GNU Free Documentation License . .

: ,

Canada
Flag of Canada.svg

: 56°0000 . . 109°0000 . . / 56° . . 109° . . (G) (O)

: «. A mari usque ad mare
»
: «O Canada!»
Canada (orthographic projection).svg
1 1867 ( )
11 1931 ( 1931)
17 1982 ( 1982) (  )
45°24 . . 75°40 . . / 45.4° . . 75.666667° . . (G) (O)
, , ,
,

-
-
II


( )


 % .
2-
9 984 670 ²
8,62 %

(2010)

34 213 000[1] . (36-)
3,4 ./²

   (2008)
  

1510 [2] $ (11-)
47 066[2] $
()
   (2008)

1303  $ (14-)
 (2010) 0,908 ( ) (6-)
, ,

(CAD, 124)
- .ca
+1
3:30  8

́ (. Canada, [ˈkænədə]; . Canada, [kanaˈda] , . , , -. .

  , , . , , ( , ).

1534, , . ( ) . 1867 1982.

, 10 3 .   ,   , « » . , - . ( ), - 11 4 ( ).

[]

kanata, «» «»[3] , ( ),  , 1534 . . 1535 . , , , [4].   , , .

«» , , . 1545 . . «». , .

[]

: , , ,
,

[]

, 1759 .

26 500 , 9500 [5][6][7].   () [8][9][10] . . , , , , , , , [11]. , , [12]. ( XV  XVI ), .

200 000[13] 2 000 000 1400 [14], 500 000 [15]. , , , ( ), , 40 % 80 % [13]. [16] , [17] [18]. XVII- , [19]. [20].

[]

: , ,
1534 .

( ) 1000 [21][22], 1497 , ( ) [23]. 1524 , . , 1498 1521 , [24].

1534 , [25]. ( - - ) , : (). 1600, - 1605 1608[26]. 1610 -. .

, , . , , . , , , ,   .

[] : ,

, , , , , , [27]. - , , , , . - 1689 1763 , , . , - ( ) 1755[28].

. , ( ). 1756 1759 1760. , 1763 , ( )[28].

[] :

50 000 , , [29]. , - 1784, . 1791 , . [30].

1812 , . Ÿ , . 1815 [31]. , 1891 [13]. , .

, , . - . , . , , .

[]

1837, , 1839 . ( , ) , [32][32]. , 1840 , , , 1763 1774. 1849 [33].

1846 49- , [34]. 1854 . , . 1866, .

1849 , 1858  . 1850- (, ) , . ; , , .

[]

- 1867, . (18671873 18781891).

1864, 1866,   , -,  . 1 1867 , : , , - [35].   . . , , .

, , - , , (, ), . ; , - . , , , . 1870[36]. , 1866, , , 1871 1873[37]. ,     [38][39].

, - (   ). ( ) , - 1905 , .

[]

1917 .

, 1914 ( , ) , , [40]. 625 000 , 60 000 173 000 [41]. , -, , 1917 ( 1917 ). , , , . . , .

1919 , 1931 , , ( ) . 1929 ; - (PSD) -, , 60- . . 1930- ., - 1939 , , .

1942 , , , 1944 [40]. , , , [42]. , , , . , , [43][44]. 1945 , - [40].

, . , , ( 1944 ). , . , , , . : - . .

[]

1949 , , [45]. , .

1967 . , .   , , 60- .  [46].

- , , , , , , , , , [47]. , , 1982 , [48]. 1999 , [49].

, , , , 1970 [50]. 1980 [50], 1990 , . 1995 , 50,6 %, 49,4 %[51]. 1997 , , [51].

, 1980- 1990-. Air India 182 1985 , [52], 1989 [53], 1990 [54], [55]. , 1990 , 1990- [56]. 2001 , , 2003 [57].

[]

:

, 1960- ., . , , , 1944 1970 . , . 1980 59,6 % , 1995 , 50,6 % , 60 % .

, , , , . (,   , ), , , , , .

2006 , , . . , 27 2006 , , « », , , .

[]

1940 . () 1994 . , - . 1980- . , - , . ( ), .

[]

: , , -
,

[]

  , , . -, -. 1 2010 , «» . -  , .

,   , XVI . , (   - ), . , . , -. , , ( 180 , ).

. Ÿ   , -,     -. , -.

