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| José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera | |
| , 1929 | |
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́ ́ ́--́ (. José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera, 19 1888, 8 1942, -) , , , 3- ( 1921 , 1927 ), 19101930- , . « », . ( 1909 ) 34 , 1916 1924 [1].
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19 1888 , ( ), . , , . , , , . [2]. [3]. , , [4].
. , , [5][6]. , , (.), , [2]. , , , : « , !»[2] , . , . , , .
1901 . , [7]. . , , [8]. , , : [9]. , , , , [10].
1904 -, [11][12]. , -, . 1906 , . ; , , [12]. 1906 . , [13].
19081909 . . [14]. [15], : +8 1 =14.
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| . . . , , 1914. . c3, . , 29b2! . |
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1910 , - [16][17]. -, , : . , , , [18]. , - , . . , : , [19], « » (obviously unfair), [20][21]. , 1914 [20]. 1913 4 , 1- - 2- . , [22][23]. [24]. -, , . , , , . 19 [25][26]. 2 - -[27], , , , . 1914 . , . , , 2- , - ( ). . - 10 6½:3½[28].
-, . 1915 , , . 1916 , , . , , . 1918 . , . , , . , , .
1. e4 e5 2. f3 c6 3. b5 a6 4. a4 f6 5. 0-0 e7. 6. e1 b5 7. b3 0-0 8. c3 d5 . , , .
9. exd5 xd5 10. xe5 xe5 11. xe5 f6 ( 11c6) 12. e1 d6 13. h3 g4!? 14. f3 ( 15. hxg4 15. xa8. 14. hxg4 14h4 15. f3 h2+ 16. f1 xg4 ) 14h4 15. d4 xf2!? . . 15h5.
16. e2 [ 16. e8 16xh3+ 17. gxh3 b7 18. xf8+ xf8 19. d5 e1+ 20. f1 g3+ 21. g2 c5+ 22. f1 d3+ 23. e2 xh3+, 16. xf2 16h2+ 17. f1 g3 18. e2 xh3 19. gxh3 ae8 20. g2 (20. xe8? f6+) 20xe2+ 21. xe2 d6[29]] 16g4 17. hxg4 ( 17. xf2, 17g3 18. f1 xe2 19. xe2 ae8 20. e3 e4 ) 17h2+ 18. f1 g3 19. xf2 h1+ 20. e2 xf2 21. d2 ( 21. xf2 - 21xc1 22. f3 ae8) 21h4 22. h3 ae8+ 23. d3 (23. f3?? f1×; 23. e3? e1+ 24. d3 g5) 23f1+ 24. c2 f2 25. f3 g1 ( 25e2 26. a4 e1 27. axb5 e3 28. xe3 xe3 29. xe1 xe1 30. bxa6 ) 26. d5 ( 26. d1, ; 26. a4 26e3 27. xe3 xe3 28. d2 xa1 29. xe3 bxa4 30. d5 a3 31. bxa3 xa3 32. b3[29]) 26c5 27. dxc5 xc5 28. b4 d6 29. a4 a5 30. axb5 ( 30. bxa5 bxa4 31. xa4 b8 32. a1) 30axb4 31. a6 bxc3 32. xc3 b4 33. b6 xc3 34. xc3 h6 ( 34e3?? 35. xf7+!) 35. b7 ( 36. g6) 35e3 36. xf7+! xf7 37. b8+ h7 38. xh6+ .
- . , [30], . 1919 ; , [28]. , . , [31]. -, .
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1911 -. 1920 [32][33]. , , , , . , , « , »[32][34]. 20 000 , , . 1921 . , 24 , , [35]. , , [32][36]. , , , , [19].
«» :
, , . , , , .
, , . - . , , , - [37]. « » , [35]. , , « »[38].
, . , , . , [39], +4 0 =10 . [35].
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1922 , . 103 , . , [40]. , , . . 19231927 . - 1924 , , , , [41][42]. , ( (Oscar Chajes) 1916 )[42].
1925 1- . , . , - , [43]. . , . , [44][45]. , , . , , [46]. , , , [24], « ».
1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. f3 dxc4 4. e4 c5 5. xc4 cxd4 6. xd4 f6 7. c3 c5 8. e3 bd7 , (8. 0-0)[48]. , , [49]. .
