|
|
[]
(17841856), , . 1859 « , , , » , . « » . , , , .[1]
(. Harry B. Whittington) , 1970- , , (. ).[3] « »[4] . , , , , .
, 1970- , , , , , .[5][6][7] , « », .
, [8], . « » :
- «» ,
- .
[]
. .
, . , , . , :
[]
, , . , , , , , . .
:
- (, );
- ()[15];
- ( , )[16];
, . , , , ( , ).[17] , . , , , .[18]
[] ,
, , , . , , . , , , .[19] , , , (, , ).
[]
, , (87Sr/86Sr), (34S/32S) (13C/12C).[20][21][22][23][24]
2 , -12 (12C) -13 (13C). 13C 1,07 %. , , (12) , (13C). , 13C 5 %-25 % , , «» 12C .
, 12C , [25]:
[]
« » , . , . , A B C, , A. ( ) , , .
[]
(, ). , , . , , , « » . , «» ( , ), .[26]
[]
| . |
, , . , .
, , , .
[] (1,2 0,5 )
:
- 1996 [27] :
- 1998 [28] 1996 . , 670 , 600 . .
- , 2003 [29], , 582 ± 112 ( , 582+112 = 694 , 582112 = 470 ).
- , 2004[30], , 656 573 ( ).
- 2004 [31] , 976 ± 190 ( ).
, , , 10 ( 543533 ) « ».
[]
, , .
[] (1,25 )
, 3 . 1,25 . , ( , ). 20 %.
, , , (« ») ( 1 ).[5][6][32] . , «» . - - .[33]
[] . (1 )
1 , , , , , . , .[32]
, 1 , , , . .[34]
[] , (1 )
, 1 , , , . , , , . , 5 , , , , .[35] , 600 , , .[36]
[] (632550 )
() . ( ), , , .[37] ( , ).
2007 , ( 580550 ), , , . , , , (632 ), [38]
Vernanimalcula ( 0,1 0,2 , 580 ) , , , .[39] [40], 10 Vernanimalcula , , .[41]
13C/12C. , , . « » . , , , , , ( Namapoikia).[42]
[] (610543 )
, : () (). 610543 ( ). . , . , «» «» (Vendozoa).[10][43] ( 580 ).[44]
:
- Kimberella, , . , , ;[7]
- Arkarua, , , , ( Arkarua stereom, , );[45]
- , , , , . , , ;[46][47]
- Parvancorina, , . ;[48]
- Cloudina ( 0,3 6,5 8 15 ), , . , Cloudina , . , , ( ).[49][50]
[] Cloudina. «-»
20 % Cloudina 15 400 , . Cloudina , ( ). Cloudina Sinotubulites, , . , , .[51]
[] , (565543 )
, 610600 . , , . 565 . . , , , .[52]
( 543 ) , Diplocraterion Skolithos), (Cruziana Rusophycus). , , , . Cruziana Rusophycus , , .[36]
[]
[] (543533 )
, « », (- ) 10 ( ). : , ( ), , ( ), , , (1-2 ).[53]
[] (530 )
, 530 , . , - .[54]
, , , (. ). Helicoplacus 7 . ( ), , , .[55]
[] (527 )
Pambdelurion Kerygmachela. , , «» . «» , . «» . .[57]
[] (525520 )
(, ). Maotianshan shale , . 525520 . , Sirius Passet , , 10 .
- Yunnanozoon (.) (, , ).[58]
- Myllokunmingia (.), ,
- Haikouichthys, .[59]
- Vetulicola ( ), . : , . , . Vetulicola .
, :
- , ( 70 , ).
- Amplectobelua (.) Anomalocaris, . .
- Hallucigenia , .[56]
, Lobopodia, .
, , , . 3 % ( ). [60]:
[] (520 )
- Ercaia , Maotianshan.[61]
- , «phosphatocopid» ( ) Protolenus Limestone /Shropshire ().[62][63]
[] (515 )
- Marrella , (, , ).[64]
- Yohoia ( 7 23 .) , (, «» - , , «»), , . «», , .[65]
- Naraoia , - (, ).
