole, tâ™was mee Tommeen,
At by mizluck was ee-pit tâ™drive in.
Joud an moud vrem earchee ete was ee Lough.
Zitch vaperreen, an shimmereen, fan ee-daf ee aar scoth!
Zitch blakeen, an blayeen, fan ee ball was ee-drowe!
Chote well aar aim was tâ™yie ouz nâ™eer a blowe.
Mot wâ™all aar boust, hi soon was ee-teight
At aar errone was var ameing 'ar 'ngish ee-height.
Zitch vezzeen, tarvizzeen, 'tell than wâ™neâ™er zey.
Nore zichel neâ™er well, nowe, nore neâ™er mey.
(åù¸ äåâÿòü ñòðîô îïóùåíû)
Ïðèìåðíûé ïåðåâîä íà ñîâðåìåííûé àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê
What ails you so melancholy, quoth John, so cross?
You seem all snappish, uneasy, and fretful.
Lie with us on the clover, 'tis fair and sheltered:
Come nearer; youâ™re rubbing your back; why so ill tempered?
Well, gossip, it shall be told; you ask me what ails me, and for what;
You have put us in talk, till the sun goes to set.
I am a fool and a dunce; weâ™ll idle out the day.
The more we spend here, the less in the churchyard.
Yesterday we had a goal just in our hand.
Their gentry were quaking, themselves could not stand.
If Good-for-little had been buried, it had been my Tommy,
Who by misluck was placed to drive in.
Throngs and crowds from each quarter were at the Lough;
Such vapouring and glittering when stript in their shirts!
Such bawling and shouting, when the ball was thrown!
I saw their intent was to give us neâ™er a stroke.
But with all their bravado they were soon taught
That their errand was aiming to bring anguish upon them
Such driving, and struggling, 'till then we neâ™er saw
Nor such never will, no, nor never may.
[ïðàâèòü] Êîëè÷åñòâåííûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| oane | twye | dhree | vowér | veeve | zeese | zebbem | ayght | neene | dhen |
[ïðàâèòü] Ïîçäðàâèòåëüíîå îáðàùåíèå ê ëîðäó-ëåéòåíàíòó â 1836 ãîäó
Äàííîå îáðàùåíèå áûëî àäðåñîâàíî ãðàôó Ìàëãðåéâó (Earl Mulgrave), ëîðäó-ëåéòåíàíòó Èðëàíäèè, â ñâÿçè ñ åãî âèçèòîì â Óýêñôîðä â 1836. Òåêñò îïóáëèêîâàí 15 ôåâðàëÿ 1860 ã. â ãàçåòå Wexford Independent. Â ïðåäèñëîâèè ê ïóáëèêàöèè ðåäàêòîð ãàçåòû Ýäìóíä Ãîð (Edmund Hore) ïèñàë:
The most remarkable fact, in reality, in connexion with the address is this. In all probability it was the first time regal or vice-regal ears were required to listen to word of such a dialect; an it is even still more probable that a like event will never happen again; for if the use of this old tongue dies out as fast for the next five-and-twenty years as it has for the same bygone period, it will be utterly extinct and forgotten before the present century shall have closed.
In order for a person not acquainted with the pronunciation of the dialect to form anything like an idea of it, it is first necessary to speak slowly, and remember that the letter a has invariably the same sound, like a in «father». Double ee sounds like e in «me», and most words of two syllables the long accent is placed on the last. To follow the English pronunciation completely deprives the dialect of its peculiarities.
Òåêñò íà ÿçûêå éîëà:
Toâ™s Excellencie Constantine Harrie Phipps, yâ™ Earle Mulgrave, Lord Lieutenant-General and General Governor of Ireland. Ye soumissive Spakeen oâ™ouz Dwelleres oâ™ Baronie Forthe, Weisforthe.