9. xe6! fxe6 10. xe6 a5 b6, 11. xc5 xc5 12. c1 . 11. 0-0 xe3 12. fxe3 f7 13. b3 g6 14. f5 b6 15. f4+ h6 16. g4? 16. f7 g6 17. e6 16. g5 17. xg5 . . g5 17. xb6 axb6 18. d1 g8? . 18. gf 19. g5+ g7 20. gf+ xf6 21. g5+ f7 22. ef h6, . 19. d5 xg4? , «» e7. . 20. e7 g7 21. d6+ h5 22. f3 f6 23. h3+ g4 24. g3+ h5 25. f5 g6 26. e7 26. h3+ g4 27. g2 h6+ . 26. g4? . , . 26. c5! 27. :g6 fxe4! 28. d8! xg6 29. g2 ( 29. xe4 xe4 30. g2 30. xa2!) 29. e6 30. xc8 xc8 31. xe4 . 27. xg6 xg6 28. xg4+ f7 29. f4 g7 30. e5 e8 31. e6 c7 32. e7+ .
1926 -. -, « » [50]. , : , , , . , , , ; [50][51]. , . 2½ . « »: , , , , « »[52].
1922 « » (London Rules) . , 6 , 10 000 , 20 % , 60:40. [53]. , , , , , . «» . , , , , , « », , . 10 000 ( [54]) 68 , , [55]. , , , [56].
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, 34 . . . . +6 3 =25 .
[] -
1927 , , , , (-) [62]. 19281931 11 , , . (1931, +2 0 =8). 1- (1928), (1928 1929), (1929), (1929/1930), - (1931); 2- - (1928), (1929), (1930/1931). ; , , . - , , , [63]. , , . [64]. , - [59][65][66].
, - ( , 10 000 )[67][68]. 1928 , « ». 16. , , , , . , , [69][70]. . 1929 , . - . 1936 .
1932 1934 ( ) , . - (1934/1935), . 1935 , - 66- , « »[71]. [72][73]. , .
1936 . 3- , . . 3½ . , , [74][75]. , , . , , ( ). , , [76]. , [77].
1934 , , 1938 . 1930- , . -[11].
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1930- . , 1937 , 34- , . ( ). , [78]. : - , [79]. .
- 1938 . [79]. , ( ). , [80]; , [81]. , [78].
1939 23- , . -. 1- [82], , . , , , . , [83].
- , , - . . , , - [84]. 1941 , . , 1938 , -, . , -, [84].
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1930- . - , . , 7 1942 , , , . « ». . , [85]. , 11 1941 , .
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, . , , . . , , [24]. , , , , . , (. ), « ! !»[86] , , [24].
, [24]. 1921 , ( 19 1893 ). : , , ( 2 1923 ), ( 23 1925 ), , , . . 1925 , , , , , [87].
de facto . , . [88]. 1934 ( [23]) , . , [88], [23]. , . . 1938 , -[88].
1994 , 95 . , [23]. , , .
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, , , , [89]. , « [] . . »[90]. , , , , [91].
« », , . . «Warriors of the Mind» (1989) [92]; 1978 -, 2725 ( )[93]. , , [91][94].
, . , , , , , , [95][96]. , , [96]. « » , , . , , , 18 , , . , , [97]. , , , , .
, , , , .
, , , , , , , :
, , ( ), : , , , , , .
, , [98].
, . : « , , . , , , »[99].
, , , , . , , , « »[100]. - , .
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19171918 , , [101]. - (.), [102]. , , , , [101].
- , , , ; [103]. , « », , - [104]. , 10- .
1920 « » («My Chess Career»), 1919 . , , , , [33]. , , , [104].
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1920- , . , - , , [105]. , , . XIX XX , 2,5 (10/4), (25/9), .
. ( ) ( ), 10 8×10 10×10 . : 16×12, , ; . [106]. ; , , , , .
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1962 . , , . 2001 . , , (), (), ()[107].
1951 , ( #463-465, C44-C46, E14). , 1982 ( #2560-3), 1988 , , ( #3043-8; 3049a-3054a). ( #1136), - ( #741), ( #796), , , ( #1025f), , ( #430) [108][109]. , - 1924 ( #302); : [108].
