GNU Free Documentation License . .

: ,
. , . Ҹ-  ,   ,

́ (: , کٔشِیر; : ;: མི; : کشمیر; : کشمیر; /: کشمیر; : کشمیر; : كەشمىر ; : )  - , . , , .

, - , - .

( ) 101 387 ² 10,1 ; (« ») 13 000 ² 3,6 , ; « » 72 500 ² 1  , ; 37 555 ² . 222 236 ².

[]

(), , 490555 ; 693729 . , 1868.

« » , k «» śimiri «» « ». , - ( ), « » « ». . . , . , ʸ, , .

«», 12 ., , . () , , . (-).

Cashmere  (   Kashmir).[1]

[]

:

, . ( ) , , . ,   ,   . , , .

1846 1947  , , . 1949 . 1965 1999 .

[]

:
. 500 . .

- , . .[2]

, .[3] . 4 . ., , , . . , , . , -, .

Sarvajñapīṭha IAST ( ) 8 9 . .. . ( ) , , . , ; .[4]

( 9501020 . .[5][6]) , . , , , , , [7][8]  , .[9][10]

[11] , 15 ( ) .[12] 35 , , ( ). (Abhinavabhāratī) Nāṭyaśāstra .[13]

[]

, ( ) -, . , , 400500 . ., 1868. . . .

, - .[   697 ] , [   697 ]. , . , . , , . [14] .[15]

[] ,

14 , , 60 000 . , , . . . ,   , , , . . 3 .

-- - - (). , , , . 1339 . , -[1]

, - («») (.1423-1474), . , . - (13891413) . . -- , - . « ». -- : « , ; , . . .»[16]

, , «» . 1588, , . . --. 12 . 6 .

. , (10031028). , , , -, 1412 . . 1486. , , , , 1588.

[]

:

XIX , - , , . , 1780, , , ( ) 1846 .[17] , , , 1819 , 1820. , , .[17]

1845 - , « (1846), . , ( ) , » ( ) .[17][18] 1857, , , , .

( ) 1820 1858 « , , , , ».[19] , , :   ;   , ; , , , , ; -, , ; , , , ; , , .[19] 1857, , , «».

[] 19471948 .

: ,  ,   -
. 1901 .

1925 1947 . , . 77 % , -, . , 14/15 , , . , [20]. [21] , - .[22] , « , . . , , , .»[22]

1948 ; , ,[22], 1965 1999. ; 1/3 , - . «», « 1947 , , , . , , . , , ».[23]

( ) -, .

20 1948 39, . 21 1948 47, , , . , .

[] 1948

: , ,

1 1949 , ,   , , . 77.5 .  ²  .

, , , , , . 31 1951 .[24] 6 1954 ( ) 370 , . 26 1957, . .[25]

, , , 2 169 . . . . , . .

. 19  XX , , , , . 50- - .[23]

« 1956-57 -, . 1962 - »[23]

- 1962 . . 1963 , - , , , ( , -, , 1950- ).

- 1965 ., - , , , . .

1971 . , , - . , . , . 1972 , . , , 1949 .

1980- - . , « » . , . .

1984-76 . ( 1949 « »), .

1987 2001 . , , . 1990 20 . 2001 . 30 ( , , 70 , « » «» ). , « » « » « » .

1995 , 1996 . , , 1990- 70 % .

1999 1971 . , , . , , . , . . , 1999 . , .

. 10 1999 . -21 «-2»,   17   . . , , .

2000 , 2000 2001 . -«--».

2001 . . , . , , .

, . , 13 , , . 2001 2002 .

2002 . , - . . , .

2001 6-10 . , , . 3-4 , 20-30 . , , . , , 300 ( ), .

.

[]

: -, , , -
, ,

- , : - (- ), ( ) , - (- - ). , - . 101 338 ² , 85 846 ² 37555 ².

-, . . , , , , .

-,   , , , , . , - 72,971 ² (28,174 ²) 1,000,000 .   .

  , .[26]   . . , - .[26]

-  , 5000 . , - . .

. 1963, , - . . - . - [][   676 ].

[]

[]

. - .

, .

- , , .

- ( ) 600700  , , -   (4743 ).

- (   , 7135 )   200 , 40  1600  . . ,   . ,   .

.

  ( ), . .

  ( 5500 )  7500 . , -2 (8611 ), .

, .

[]

. -, .

  -. Ÿ 135  32  , .[27] « ». 4 , .

.   . . 1989 . 1 , . : , -, , .