MAIâ™T BE PLESANT TO THâ™ECCELLENCIE, â Wee, Vassalès oâ™ â˜His Most Gracious majestyâ™, Wilyame ee Vourthe, an, az wee verilie chote, na coshe and loyale dwellerès na Baronie Forthe, crave na dicke luckie acte tâ™uck neicher thâ™ Eccellencie, an na plaine grabe oâ™ oure yola talke, wi vengem oâ™ core tâ™gie ours zense oâ™ y gradès whilke be ee-dighte wi yer name; and whilke we canna zei, albeit oâ™ â˜Governereâ™, â˜Statesmanâ™, an alike. Yn ercha and aul oâ™ while yt beeth wi gleezom oâ™ core thâ™ oure eyen dwytheth apan ye Vigere oâ™dicke Zouvereine, Wilyame ee Vourthe, unnere fose fatherlie zwae oure diaez be ee-spant, az avare ye trad dicke londe yer name waz ee-kent var ee vriene oâ™ livertie, an He fo brake ye neckares oâ™ zlaves. Mang ourzels â var wee dwytheth an Irelonde az ure genreale haim â yâ™ast, bie ractzom oâ™honde, ee-delt tâ™ouz ye laas ee-mate var ercha vassale, neâ™er dwythen na dicke waie nar dicka. Wee dwyth ye ane fose dais be gien var ee guidevare oâ™ye londe ye zwae, â tâ™avance pace an livertie, an, wiâ™oute vlynch, ee garde oâ™ generale reights an poplare vartue. Ye pace â yea, we mai zei, ye vast pace whilke bee ee-stent owr ye londe zince thâ™ast ee-cam, prooâ™th, yâ™at wee alane needeth ye giftes oâ™generale rights, az be displayth bie ee factes oâ™thie goveremente. Ye state na dicke daie oâ™ye londe, na whilke be nar fash nar moile, albeit â˜constitutional agitationâ™, ye wake oâ™hopes ee-blighte, stampe na yer zwae be rare an lightzom. Yer name var zetch avancet avare ye, eâ™en a dicke var hye, arent whilke ye brine oâ™zea an dye craggès oâ™noghanes cazed nae balke. Na oure gladès ana whilke we dellt wiâ™ mattoke, an zing tâ™oure caulès wi plou, wee hert ee zough oâ™ye colure oâ™ pace na name oâ™ Mulgrave. Wi Irishmen ower generale houpes be ee-boud â az Irishmen, an az dwellerès na cosh an loyale oâ™ Baronie Forthe, wâ™oul daie an ercha daie, our meines an oure gurles, praie var long an happie zins, shorne oâ™lournagh an ee-vilt wi benisons, an yersel and oure gude Zovereine, till ee zin oâ™oure daies be var aye be ee-go toâ™glade.
Ïåðåâîä íà ñòàíäàðòíûé àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê:
To his Excellency, Constantine Henry Phipps, Earl Mulgrave, Lord Lieutenant-General, and General Governor of Ireland. The humble Address of the Inhabitants of the Barony of Forth, Wexford.
MAY IT PLEASE YOUR EXCELLENCY â We, the subjects of his Most Gracious Majesty, William IV, and, as we truly believe, both faithful and loyal inhabitants of the Barony of Forth, beg leave at this favourable opportunity to approach your Excellency, and in the simple dress of our old dialect to pour forth from the strength (or fullness) of our hearts, our sense (or admiration) of the qualities which characterise your name, and for which we have no words but of â˜Governorâ™, â˜Statesmanâ™, etc. In each and every condition it is with joy of heart that our eyes rest upon the representative of the Sovereign, William IV, under whose paternal rule our days are spent; for before your foot pressed the soil, your name was known to us as the friend of liberty, and he who broke the fetters of the slave. Unto ourselves â for we look on Ireland to be our common country â you have with impartial hand ministered the laws made for every subject, without regard to this party or that. We behold in you one whose days are devoted to the welfare of the land you govern, to promote peace and liberty â the uncompromising guardian of the common right and public virtue. The peace â yes, we may say the profound peace â which overspreads the land since your arrival, proves that we alone stood in need of the enjoyment of common privileges, as is demonstrated by the results of your government. The condition, this day, of the country, in which is neither tumult nor disorder, but that constitutional agitation, the consequence of disappointed hopes, confirms your rule to be rare and enlightened. Your fame for such came before you even into this retired spot, to which neither the waters of the sea below nor the mountains above caused any impediment. In our valleys, where we were digging with the spade, or as we whistled to our horses in the plough, we heard the distant sound of the wings of the dove of peace, in the word Mulgrave. With Irishmen our common hopes are inseparably bound up â as Irishmen, and as inhabitants, faithful and loyal, of the Barony Forth, we will daily and every day, our wives and our children, implore long and happy days, free from melancholy and full of blessings, for yourself and our good Sovereign, until the sun of our lives be gone down the dark valley (of death).
[ïðàâèòü] Ïðèìå÷àíèÿ
- â‘ 1 2 Poole 1867, p.133.
- â‘ Jacob Poole of Growtown â And the Yola Dialect
[ïðàâèòü] Ëèòåðàòóðà
- Pooleâ™s Glossary (1867) â Ed. Rev. William Barnes (Editorial 'Observations')
- Pooleâ™s Glossary (1979) â Ed. Dr. D. Oâ™Muirithe & T.P. Dolan (Corrected Etymologies)
- O'Rahilly T. F The Accent in the English of South-east Wexford // Irish Dialects Past and Present. â Dublin: Browne and Nolan, 1932. â P. 9498. Reprinted 1972 by the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-55-3.
- The Anglo-Norman and their English Dialect of South-East Wexford by Diarmaid ó Muirithe, from the book The English Language in Ireland, a compilation of lectures from the Tomas Davis Lecture Series broadcast on RTE radio and published in printed form in 1977. ISBN 0-85342-452-7
- The Dialect of Forth and Bargy Co. Wexford, Ireland (1996) â T P Dolan and Diarmaid ó Muirithe, published by Four Courts Press Ltd ISBN 1-85182-200-3