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| 1901 | 7:5 7:6[8] | +4 2 =6 +4 3 =6[8] | . | ||
| 1909 | 15:8 | +8 1 =14 | . | ||
| 1910 | - | 2 | 9½ 12 | +8 1 =3 | 1- (10). |
| 1911 | - | 1 | 9½ 14 | +6 1 =7 | 23- ( 9), 4- (8½). . |
| 1913 | - | 1 | 11 13 | +10 1 =2 | 2- (10½), 3- (9½), 4- (9). |
| 1913 | 2 | 10 14 | +8 2 =4 | 1- (10½), 3- (9). . | |
| 1913 | - | 1 | 13 13 | +13 0 =0 | |
| 1914 | - | 2 | 13 18, 5 8 |
+10 2 =6 | 1- (13½), 3- (10), 4- (8½), 5- (8). 11 , . |
| 1914 | - | 1 | 11 11 | +11 0 =0 | 2- (8½). |
| 1915 | - | 1 | 13 14 | +12 0 =2 | 2- (12). . |
| 1916 | - | 1 | 14 17, 2 4 |
+12 1 =4 | 2- (11). 14 , . |
| 1918 | - | 1 | 10½ 12 | +9 0 =3 | 2- (9), 3- (7). . |
| 1919 | 5:0 | +5 0 =0 | , , . | ||
| 1919 | 1 | 10½ 11 | +10 0 =1 | 2- (9½), 34- . | |
| 1921 | 11:7 | +4 0 =14 | 24 ; 14 . | ||
| 1922 | 1 | 13 15 | +11 0 =4 | 2- (11½), 3- (11), 4- (10½), 5- (9). | |
| 1924 | - | 2 | 14½ 20 | +10 1 =9 | 1- (16), 3- (12), 4- (11), 5- (10½). . |
| 1925 | 3 | 13½ 20 | +9 2 =9 | 1- (15½), 2- (14), 4- (12½). | |
| 1926 | - | 1 | 6 8 | +4 0 =4 | : 5, 4½, 3, 1½. . |
| 1927 | - | 1 | 14 20 | +8 0 =12 | : 11½, 10½, 10, 8, 6. . |
| 1927 | 15½:18½ | +3 6 =25 | . | ||
| 1928 | - | 2 | 7 11 | +4 1 =6 | 1- (8), 34- (6½). |
| 1928 | 1 | 7 9 | +5 0 =4 | 2- (6), 34- (5). | |
| 1928 | 1 | 8½ 12 | +5 0 =7 | 2- (7), 3- (6½). . | |
| 1929 | 1 | 5½ 7 | +4 0 =3 | 23- (5). | |
| 1929 | 23 | 14½ 21 | +10 2 =9 | . 1- (15), 4- (13½). | |
| 1929 | 1 | 10½ 13 | +8 0 =5 | 2- (9½). | |
| 1929 | 1 | 13½ 14 | +13 0 =1 | 2- (11½). | |
| 192930 | 1 | 6½ 9 | +4 0 =5 | 2- (6½). | |
| 193031 | 2 | 6½ 9 | +5 1 =3 | 1- (7). | |
| 1931 | - | 1 | 10 11 | +9 0 =2 | 2- (8½). |
| 1932 | 6:4 | +2 0 =8 | |||
| 193435 | 4 | 5½ 9 | +4 2 =3 | 13- , (6½). | |
| 1935 | 2 | 7 9 | +6 1 =2 | 1- (7½). | |
| 1935 | 4 | 12 19 | +7 2 =10 | 12- (13), 3- (12½). | |
| 1936 | 1 | 13 18 | +8 0 =10 | 2- (12), 3- (9½), 4- (9). | |
| 1936 | 2 | 7 9 | +5 0 =4 | 1- (7½). | |
| 1936 | 12 | 10 14 | +7 1 =6 | . 35- , (9½), 6- (9). | |
| 1937 | 34 | 7½ 14 | +2 1 =11 | . 1- (9), 2- (8). | |
| 1938 | 1 | 8 10 | +6 0 =4 | 2- (7½). . | |
| 1938 | -, | 7 | 6 14 | +2 4 =8 | . . |
| 1939 | 23 | 6½ 9 | +4 0 =5 | . 1- (7½). | |
| 1939 | 8- | 11½ 16 | +7 0 =9 | 11- 16 , . | |
[]
- Havana 1913. , .
- Chess Fundamentals. 1921 , « », 1924 .
- My Chess Career. 1921 , « », 1924 .
- A Primer of Chess. 1935 , « », 1936 .
- The Worlds Championship Chess Match between José Raul Capablanca and Dr. Emanuel Lasker, with an introduction, the scores of all the games annotated by the champion, together with statistical matter and the biographies of the two masters, 1921. 1977 1927 Worlds Championship Matches, 1921 and 1927.
- Last Lectures. 1966 , « », . « », 1976 .
[]
- « » (1925) , . 1925 , , .
- «» (1987) - . [110].