- Waptia, Canadaspis Plenocaris , . , , .[66]
- Pikaia , Myllokunmingia Haikouichthys .
, :
- Opabinia ( [67]). , , , 3 , . , , , - «». Opabinia Lobopodia ( , , ).[68]
- Anomalocaris Hallucigenia , .
- Wiwaxia, , , . -, ( «»), . , Wiwaxia .[69][70]
- Orthrozanclus, , , Wiwaxia, , , Halkieria.[71]
- Halkieria . , . . , , Halkieria. , ( ) Wiwaxia ( ).[72] , Halkieria .[73]
- Odontogriphus 200 . 12 , , U- , . , Odontogriphus .[74] .[75]
[]
- .[25] , , « ».
[]
[]
, , , : Kimberella , (555 . ).[7] , Vernanimalcula , 25-50 . .[39][40][41] Cloudina .[51] , , ( 565 ), , , .[52]
( 1,25 ), , «»[5]. Acritarchs , , , .[32] , , , .[25]
, , «» ( ) . , ( , , , ). , .[25]
[] «»
« » , . « » «» ( ). , ( , , ) , Halkieria, «» «-» .[25]
, , , , «» «-» , .[54][55][61][62] , , , , .[25]
[] «»
( , ) , . «» .
[]
[]
. , , , ( ). 2,5 . , .[14] , « ».[10]
. , , , ( ; ). , , , , . .
[] - (Snowball Earth)
, ( ) , , . , , .[78]
[]
, 13C/12C .
, .[76][79]. , . , , . ( 13C/12C ) , .[80]
[]
, , , .
[]
Hox- (Hox genes) «» , , , . Hox- (, ) . 4 Hox-, .[82]
Hox- , , , « » , , «» .[83] , Hox- ( Hox- , ). , .
Hox- , , - . , « » , , , .[82] . (, Cimberella, Arkarua), , ( [8][84][85][86], , , ). , , , . - .[25]
[]
, , . , , 50 % . , .[87] , , , [88] ( «», , ). , . . , . - .
[]
, , . - «» . , ( ) , « », «». [89] , «» , . , «» . [90]
, , . , . , , .[25] , , . , . , , ( ) , . [91]
[]
. ; , ; - ( -).[25]
[] « »
, . , , , ( « » , ).[92]
( , , ) , . , , .[32]
[]
(1973) , 700 . ( ), «» , .[93] , , «» 1 , 1,25 «».[5]
[]
( , ), ( , «»). , , , . , . , , , , , .[17]
[]
(James W. Valentine) : «»; , ( ) , . , .
, - , . , , , .[90]
.[25]
[]
- Darwin, C. On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection. London, United Kingdom: Murray, 1859. P. 315316.
- Walcott, C. D. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology // Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 1914. . 57. P. 14.
- 1 2 Whittington, H.B.; Geological Survey of Canada. Origins and early evolution of predation // The Burgess Shale. Yale University Press, 1985.
- 1 2 Gould, S. J. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1989.
- 1 2 3 4 McNamara, K. J. Dating the Origin of Animals // Science. 1996-12-20. . 274. № 5295. . 19931997.
- 1 2 Awramik, S. M. Precambrian columnar stromatolite diversity: Reflection of metazoan appearance // Science. 1971-11-19. . 174. № 4011. . 825827.
- 1 2 3 Fedonkin, M. A.; Waggoner, B. The late Precambrian fossil Kimberella is a mollusc-like bilaterian organism // Nature. 1997. . 388. . 868871.
- 1 2 , . // - . 2001. № 6.
- Jago, J. B., Haines, P. W. Recent radiometric dating of some Cambrian rocks in southern Australia: relevance to the Cambrian time scale // Revista Española de Paleontología. 1998. . 11522.