II , , . .

, -    ,   . , . 105 ,   308. () (-), -.

- -. -; , , , .

«» , . , , .[   800 ] ,   .

[]

, , . ( ), , . 1982 ( ), . , , . « , , » ( ). , « » , , ( , ,   ).

[] ,

, - - , . , , -, «». - , , 2 2011 .

. . .

, ( «»). - , :

  • -;
  • 5- ;
  • .

[]

. XX   . ; ( 2011).     . , , .

[]

:

, . .   , -, ( ). - ( - ). - .

- , . - -. , ( , 1999).

( ) , , .

[]

: , ,
, .

[]

1867 ( 1867). , , .

( ) . . , 1875, , . « , », , . , , . , , . « , - , , , », , .

, , 8 , - -. , , - . -. .

RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police)  GRC (Gendarmerie royale du Canada)  , ()

[]

, common law, , , , . , , . , ,   . ; ( ) , , , , .

[]

[] -

, , . , , . , , . , , .

1964 , 1962 .

Bombardier Alstom () , -. Hydro-Québec , .

.

[]

, .

(Agence canadienne de développement international).

60 , .   1956 ., - . , , , . . 50 1989. XXI . , , - .

[] ,

:

- - (), . 62 000 26 000 . , - - . ́ 1500 , 34 861 .

.

. . , 1950, , , 1- . 2001 . 2004 . - , 2005 . 2005 .

[]

:

10 3 . ( 1999).

 () - (  )  ( )  ( )  () -    -            .


( - , .)

(1)

  1.  Flag of British Columbia.svg
  2.  Flag of Alberta.svg
  3.  Flag of Saskatchewan.svg
  4.  Flag of Manitoba.svg
  5.  Flag of Ontario.svg
  6.  Flag of Quebec.svg
  7.  Flag of New Brunswick.svg -
  8.  Flag of Prince Edward Island.svg
  9.  Flag of Nova Scotia.svg
  10.  Flag of Newfoundland and Labrador.svg
(1)

  1.  Flag of Yukon.svg
  2.  Flag of the Northwest Territories.svg -
  3.  Flag of Nunavut.svg
(1)

, . 1867, . , , . , , , , , , . , , 1982, . , . .

, , « , ». , , , , ,  . , « , », (, ). . , , .

, -,   -, , - . - , - , , - , .

[]

:
. , , , , . , , . - , . , ́ .

́ . 75 %   . - ( )     . (- ) (). 1925 60˚ . . 141˚ . ., , . (), (82,5˚ . . 834   450   ).   .

( 3,5 1 ²) .   - . - . , , , , , . , , .

( )

. . , , , . - , . 4 . , , .

.

60- 3   , - ,  ( )   . , , , . - . , , .

,

  ,   . , , . , , . , , . . ;   ( . ), , , . , , . ( , , , , , ). , ); .   , ; , , , .

, , , .   , , ,   . : , , , , , ,   , , .   . , ,   , -.   , , , . . . .

, . , .

[]

:

. , 15˚ , 45˚ . , - , 63˚ ( ). (, 337 ). , , . 35˚, 40˚, .

[]

: , ,
19922009 , 1992
, ( ) , , II,

, () . [58]. , Heritage Foundation , [59]. , [60]. 2008 $ 442,9 , $ 280,8 , 11,7  11,3 . [60]. 2009 4,8  , C $ 46,9 2008 [61].

2009 , 8,6 %. 5,8 % 17 % [62]. 566,7  . 2010-11 $ 463,7  2008-09 [63]. $ 40,6 $ 193,8 2010 [64]. 2009-10 $ 100 [65], C $ 49,2 2010-11 [66].

, , . , , [67]. - , [68].

, [69]. . [70].

; , [71], . , , , , [69]. , , . , ( , ) ( )[72].

Two men and one women sit at a table and sign a piece of paper, while three men in suits stand behind them, in front of a set of limp flags
, () 1992

. , , [73]. 1965 . 1970-, - [74].

1980 - « » [75]. 1988 ; () 1990- [71]. 1990- [76]. 2008 , , 10 %[77].

[] ()

:
, . 2006 52,6 % .

  . 7 1969 , . , . - -, -. . , , -, -. , , .