[]
- Edward Winter. Chess Records.
- 1 2 3 Capablanca, José Raúl. My Chess Career. NY: Dover Publications, 1966. . 4. 194 . ISBN 0486215482
- . . . How I Learned to Play Chess // Munseys Magazine. , 1916. . 9496.
- . , . . . . 11.
- Ramon Iglesias vs Jose Raul Capablanca 1893
- . . . . 10.
- Capablanca, José Raúl. My Chess Career. NY: Dover Publications, 1966. . 6. 194 . ISBN 0486215482
- 1 2 3 . , , , , . . . David Hooper, Dale A. Brandreth. The Unknown Capablanca. P. 116.
- David Hooper, Dale A. Brandreth. The Unknown Capablanca. P. 116.
- David Hooper, Dale A. Brandreth. The Unknown Capablanca. P. 117.
- 1 2 3 Jose Capablanca (18881942) by Bill Wall
- 1 2 Quentin Reynolds. One Mans Mind. Collier's (2 1935).( ) 2 2009.
- Capablanca, José Raúl. My Chess Career. NY: Dover Publications, 1966. . 14. 194 . ISBN 0486215482
- . . . . 16.
- . , . . . . 14.
- . , . . . . 19.
- . . . . 23.
- . . . . 24.
- 1 2 Lasker vs Capablanca 1921
- 1 2 . , . . . . 23.
- Edward Winter. Capablancas Reply to Lasker // British Chess Magazine. 1922. № October. . 376380.
- Bill Wall. Not Only Chess. chess.com (8 2007). 11 2011. 7 2009.
- 1 2 3 4 Olga Choubaroff Clark
- 1 2 3 4 5 . . . (23 2000). 11 2011. 7 2009.
- David Hooper, Dale A. Brandreth. The Unknown Capablanca. P. 1.
- Arnold Aurbach vs Jose Raul Capablanca, Paris (1913)
- Capablanca, José Raúl. My Chess Career. NY: Dover Publications, 1966. . 89. 194 . ISBN 0486215482
- 1 2 . , . . . . 57.
- 1 2 Capablanca-Marshall, New York 1918 by Bill Wall
- . . . . 50.
- Capablanca, José Raúl. My Chess Career. NY: Dover Publications, 1966. . 177178. 194 . ISBN 0486215482
- 1 2 3 Edward Winter. How Capablanca Became World Champion, 2004
- 1 2 . . . . 51.
- Says Capablanca Has Earned Title; Lasker Bases Yielding of Chess Crown Without Play on Rules Drawn for Match. New York Times (27 1920). 11 2011. 1 2009.
- 1 2 3 , . . 2- . .: , 1925. 63 .
- . , . . . . 62.
- José Raúl Capablanca, Fred Reinfeld. The Immortal Games of Capablanca. P. 10
- . . . . 55.
- Emanuel Lasker vs Jose Raul Capablanca Lasker Capablanca World Championship Match 1921 · Spanish Game: Berlin Defense. Closed Showalter Variation (C66) · 01
- David Hooper, Dale A. Brandreth. The Unknown Capablanca. P. 158.
- . , . . . . 76
- 1 2 . . . . 67.
- . , . . . . 9193
- . . . . 71.
- Jose Raul Capablanca vs Mikhail Botvinnik Leningrad 1925
- . , . . . . 99
- Jose Raul Capablanca vs Efim Bogoljubov Moscow International Tournament 1925 · Queens Gambit Accepted: Rosenthal Variation (D30) · 10
- . , . . . . 98.
- . . . . 227.
- 1 2 . , . . . . 105
- . . . . 7677.
- . , . . . . 107113
- Edward Winter. The London Rules, 2008
- . . . .: , 1976. . 175. 256 .
- . ,
- . . . . 66.
- José Raúl Capablanca, Fred Reinfeld. The Immortal Games of Capablanca. P. 1213
- . . . . 80.
- 1 2 José Raúl Capablanca, Fred Reinfeld. The Immortal Games of Capablanca. P. 13
- Luděk Pachman, Allen S. Russell. Modern chess strategy. Courier Dover Publications, 1971. . 306. 314 . ISBN 0486202909
- Jose Raul Capablanca vs Karel Treybal Karlsbad 1929 · Slav Defense: Modern Line (D11) · 10
- Golombek, H. Attempts at Rehabilitation // Capablancas Hundred Best Games of Chess. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1959. . 148170.
- . , . . . . 135.
- . , . . . . 147166.