- 1 2 3 . . : . .: , 2007. 540 . ( ). ISBN 978-5-93196-711-0
- Gehling, J.; Jensen, S.; Droser M.; Myrow P,.; Narbonne, G. Burrowing below the basal Cambrian GSSP, Fortune Head, Newfoundland // Geological Magazine. 2001-03. . 138. № 2. . 213218.
- Benton, M.J.; Wills, M.A.; Hitchin, R. Quality of the fossil record through time // Nature. 2000. . 403. № 6769. . 534537.
- Butterfield , N. J. Exceptional Fossil Preservation and the Cambrian Explosion // Integrative and Comparative Biology. 2003. . 43. № 1. . 166177.
- 1 2 Cowen, R. History of Life. Blackwell Science.
- Morris, S. C. The Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian) Fauna // Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 1979. . 10. № 1. . 327349.
- Yochelson, E. L Discovery, Collection, and Description of the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Biota by Charles Doolittle Walcott // Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 1996. . 140. № 4. . 469545.
- 1 2 3 Butterfield, N. J. Ecology and evolution of Cambrian plankton // Columbia University Press The Ecology of the Cambrian Radiation. New York: 2001. . 200216.
- Signor, P. W. Sampling bias, gradual extinction patterns and catastrophes in the fossil record // Geological Society of America Geological implications of impacts of large asteroids and comets on the earth. 1982. . 291-296.
- Seilacher, A. How valid is Cruziana Stratigraphy? // International Journal of Earth Sciences. 1994. . 83. № 4. . 752758.
- Magaritz, M.; Holser, W.T.; Kirschvink, J. L. Carbon-isotope events across the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary on the Siberian Platform // Nature. 1986. . 320. № 6059. . 258259.
- Kaufman, A. J., Knoll A. H. Neoproterozoic variations in the C-isotopic composition of seawater: stratigraphic and biogeochemical implications // Elsevier Precambrian Research. 1995. . 73. . 27-49.
- Derry, L.A.; Brasier, M.D.; Corfield , R.M.; Rozanov, A.Yu.; Zhuravlev, A. Yu Sr and C isotopes in Lower Cambrian carbonates from the Siberian craton: A paleoenvironmental record during the Cambrian explosion // Elsevier Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 1994. . 128. . 671-681.
- 1 2 Rothman, D.H.; Hayes, J.M.; Summons, R. E. Dynamics of the Neoproterozoic carbon cycle // The National Academy of Sciences Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 2003-07-08. . 100. № 14. . 81248129.
- Ripperdan, R. L. Global Variations in Carbon Isotope Composition During the Latest Neoproterozoic and Earliest Cambrian // Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 1994-05. . 22. . 385-417.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Marshall, C. R. Explaining the Cambrian Explosion of Animals // Annual Review of Earth Planetary Sciences. 2006. . 34. . 355-384.
- Hug, L.A.; Roger, A. J. The Impact of Fossils and Taxon Sampling on Ancient Molecular Dating Analyses // Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2007. . 24(8). . 1889-1897.
- Wray, G.A.; Levinton, J.S.; Shapiro, L. H. {{{}}} // Science. 1996-10. . 274. № 5287. . 568573.
- Ayala, F.J.; Rzhetsky, A.; Ayala, F. J. {{{}}} // Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences (of the USA). 1998-01. . 95. № 2. . 606-611.
- Aris-Brosou, S.; Yang, Z. Bayesian Models of Episodic Evolution Support a Late Precambrian Explosive Diversification of the Metazoa // Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2003-08. . 20. № 12. . 1947-1954.
- Peterson, K.J.; Lyons, J.B.; Nowak, K.S.; Takacs, C.M.; Wargo, M.J.; McPeek, M. J. Estimating metazoan divergence times with a molecular clock // Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences (of the USA). 2004-04. . 101. № 17. . 6536-6541.
- Blair, J.E.; Hedges, S. B. Molecular Clocks Do Not Support the Cambrian Explosion // Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2004-11. . 22. № 3. . 387-390.
