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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
1-
29 1923  10 1938
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: ()
: 1881 (1881)
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: 10  1938(1938-11-10)
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: « »,
: -
: -
: (1923  1925)
: 8
 
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́ ́ ́; -[1] (. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk; 1881[2]  10 1938)  , , ; ; . 100 .

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1888 , 8 . 13 1893 , , 12- , Selânik Askerî Rüştiyesi in Selânik, («»).

1896 (Manastır Askerî İdadisi) . ).

13 1899 (Mekteb-i Harbiye-i Şahane) , . , , - II.

10 1902 (Erkân-ı Harbiye Mektebi) , 11 1905 . , , 1905 («»).[10]

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. 1910

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1913 , 1914 . 1915 , 19- .

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: : « !» (. Ne mutlu Türküm diyene!)[49], , . , , [50].

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. 4 - (« »), . : - , -[53] ; 206 8758 , 15 [54]. . , . . «» «» , « », . 1934 . « » (№ 2510), , « ». ; , .[55][56].

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« » 19231938 .   , , , 1907 «Veritas» , . 19 1919 , , . , . 1923 1938 .[59][60][61]

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1937 ,   . , , . 1937 , 1938 , [62][63]. , , . 10 , 9 5 1938 57 , «»,  .

21 1938 . 10 1953 «».

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[64].

(1953)[65] : « - . . , , . <>»

Time 1953 : « , , , ».[66]

[]

  • Mustafa Kemal Ataturk before adressing the Turkish Parliament.jpg
  • Ataturk and flag of Turkey.jpg
  • Atatürk with his signature.jpg

[] .

[]