57,8 % ,   22,1 %. 98,5 % ( - 67,5 %, - 13,3 %, 17,7 %). 5 200 000 . ,   ( ), 853 745 ., (469 485), (438 080) , , (271 220). , ,   , . , , , , , , - -.

, -, , , .   . 85 % . -, , . (« »): ,   . - . , , () ( ), .

[]

[]

,
,
: , , , ,

2010 34 [1]. 2006 5,4 % 2001 [78].

, ¾ 160  [79]. , - ( -, -), ( ) - [80]. 2001 30 007 094 . , 2009 . 33,5 ., 8  . . , (, -).

  . 2006 43 , 100 000 . «» (30,9 %), , , , . , (20,1 %), (15,1 %), (14,5 %), (13,3 %), (9,7 %), (4,4 %), (4,1 %), (3,8 %), (3,7 %), (3,2 %), (3 %), (3 %), (1,5 %)[81].

  . , , , , . , , , . - , . , , , . , . 2001, 39,4 % , . , .

, (, , .) . . , , . , , , .

  , , , , .

[]

:

. 77,1 % , ́ (43,6 % ).   (); 17 % , (6,7 %) (, , , ).[   16 ]

[]

; . , , . : (Cégep)  , . , 5-7 16-18 , 99- . , ; - . 2002 43 % 25 64 , 25 34 51 %.

[]

:

, , , , , , . , .

, , , .

[]

, .

, , 1960- , . ; - (, , , ), , . , - , . : .

. ; . (, , ,  . .), ( ), , , ,  . .

. , , . , , . 27 .

, , (. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, . Société Radio-Canada), (. National Film Board of Canada, . Office national du film du Canada), , (. Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, . Conseil de la radiodiffusion et des télécommunications canadiennes).

[]

, (1967) (1970), , , , , (1989).

[]

-,- -, , k.d. lang, , , , , , -, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . - Thousand Foot Krutch, Alexisonfire, Three Days Grace, Rush, Godspeed You! Black Emperor, Hail the Villain, A Silver Mt. Zion, Barenaked Ladies, Nickelback, Theory of a Deadman, Sum 41, Silverstein, The Guess Who, Protest The Hero, Crash Test Dummies, Les Georges Leningrad, Billy Talent, Simple Plan, Exciter, Razor, Annihilator, Blasphemy, Strapping Young Lad, Ion Dissonance, Beneath the Massacre, Despised Icon, The Birthday Massacre, Kittie, Skinny Puppy, Front Line Assembly, Voivod, Cancer Bats, SereGo.O, 100 Monkeys, Arcade Fire, Drake, The Weeknd.

. 1939 , 1967 ( « ») . , « » (1970) « » (1971). ( ) (), .

, , , , . , , , , , , , , . () (   ).

[]

:
 

. , , .   , , , , ,     , (). 50 % ( 30 ) . . .

( , ). , , , , . 2007, 2010 ( ) XXI .

[]

, , , , .   , . , XVIII , , (cent, [sənt] [sən]), .

[]

  • , ( ), . (4000 ), (5020 ).
  • .
  •   .
  • (, ,  . .) , .
  • - .
  •   , .
  •   .
  • , - , 13   , .
  • -   , , 555 ( 2007  ) , , 447 .
  •   ; -, .
  • , .[   211 ]
  •   (1670).
  •   ,   , ,   , ,   - ,   ,   ,   ,   .
  • --- , 100 .[   211 ]
  • 5 Blue Flag ( , 4 ).
  • - ( )  ( 350 000 ²).
  • 300  ( )  , , .
  •   , , , .
  • «» , --.
  • .
  • 2005 , , 400 «» , «» . , XVII , 200- .
  • , , , , .[   211 ]

[]

« » [82] 3 159
[83] 4 182
˸ , 2009 [84] 8 181
2005 . 2005 [85] 14 111
/ , 2005 [86] 6 146
2009 [87] 19 175
Transparency International 2010 [88] 6 180
Institute for Economics & Peace [89] 8 144
, 2009 [90] 166 177[91]
[92] 9 133
[93] 11 167

[]