- 1 2 3 4 Bengtson, S. Origins and early evolution of predation // The fossil record of predation. The Paleontological Society Papers 8 / Kowalewski, M., and Kelley, P.H.. New York: The Paleontological Society, 2002. . 289 317.
- Sheehan, P.M.; Harris, M. T. Microbialite resurgence after the Late Ordovician extinction // Nature. 2004. . 430. . 7578.
- Stanley Predation defeats competition on the seafloor // Paleobiology. 2008. . 34. . 1.
- Seilacher, A.; Bose, P.K.; Pflüger, F. Animals More Than 1 Billion Years Ago: Trace Fossil Evidence from India // Science. 1998. . 282. № 5386. . 8083.
- 1 2 Jensen, S. The Proterozoic and Earliest Cambrian Trace Fossil Record; Patterns, Problems and Perspectives // Integrative and Comparative Biology. 2003. . 43. № 1. . 219228.
- , . - «» (12 2007). 24 2011. 21 2008.
- Yin, L.; Zhu, M.; Knoll, A.H.; Yuan, X.; Zhang, J.; Hu, J. Doushantuo embryos preserved inside diapause egg cysts // Nature. 2007. . 446. . 66116663.
- 1 2 Chen, J.Y.; Bottjer, D.J.; Oliveri, P.; Dornbos, S.Q.; Gao, F.; Ruffins, S.; Chi, H.; Li, C.W.; Davidson, E. H. Small Bilaterian Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian // Science. 2004-07-09. . 305. № 5681. . 218222.
- 1 2 Bengtson, S.; Budd, G. Comment on Small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian // Science. 2004. . 306. . 1291a.
- 1 2 Chen, J. Y., Oliveri, P., Davidson, E. and Bottjer, D. J. Response to Comment on Small Bilaterian Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian // Science. 2004. . 306. № 5700. . 1291b.
- Condon, D.; Zhu, M.; Bowring, S.; Wang, W.; Yang, A.; and Jin, Y. U-Pb Ages from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation, China // Science. 2005-04-01. . 308. № 5718. . 9598.
- Seilacher, A. Vendobionta and Psammocorallia: lost constructions of Precambrian evolution // Journal of the Geological Society, London. 1992. . 149. № 4. . 607-613.
- Grazhdankin, D. Patterns of distribution in the Ediacaran biotas: facies versus biogeography and evolution // Palæobiology. 2004. . 30. № 2. . 203-221.
- Mooi, R.; Bruno, D. Evolution within a bizarre phylum: Homologies of the first echinoderms // American Zoologist. 1999. . 38. . 965-974.
- McMenamin, M. A. S Spriggina is a trilobitoid ecdysozoan // Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 2003. . 35. № 6. . 105.
- Ivantsov, A. Y. Vendia and other Precambrian "arthropods" // Paleontological Journal. 2001. . 35. . 335-343.
- Lin, J-P.; Gon, S.M.; Gehling, J.G.; Babcock, L.E.; Zhao, Y-L.; Zhang, X-L; Hu, S-X.; Yuan, J-L.; Yu, M-Y.; Peng, J. A Parvancorina-like arthropod from the Cambrian of South China // Historical Biology: A Journal of Paleobiology. 2006-03. . 18. № 1. . 33-45.
- Conway, M.S.; Mattes, B.W.; Chen, M. The early skeletal organism Cloudina: new occurrences from Oman and possibly China // American Journal of Science. 1990. . 290. . 245-260.
- Grant, S. W. Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic // American Journal of Science. 1990. № 290-A. . 261-294.
- 1 2 Bengtson, S.; Zhao, Y. Predatorial Borings in Late Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons // Science. 1992-07-17. . 257. № 5068. . 367.
- 1 2 Erwin, D. H. FindArticles.com The origin of bodyplans // American Zoologist. 1999-06. . 39. № 3. . 617-629.