- . , . . . . 129, 147 .
- . . . . 91.
- Edward Winter, Capablanca v Alekhine, 1927
- Edward Winter, FIDE Championship (1928)
- . . . . 89.
- Fine, R. The Age of Lasker // The Worlds Great Chess Games. 2nd ed. Dover, 1976. . 51. ISBN 0-486-24512-8
- . , . . . . 190.
- Emanuel Lasker vs Jose Raul Capablanca Moscow 1935 · French Defense: Winawer Variation (C15) · 10
- . , . . . . 197205.
- Mikhail Botvinnik vs Jose Raul Capablanca Russia 1936 · English Opening: Agincourt Defense. Catalan Defense (A14) · 01
- . . . . 102.
- Fine, R. The Age of Lasker // The Worlds Great Chess Games. 2nd ed. Dover, 1976. . 50. ISBN 0-486-24512-8
- 1 2 . , . . . . 222.
- 1 2 . . . . 104.
- El Gráfico, 1939
- AVRO 1938
- 8th Chess Olympiad: Buenos Aires 1939 Cuba
- 8th Chess Olympiad: Buenos Aires 1939
- 1 2 . - . 64 ( 2000). 11 2011. 1 2009.
- 1 2 Edward Winter. Capablancas Death
- . . . . 137.
- Edward Winter. Chess Notes Capablancas letter to his son
- 1 2 3 Edward Winter. The Genius and the Princess (2009). 11 2011. 7 2009.
- . . . . 29.
- . . , «»
- 1 2 Fishers Top Ten
- All Time Rankings
- Frederic Friedel. Arpad Emre Elo 100th anniversary. chessbase.com (30 2003). 11 2011. 20 2009.
- Viswanathan Anand: The Grandmaster on his ten greatest chess players. Rediff.com.( ) 20 2009.
- . (13 2003). « ». 11 2011. 21 2009.
- 1 2 . . e3e5.com (17 2005). 11 2011. 21 2009.
- Richard Reti. Masters of the Chessboard
- . . .
- . . . . 32.
- . . // . 2- . .: , 1975. . 68. 86 ., . : [1]
- 1 2 Capablanca, José Raúl. My Chess Career. NY: Dover Publications, 1966. . 159160. 194 . ISBN 0486215482
- Miguel Ernesto Gómez Masjuán. En La Habana hubo otro genio del ajedrez (.). Habana Radio. 11 2011. 19 2009.
- . . . . 2931.
- 1 2 Edward Winter. Capablanca Goes Algebraic (1997).
- J. R. Capablanca. The 1925 Moscow International Tournament Modifying Chess for Battles between Top Masters // Revista Bimestre Cubana. Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País, 1926. . 1926. . XXI. № 2.
- David Surratt, «Shall We Play Fischerandom Chess?»
- Dominguez Perez wins the 43rd Capablanca Memorial, Chessbase.com
- 1 2 Bill Wall. Stamps and Chess (21 2005). 11 2011. 6 2009.
- Capablanca
- «Capablanca» (.) Internet Movie Database
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- ., . = Het Schaakphenomeen Capablanca. .: , 1990. 304 . ISBN 5-278-00271-9
- . . . 3- . .: , 1970. 318 .
- David Hooper, Dale A. Brandreth. The Unknown Capablanca. Courier Dover Publications, 1994. 205 . ISBN 0486276147
- Harry Golombek. Capablancas 100 Best Games of Chess. Intl Chess Enterprises, 1997. 262 . ISBN 1879479478
- Edward Winter. Capablanca: A Compendium of Games, Notes, Articles, Correspondence, Illustrations and Other Rare Archival Materials on the Cuban Chess Genius Jose Raul Capablanca, 18881942. McFarland & Co Inc, 1990. 359 . ISBN 0899504558
- José Raúl Capablanca, Fred Reinfeld. The Immortal Games of Capablanca. Courier Dover Publications, 1990. 239 . ISBN 0486263339
- . ., . . . .: , 1988. 272 . ISBN 5-268-00390-9
- . . : . ., 1988. 141, [2] .
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| ? |
- Jose Raul Capablanca (.). 365Chess.com. 11 2011.
- Capablanca, José Raúl (.). OlimpBase. 11 2011.
- Jose Raul Capablanca (.). Chess Corner. 11 2011.
- - . ChessPro. 11 2011.
- (.) Find a Grave
- Edward Winter. Books about Capablanca and Alekhine (.). 11 2011.
- Capablancas Winning Moves (.). 11 2011.
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