  1. 1 2 Canada's population clock. Statistics Canada. 21 2011.
  2. 1 2 ( 2008)
  3. Origin of the Name, Canada. Canadian Heritage (Government of Canada) (2008). 27 2010.
  4. Maura, Juan Francisco (2009). «Nuevas aportaciones al estudio de la toponimia ibérica en la América Septentrional en el siglo XVI». Bulletin of Spanish Studies 86 (5): 577603. DOI:10.1080/14753820902969345.
  5. Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas (PDF). University College London 73:524539 (2003). doi:10.1086/377588. 21 2011. 22 2010.
  6. Cinq-Mars, J (2001). «On the significance of modified mammoth bones from eastern Beringia» (PDF). The World of Elephants  International Congress, Rome. 2010-02-25.
  7. Wright, JV A History of the Native People of Canada: Early and Middle Archaic Complexes. Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation (27  2001). 21 2011. 19 2009.
  8. Griebel, Ron The Bluefish Caves. Minnesota State University.( ) 18 2009.
  9. Beringia: humans were here (re-published online by Canada.com). Gazette (Montreal). CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. (May 17, 2008). 21 2011. 18 2009.
  10. Cinq-Mars, Jacques Significance of the Bluefish Caves in Beringian Prehistory. Canadian Museum of Civilization (2001). 21 2011. 15 2010.
  11. The Native Imprint: The Contribution of First Peoples to Canada's Character / Dickason, Olive  Athabasca: Athabasca University Educational Enterprises, 1995. . 1. P. 114117.
  12. History & Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies  Moscow: KomKniga/URSS, 2006. ISBN 5484010020.
  13. 1 2 3 Wilson Donna M Dying and Death in Canada  Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008. P. 2527. ISBN 9781551118734.
  14. Thornton Russell Population history of Native North Americans // A population history of North America / Michael R. Haines, Richard Hall Steckel  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. P. 13. ISBN 0521496667.
  15. «Handbook of North American Indians: Indians in contemporary society». Garrick Alan Bailey (2008). Government Printing Office. p.285. ISBN 0-16-080388-8
  16. Civilization.ca-Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage-Culture. Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. Government of Canada (May 12, 2006). 21 2011. 18 2009.
  17. Inuit Circumpolar Council (Canada)-ICC Charter. Inuit Circumpolar Council > ICC Charter and By-laws > ICC Charter (2007). 21 2011. 18 2009.
  18. In the Kawaskimhon Aboriginal Moot Court Factum of the Federal Crown Canada (PDF). Faculty of Law. University of Manitoba (2007).( ) 18 2009.
  19. What to Search: Topics-Canadian Genealogy Centre-Library and Archives Canada. Ethno-Cultural and Aboriginal Groups. Government of Canada (27  2009). 21 2011. 2 2009.
  20. Innu Culture 3. Innu-Inuit 'Warfare'. 1999, Adrian Tanner Department of Anthropology-Memorial University of Newfoundland. 21 2011. 5 2009.
  21. Pálsson Hermann The Vinland sagas: the Norse discovery of America  Penguin Classics, 1965. P. 28. ISBN 0140441549.
  22. Reeves Arthur Middleton The Norse Discovery of America  BiblioLife, 2009. P. 82.
  23. John Cabot's voyage of 1498. Memorial University of Newfoundland (Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage) (2000). 21 2011. 12 2010.
  24. The Portuguese Explorers. Memorial University of Newfoundland (2004). 21 2011. 27 2010.
  25. Morton Desmond A Short History of Canada 6th.  Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2001. P. 917. ISBN 0-7710-6509-4.
  26. Morton, Desmond (2001) (pp. 17-19)
  27. Morton, Desmond (2001) (p. 33)
  28. 1 2 Sarkonak, Ralph (1983). «A Brief Chronology of French Canada, 15341982». Yale French Studies (65): 275282.
  29. Moore Christopher The Loyalist: Revolution Exile Settlement  Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1994. ISBN 0-7710-6093-9.
  30. McNairn Jeffrey L The capacity to judge  Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000. P. 24. ISBN 0802043607.
  31. Haines Michael A population history of North America  Cambridge University Press, 2000. P. 380. ISBN 9780521496667.
  32. 1 2 Canada and the British Empire / Phillip Buckner  Oxford University Press, 2008. P. 3740, 5659, 114, 124125. ISBN 019927164X.
  33. Romney, Paul (Spring 1989). «From Constitutionalism to Legalism: Trial by Jury, Responsible Government, and the Rule of Law in the Canadian Political Culture». Law and History Review 7 (1).
  34. Evenden Leonard J The Pacific Coast Borderland and Frontier // Geographical snapshots of North America / Donald G. Janelle  Guilford Press, 1992. P. 52. ISBN 0898620309.
  35. Bothwell Robert History of Canada Since 1867  East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1996. P. 207310. ISBN 0-87013-399-3.
  36. Bumsted JM The Red River Rebellion  Winnipeg: Watson & Dwyer, 1996. ISBN 0920486231.
  37. Building a nation. The Canadian Atlas. 21 2011. 18 2009.
  38. Sir John A. Macdonald. Library and Archives Canada (2008). 21 2011. 18 2009.
  39. Cook, Terry The Canadian West: An Archival Odyssey through the Records of the Department of the Interior. The Archivist. Library and Archives Canada (2000). 21 2011. 18 2009.
  40. 1 2 3 Morton Desmond A military history of Canada 4th.  Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1999. P. 130158, 173, 203233. ISBN 0771065140.
  41. Haglund David G Security, strategy and the global economics of defence production  McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999. P. 12. ISBN 0889118752.
  42. Goddard Lance Canada and the Liberation of the Netherlands  Dundurn Press Ltd, 2005. P. 225232. ISBN 1550025473.
  43. Stacey CP History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War  Queen's Printer, 1948. . 1. P. 324327.
  44. Sherwood George Legends in their time  Natural Heritage Books, 2006. P. 162. ISBN 1897045107.