- Matthews, S.C.; Missarzhevsky, V. V. Small shelly fossils of late Precambrian and early Cambrian age: a review of recent work // Journal of Geological Society. 1975-06-01. . 131. № 3. . 289.
- 1 2 Lieberman, B. S. Testing the Darwinian Legacy of the Cambrian Radiation Using Trilobite Phylogeny and Biogeography // Journal of Paleontology. 1999. . 73. № 2.
- 1 2 Dornbos, S.Q.; Bottjer, D. J. Evolutionary paleoecology of the earliest echinoderms: Helicoplacoids and the Cambrian substrate revolution // Geology. 2000. . 28. № 9. . 839-842.
- 1 2 Conway Morris, S. {{{}}}. The Crucible of Creation. Oxford University Press, 1998.
- Budd, G.E.; Stem Group Arthropods from the Lower Cambrian Sirius Passet Fauna of North Greenland / Fortey, R.A.; Thomas, R.H.. Arthropod Relationships Special Volume Series 55. Systematics Association, 1997.
- Shu, D.; Zhang, X.; Chen, L. Reinterpretation of Yunnanozoon as the earliest known hemichordate // Nature. 1996. . 380. . 428-430.
- Shu, D-G; Luo, H-L; Conway Morris, S.; Zhang X-L; Hu, S-X; Chen, L. ; Han, J. ; Zhu, M.; Li, Y.; Chen, L-Z Lower Cambrian Vertebrates from South China // Nature. 1999. . 402. . 42-46.
- Hou, X-G.; Aldridge, R.J.; Bengstrom, J.; Siveter, D.J.; Feng, X-H. The Cambrian Fossils of Chengjiang, China. Blackwell Science Ltd, 2004. . 233.
- 1 2 Chen, J-Y.; Vannier, J.; Huang, D-Y. {{{}}} // Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences. 2001-11-07. . 268. № 1482. . 21812187.
- 1 2 Siveter, D.J.; Williams, M.; Waloszek, D. A Phosphatocopid Crustacean with Appendages from the Lower Cambrian // Science. 2001-07-20. . 293. № 5529. . 479481.
- Budd, G.E.; Butterfield, N.J.; Jensen, S. Crustaceans and the "Cambrian explosion" // Science. 2001. . 294. № 5549. . 2047.
- Whittington, H. B. Redescription of Marrella splendens (Trilobitoidea) from the Burgess Shale, Middle Cambrian, British Columbia // Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin. 1971. . 209. . 1-24.
- Briggs, D.; Erwin, D.; Collier, F. The Fossils of the Burgess Shale. Smithsonian Books, 1994.
- "{{{title}}}"..
- Palaeontologys hidden agenda
- Budd, G. E. The morphology of Opabinia regalis and the reconstruction of the arthropod stem-group // Lethaia. 1996. . 29. . 1-14.
- Butterfield, N. J. A reassessment of the enigmatic Burgess Shale fossil Wiwaxia corrugata (Matthew) and its relationship to the polychaete Canadia spinosa (Walcott) // Paleobiology. 1990. . 16. . 287-303.
- Eibye-Jacobsen, D. A reevaluation of Wiwaxia and the polychaetes of the Burgess Shale // Lethaia. 2004. . 37. № 3. . 317-335.
- Conway Morris, S.; Caron, J-B. Halwaxiids and the Early Evolution of the Lophotrochozoans // Science. 2007. . 315. № 5816. . 1255-1258.
- Conway Morris, S.; Peel, J. S. Articulated Halkieriids from the Lower Cambrian of North Greenland and their Role in Early Protostome Evolution // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences. 1995. . 347. № 1321. . 305-358.
- Vinther, J.; Nielsen, C. The Early Cambrian Halkieria is a mollusc // Zoologica Scripta. 2005. . 34. № 1. . 81-89.