  1. « »  c 1934 , . (. , ., 1936, . 163.)
  2. . 19 : 19 Mayıs Atatürk'ü Anma, Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı.
  3. « » (. 1 1922 : . . ., 1934, . 4, . 270282.)
  4. Turkey: The land a dictator turned into a democracy". «Time». 12 1953.
  5. (., 2005, . 2, . 438.) 12 1881 .
  6. 1 2 Turkey: The land a dictator turned into a democracy". «Time». 12 1953.
  7. Mango, Andrew. Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey, (Overlook TP, 2002), . 27.
  8. «» (, ,   ); : «Zübeyde was as fair as any Slav from beyond the Bulgarian frontier, with a fine white skin and eyes of a deep but clear light blue. <> She liked to think that she had in her veins some of the pure fair blood of the Yuruks, those nomadic descendants of the original Turkish tribes who still survive in isolation among the Taurus Mountains.» (John P. Kinross. Atatürk: a biography of Mustafa Kemal, father of modern Turkey. New York, 1965, . 89.)
  9. Gershom Scholem. Encyclopaedia Judaica, Second Edition, Volume 5, «Doenmeh»: Coh-Doz, Macmillan Reference USA, Thomson Gale, 2007, ISBN 0-02-865933-3, . 732.
  10. . . . . . ., . I, 1929, . XVI. (« .»)
  11. John P. Kinross. Atatürk: a biography of Mustafa Kemal, father of modern Turkey. New York, 1965, . 90: «I dont order you to attack, I order you to die. In the time it takes us to die, other troops and commanders can come and take our places.»
  12. John P. Kinross. Atatürk: a biography of Mustafa Kemal, father of modern Turkey. New York, 1965, . 9091.
  14. --
  15. . . . . . ., . I, 1929, . 403 ( 51).
  16. « »   («») , XVI . , 9 1914 1 1914 , (.: . . . ., 1995, . 81.)
  17. . . . ., 1995, . 241.
  18. « ». ., 1963, № 11, . 147148. ( ).
  19. 1 2 « ». ., 1963, № 11, . 148 ( ).
  20. « ». ., 1963, № 11, . 146.
  21. . : « ». ., 1963, № 11, . 147.
  22. . . . ., 1995, . 227228.
  23. . . . ., 1995, . 228.
  24. .. -
  25. «According to the French observers,'The mob took possession of Metropolitan Chrysostom and carried him away,a little further on, in front of an Italian hairdresser named Ismailthey stopped and the Metropolitan was slipped into a white hairdressers overall. They began to beat him with their fists and sticks and to spit on his face. They riddled him with stabs. They tore his beard off, they gouged his eyes out, they cut off his nose and ears.' The French soldiers were disgusted by what they saw and wished to intervene, but their commanding officer was under orders to remain strictly neutral. At the point of a revolver, he forbade his men from saving the metropolitans life. Chrysostom was dragged into a backstreet in the Iki Cheshmeli district, where he eventually died from his terrible wounds.» Milton, Giles. Paradise Lost: Smyrna 1922: The Destruction of Islams City of Tolerance. Hodder & Stoughton Ltd., London, 2008. pp.268-269.
  26. (), . , (18671922)
  27. Bilal Şimşir, 1981. Atatürk ile Yazışmalar, Kültür Bakanlığı
  28. Nicole and Hugh Pope, Turkey unveiled : a history of modern Turkey, Woodstock, N.Y. : Overlook Press, 2004, p. 58 ISBN 1-58567-581-4
  29. . . . . 2008. 344. ISBN 978-5-235-03163-0, 3000
  30. . . 100 . ., , 2000, . 408.
  31. John P. Kinross. Atatürk: a biography of Mustafa Kemal, father of modern Turkey. New York, 1965, . 369370.
  32. Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA)
  33. : . . ., 1934, . IV, . 280: « 1 1922 .» ( )
  34. . : . . ., 1934, . IV, . 282283.
  35. . .  XX .  .: : +, 2007. . 157.
  36. Bulut F. Tarikat sermayesinin yükselişi. Ankara, 1995, c. 364
  37. . .  XX .  .: : +, 2007. . 178.
  38. Teşviki Sanayı hakkında Mevzuat ve Şurai devlet İçtihadatı. Ankara, 1939, c. 13-17.
  39. Ökçün A.G. 19201930 yılları arasında kurulan Türk anonim şirketlerinde yabancı sermaye. Ankara, 1971, c. 155181
  40. Bener E. Türkiyede para ve kambyo denetimi. Ankara, 1968, c.91, 109, 111
  41. 1 2 3 . .  . , 1994, . 154
  42. . . . // . ( ). ., 2000, . 20-35
  43. 1 2 3 . . : , , //--., 2003.
  44. . . . // . ( ). ., 2000, . 20-35
  45. . . . // . ( ). ., 2000, . 20-35
  46. 1 2 :
  47. . .  . 1990 .53-56.
  49. .
  51. 1 2 3 4 //
  52. . .  . ., , 2005 ., ISBN  5-02-018311-3, . 37, 252254.
  53. . .  . ., , 2005 ., ISBN  5-02-018311-3, . 64, 70-71.
  54. . .  . ., , 2005 ., ISBN  5-02-018311-3, . 67.
  55. 1 2 .
  57. . . . 20--30- .// , ., 1999, . 270290
  58. How Turkey massacred the Kurds of Dersim// Mustafa AKYOL, Hurriyet Daily News, 17.11.2009
  59. Palestine Lodge#189 AF&AM  Catonsville, MD: Freemasonry in Turkey  Ataturk Turkeys George Washington
  60. Hamill, John and, Gilbert, R. A., Freemasonry: A Celebration of the Craft, Page 226. Paul & Company, 1992, ISBN 0-9516355-2-2
  61. http://abbey.lodge.org.uk/famous-masons.htm
  62. Daniel M. Birger «Immortal» AtatürkNarcissism and Creativity in a Revolutionary Leader. Vamik D. Volkan.// The Psychoanalytic Study of Society, IX. 1981 pp.221-255
  63. BLACKER Alcohol Alcohol..1970; 5: 64-68
  64. Kemal celebrated his triumph by transforming Smyrna into ashes and by slaughtering the whole of the indigenous Christian population. .: At Last We Uprooted Them: The Genocide of Greeks of Pontos, Thrace and Asia Minor Through French Archives. Gift of Van Coufoudakis to the Program in Hellenic Studies for Firestone Library. Kyriakidis Brothers, 1999 ISBN 960-343-478-7, 9789603434788 p.287
  65. . ., 1953, . 20, . 504.
  66. Turkey: The land a dictator turned into a democracy". «Time». 12 1953: «Kemal Ataturk was hardly an admirable character. He was a bitter, sullen and ruthless man, a two-fisted drinker and a rake given to shameless debauch».

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XX
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