  45. Dominion of Newfoundland (PDF). Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board (1999). 21 2011. 7 2010.
  46. Mackey Eva The house of difference: cultural politics and national identity in Canada  Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002. P. 57. ISBN 0802084818.
  47. Sarrouh, Elissar Social Policies in Canada: A Model for Development. Social Policy Series, No. 1 1416, 2237. United Nations (22  2002).( ) 17 2010.
  48. Canadian Politics 4th.  Orchard Park, NY: Broadview Press, 2004. P. 250254, 344347. ISBN 1-55111-595-6.
  49. Légaré, André (2008). «Canada's Experiment with Aboriginal Self-Determination in Nunavut: From Vision to Illusion». International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 15 (23): 335367. DOI:10.1163/157181108X332659.
  50. 1 2 Clift Dominique Quebec nationalism in crisis reissued.  McGill-Queen's University Press, 1982. P. 2836, 9699, 106107. ISBN 0773503838.
  51. 1 2 Dickinson John Alexander A Short History of Quebec 3rd.  Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003. P. 357360. ISBN 0-7735-2450-9.
  52. Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182. Canadian government.( ) 1 2009.
  53. Sourour, Teresa K Report of Coroner's Investigation (PDF) (1991). 21 2011. 7 2010.
  54. The Oka Crisis (Digital Archives). Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (2000). 21 2011. 7 2010.
  55. Roach Kent September 11: consequences for Canada  McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003. P. 15, 5961, 194.
  56. Canada and Multilateral Operations in Support of Peace and Stability. National Defence and the Canadian Forces (2010). 21 2011. 7 2010.
  57. Jockel, Joseph T; Sokolsky, Joel B (2008). «Canada and the war in Afghanistan: NATOs odd man out steps forward». Journal of Transatlantic Studies 6 (1): 100115. DOI:10.1080/14794010801917212.
  58. Latest release. World Trade Organization (17  2008). 21 2011. 3 2008.
  59. Index of Economic Freedom. The Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal (2009). 21 2011. 9 2009.
  60. 1 2 Imports, exports and trade balance of goods on a balance-of-payments basis, by country or country grouping. Statistics Canada (16  2009). 21 2011. 17 2010.
  61. «Canada has first yearly trade deficit since 1975». The Globe and Mail. February 10, 2010.
  62. Latest release from Labour Force Survey. Statistics Canada (6  2009). 21 2011. 18 2009.
  63. «Budget fights deficit with freeze on future spending». CTV News. March 4, 2010.
  64. «Canadas foreign debt climbs $41-billion». Financial Post. June 17, 2010.
  65. «Why foreign investors cant get enough of our debt». Financial Post. January 17, 2010.
  66. «Canada budget tackles deficit, averts election». Reuters. March 4, 2010.
  67. Employment by Industry. Statistics Canada (8  2009). 21 2011. 19 2009.
  68. Easterbrook, WT (March 1995). «Recent Contributions to Economic History: Canada». Journal of Economic History 19.
  69. 1 2 Brown Charles E World energy resources  Springer, 2002. P. 323, 378389. ISBN 3540426345.
  70. Clarke, Tony; Campbell, Bruce; Laxer, Gordon US oil addiction could make us sick. Parkland Institute (10  2006). 21 2011. 18 2006.
  71. 1 2 Britton John NH Canada and the Global Economy: The Geography of Structural and Technological Change  McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996. P. 2627, 155163. ISBN 0773513566.
  72. Leacy, FH (ed.) Vl-12. Statistics Canada (1983). 21 2011. 18 2010.
  73. Granatstein JL Yankee Go Home: Canadians and Anti-Americanism  Toronto: HarperCollins, 1997. ISBN 0-00-638541-9.
  74. Morck Randall Who owns whom? Economic nationalism and family controlled pyramidal groups in Canada // Governance, multinationals, and growth / Lorraine Eden, Wendy Dobson  Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005. P. 50. ISBN 1843769093.
  75. Jenkins Barbara L The paradox of continental production  Cornell University Press, 1992. P. 117. ISBN 0801426766.
  76. Jean Chrétien, CBC (13  2009). 20 2009.
  77. Sturgeon, Jamie Jobless rate to peak at 10%: TD. National Post (13  2009).( ) 20 2009.
  78. Beauchesne, Eric We are 31,612,897. National Post (13  2007). 21 2011. 13 2007.
  79. Custred Glynn Security Threats on America's Borders // Immigration policy and the terrorist threat in Canada and the United States / Alexander Moens  Fraser Institute. P. 96. ISBN 0889752354.
  80. Urban-rural population as a proportion of total population, Canada, provinces, territories and health regions. Statistics Canada (2001). 21 2011. 23 2009.
  81. Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories  20 % sample data
  82. The 2006 State of World Liberty Index. State of World Liberty Project. 21 2011. 7 2007.
  83. Human Development Report 2009. United Nations Development Program (2009). 21 2011. 7 2010.
  84. Doing Business in Canada. World Bank Group (2010). 21 2011. 7 2010.
  85. The worlds best country, The Economist (17  2004). 7 2010.
  86. 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index. Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, Yale University; Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University (2005). 21 2011. 7 2010.
  87. Press Freedom Index 2009. Reporters Without Borders. 21 2011. 7 2010.
  88. 2010 Corruption Perceptions Index - Transparency International. Transparency International. 21 2011. 20 2011.
  89. 2009 Methodology, Results & Findings, Institute for Economics & Peace, . 10. 20 2010.
  90. Failed States Index Scores 2009. Fund for Peace (2010). 7 2010.
  91. The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010. World Economic Forum (2009). 21 2011. 7 2010.
  92. The Economist Intelligence Units Index of Democracy 2008. The Economist (2008).( ) 7 2010.