- Caron, J.B.; Scheltema, A.; Schander, C.; Rudkin, D. A soft-bodied mollusc with radula from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale // Nature. 2006-07-13. . 442. № 7099. . 159163.
- Butterfield, N. J. Hooking some stem-group worms: fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale // Bioessays. 2006. . 28. № 12. . 11611166.
- 1 2 Knoll, A. H., Carroll, S. B. Early Animal Evolution: Emerging Views from Comparative Biology and Geology // Science. 1999-06-25. . 284. № 5423. . 2129.
- Towe, K. M. Oxygen-Collagen Priority and the Early Metazoan Fossil Record // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1970-04-01. . 65. № 4. . 781788.
- Hoffman, P.F.; Kaufman, A.J.; Halverson, G.P.; and Schrag, D. P. A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth // Science. 1998-08-28. . 281. № 5381. . 13421346.
- Amthor, J.E.; Grotzinger, J.P.; Schroder, S.; Bowring, S.A.; Ramezani, J.; Martin, M.W.; Matter, A. Extinction of Cloudina and Namacalathus at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary in Oman // Geology. 2003. . 31. № 5. . 431-434.
- Payne, J. L., Lehrmann, D. J., Jiayong, W., Orchard, M. J., Schrag, D. P., and Knoll, A. H. Large perturbations of the Carbon cycle during recovery from the end-Permian extinction // Science. 2004-06-23. . 305. № 5683. . 506509.
- Kirschvink, J.L.; Raub, T. D. A methane fuse for the Cambrian explosion: carbon cycles and true polar wander // Comptes Rendus Geosciences. 2003-01. . 335. № 1. . 6578.
- 1 2 Erwin,D.H.; Davidson, E. H. The last common bilaterian ancestor // The Company of Biologists Limited Development. 2002. . 129. . 30213032.
- Understanding complexity (.). University of California, Berkeley. 24 2011. 15 2008.
- Yarrington, Kate Ediacara Assemblage (.). Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol. 24 2011. 15 2008.
- Collins A.G.; Waggoner B. Vendian Animals: Spriggina (.). University of Califormis Museaum of Paleontology (28 September 2005). 24 2011. 15 2008.
- Spriggina (.). Tripod.com (6 April 1998). 24 2011. 15 2008.
- Solé, R.V.; Fernández, P.; Kauffman, S. A. Adaptive walks in a gene network model of morphogenesis: insights into the Cambrian explosion // Int. J. Dev. Biol. 2003. . 47. № 7. . 685693.
- Wolfram, S. A New Kind of Science // {{{}}}. Wolfram Media, Inc., 2002. ISBN 1-57955-008-8 . : Weiss, P. In Search of a Scientific Revolution. Science (Aug 2003).( )
- Valentine, J. W. Fossil record of the origin of Baupläne and its implications // Patterns and Processes in the History of Life / Raup, D.M., and Jablonski, D.. New York: Springer, 1986. . 209231.
- 1 2 Valentine, J. W. Why No New Phyla after the Cambrian? Genome and Ecospace Hypotheses Revisited // Palaios. 1995-04. . 10. № 2. . 190-194.
- Hughes, N.C.; Chapman, R.E.; Adrain, J. M. The stability of thoracic segmentation in trilobites: a case study in developmental and ecological constraints // Blackwell Publishing Evolution & Development. 1999-07. . 1. № 1. . 24-35.
- Dawkins, R.; Krebs, R. J. Arms races between and within species // Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences Series B. 1979-09-21. . 205. № 1161. . 489-511.
- Stanley, S. M. An Ecological Theory for the Sudden Origin of Multicellular Life in the Late Precambrian // Proceedings of Natiolal Academy of Sciences USA. 1973-05. . 70. № 5. . 14861489.
- Peterson, K.J.; McPeek, M.A.; Evans, D. A. D. Tempo and mode of early animal evolution: inferences from rocks, Hox, and molecular clocks // Paleontological Society Paleobiology. 2005-06. . 31. № 2. . 36-55.