[]

1901 , 74,16 % , 23,72 %, , 1,21 %. , 70 %.[28] 95,6 % 3,24 %.[28] 100 .[29] , 1941 93,6 % 4 % .[29] 2003, 95 %[30] 4 %; , 60 % 30 % .[30] 1901 , 2,905,578. 2,154,695  (74.16 %), 689,073  (23.72 %), 25,828  , 35,047  .

(-), : «, , , . , , . , »[28] : «», «, , , , , ,  . .. , .   . , ; , .»[28] «» ( «»), ", " ", " ", «  . , , - , , - , . - , .[28] - , , , , , , . , , . , , .

, 60 % .[28] 524 10,000 ( 5,24 %), 94 10 000 (0.94 %).[28] 1901, 1,157,394, 1,083,766, 93,6 % 60,641.[28] 626,177 ( 90,87 %), : (186,000), (167,000), (48,000) (93,000).[28]

1911 3,158,126. , 2,398,320 (75.94 %) , 696,830 (22.06 %) , 31,658 (1 %) , 36,512 (1.16 %) . 1941, 3,945,000. 2,997,000 (75.97 %), 808,000 (20.48 %), 55,000 (1.39 %).[31]

, 100 000 700 000 , , ( [32]), , 300 000 , .[33] , , 3 000 000 [34] 35 000 , 1947 .[35][36]

 %  %  %  %
~4 000 000 95 % 4 %*
~3 000 000 30 % 66 % 4 %
~250 000 50 % 46 % 3 %
~2 600 000 100 %
- ~1 000 000 99 %
-

[]

. ,
: , , , ,

- ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), - ( ), - , , . , , , , .

. : - , ( ) ;   , (, ), .

[]

: ,
. .
-, .

. , . , , . , , , , , , . : , , , . , , , , , .

, , ( - ). , , , . . . , «Organic food» . (), -, , .

(2005) . 70 000 1500 .

.[37][38]

[]

XIX . 200 . .   . ,   , «» . . .

[] .

[]

  1. «Kaashmir.» The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989.
  2. A.K. Warder, Indian Buddhism. Motilal Banarsidass 2000, page 256.
  3. A.K. Warder, Indian Buddhism. Motilal Banarsidass 2000, pages 263264.
  4. Tapasyananda Swami Sankara-Dig-Vijaya.  2002.  P. 186195.
  5. Triadic Heart of Shiva, Paul E. Muller-Ortega, page 12
  6. Introduction to the Tantrāloka, Navjivan Rastogi, page 27
  7. Re-accessing Abhinavagupta, Navjivan Rastogi, page 4
  8. Key to the Vedas, Nathalia Mikhailova, page 169
  9. The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy, Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare, page 12
  10. Companion to Tantra, S.C. Banerji, page 89
  11. Doctrine of Divine Recognition, K. C. Pandey, page V
  12. Introduction to the Tantrāloka, Navjivan Rastogi, page 35
  13. Luce dei Tantra, Tantrāloka, Abhinavagupta, Raniero Gnoli, page LXXVII
  14. History of Jihad against the Hindus of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh (638  Ongoing)
  15. Islam Watch  «From Rags to Riches, From Preacher to Despot» by Ali Sina
  16. Muhammad Qãsim Hindû Shãh Firishta : Tãrîkh-i-Firishta, translated by John Briggs under the title «History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India.» First published in 1829, New Delhi Reprint 1981.
  17. 1 2 3 Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15. 1908. «Kashmir: History.» pp. 94-95.
  18. Treaty of Amritsar, March 16, 1846.
  19. 1 2 Bowers, Paul. 2004. «Kashmir.» Research Paper 4/28, International Affairs and Defence, House of Commons Library, United Kingdom
  20. INDIA-PAKISTAN: Death in the Vale  TIME
  21. Viscount Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of British India, stayed on in independent India from 1947 to 1948, serving as the first Governor-General of the Union of India.
  22. 1 2 3 Stein, Burton. 1998. A History of India. Oxford University Press. 432 pages. ISBN 0-19-565446-3. Page 368.
  23. 1 2 3 Kashmir. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  24. Major Events. Jammu and Kashmir Government, India.( ) 9 2007.
  25. The Story Behind. Jammu and Kashmir Government, India.( ) 9 2007.
  26. 1 2 Jina Prem Singh Ladakh: The Land and the People.  Indus Publishing, 1996.  ISBN 8173870578
  27. <ref>; britannica.com
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15. 1908. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. pp. 99-102.
  29. 1 2 Rai, Mridu. 2004. Hindu Ruler, Muslim Subjects: Islam and the History of Kashmir. Princeton University Press. 320 pages. ISBN 0-691-11688-1. p. 37.
  30. 1 2 BBC. 2003. The Future of Kashmir? In Depth.
  31. Brush, J. E. 1949. The Distribution of Religious Communities in India Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 39(2):81-98.
  32. The Indo-Aryan controversy: evidence   Google Books
  33. Evans, Alexander. 2002. A departure from history: Kashmiri Pandits, 19902001 Contemporary South Asia, 11(1):19-37.
  34. Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front
  35. Under renewed threats, pandits may flee the Valley  Hindustan Times
  36. CIA Factbook: IndiaTransnational Issues
  37. Iftikhar Gilani Italian company to pursue oil exploration in Kashmir. Daily Times (22  2008). 20 2009.
  38. Ishfaq-ul-Hassan [www.dnaindia.com/india/report_india-pakistan-to-explore-oil-jointly_1152227 India, Pakistan to explore oil jointly]. Daily News and Analysis (22  2008). 20 2009.