[]

  • . . : / . . - . . . . .: , 1977. 176, [8] . ( ). 81 000 . (.)
  • Bumsted JM History of the Canadian Peoples  Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-541688-0.
  • Conrad Margaret Canada: A National History  Toronto: Longman, 2003. ISBN 0-201-73060-X.
  • Stewart Gordon T History of Canada Before 1867  East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-87013-398-5.
  • Brooks Stephen Canadian Democracy: An Introduction 3rd.  Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press Canada, 2000. ISBN 0-19-541503-5.
  • Dahlitz Julie Secession and international law: conflict avoidance  regional appraisals  The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2003. ISBN 90-6704-142-4.
  • Fox Annette Baker Canada in World Affairs  East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-87013-391-8.
  • Morton Desmond Marching to Armageddon: Canadians and the Great War 19141919  Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1989. ISBN 0-88619-209-9.


  • Canadian Oxford World Atlas / Quentin H. Stanford 5th.  Toronto: Oxford University Press (Canada), 2003. ISBN 0-19-541897-2.
  • Marr William L Canada: An Economic History  Toronto: Gage, 1980. ISBN 0-7715-5684-5.
  • Wallace Iain A Geography of the Canadian Economy  Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-540773-3.
  • Resnick Philip The European Roots Of Canadian Identity  Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press, 2005. ISBN 1-55111-705-3.

[] .

[]