[]

[]

  • . . . ., 1956
  • . . ., 1985

[]

  • Blank, Jonah. "Kashmir-Fundamentalism Takes Root, " Foreign Affairs, 78,6 (November/December 1999): 36-42.
  • Drew, Federic. 1877. "The Northern Barrier of India: a popular account of the Jammoo and Kashmir Territories with Illustrations; 1st edition: Edward Stanford, London. Reprint: Light & Life Publishers, Jammu. 1971.
  • Evans, Alexander. Why Peace Wont Come to Kashmir, Current History (Vol 100, No 645) April 2001 p. 170175.
  • Hussain, Ijaz. 1998. «Kashmir Dispute: An International Law Perspective», National Institute of Pakistan Studies.
  • Irfani, Suroosh, ed «Fifty Years of the Kashmir Dispute»: Based on the proceedings of the International Seminar held at Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir August 24-25, 1997: University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, AJK, 1997.
  • Joshi, Manoj Lost Rebellion: Kashmir in the Nineties (Penguin, New Delhi, 1999).
  • Khan, L. Ali The Kashmir Dispute: A Plan for Regional Cooperation 31 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 31, p. 495 (1994).
  • Knight, E. F. 1893. Where Three Empires Meet: A Narrative of Recent Travel in: Kashmir, Western Tibet, Gilgit, and the adjoining countries. Longmans, Green, and Co., London. Reprint: Cheng Wen Publishing Company, Taipei. 1971.
  • Köchler, Hans. The Kashmir Problem between Law and Realpolitik. Reflections on a Negotiated Settlement. Keynote speech delivered at the «Global Discourse on Kashmir 2008.» European Parliament, Brussels, 1 April 2008.
  • Lamb, Hertingfordbury, UK: Roxford Books,1994, "Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy.
  • Moorcroft, William and Trebeck, George. 1841. Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara from 1819 to 1825, Vol. II. Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971.
  • Neve, Arthur. (Date unknown). The Tourists Guide to Kashmir, Ladakh, Skardo &c. 18th Edition. Civil and Military Gazette, Ltd., Lahore. (The date of this edition is unknown  but the 16th edition was published in 1938).
  • Schofield, Victoria. 1996. Kashmir in the Crossfire. London: I B Tauris.
  • Stein, M. Aurel. 1900. Kalhaas Rājataraṅgiī-A Chronicle of the Kings of Kaśmīr, 2 vols. London, A. Constable & Co. Ltd. 1900. Reprint, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1979.
  • Younghusband, Francis and Molyneux, Edward 1917. Kashmir. A. & C. Black, London.
  • Norelli-Bachelet, Patrizia. «Kashmir and the Convergence of Time, Space and Destiny», 2004; ISBN 0-945747-00-4. First published as a four-part series, March 2002  April 2003, in 'Prakash', a review of the Jagat Guru Bhagavaan Gopinath Ji Charitable Foundation. [1]
  • Yakovlev A. Roots of Terrorism in India (Social, Religious and Political). New Delhi, 2011.
  • Muhammad Ayub. An Army; Ita Role & Rule (A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil 19471999) Rosedog Books, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA 2005. ISBN 0-8059-9594-3.

[]

[]

[]

   
 ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  · - ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  · -  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  · -  ·  ·  ·  ·  · -  ·

 · -  ·  · 370 ·  · - (1974) ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·

 ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·

 ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·

- ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·
 ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·

 ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·
 ·  ·  · - ( )
 ·  · -  ·  ·  ·  ·
«/w/index.php?title=&oldid=44745223»