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  1. 1 2 Taylor K. CHAPTER 3 (part2): Modernizing the Old. The Creation of a 'Traditional' Chinese Medicine, 1953-6 // Chinese Medicine in Early Communist China, 1945-63. A medicine of revolution. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005.
    «TCM is a medical construct distinct to Communist China. The term refers only to Chinese medicine from mid-1956 as located in mainland China. I will therefore adopt the convention of using the acronym TCM to describe only the standardized, government-created, institution-bound medicine that has existed in the PRC since 1956. This is quite distinct from the general, uncapitalized term 'traditional Chinese medicine' which refers to past forms of Chinese medicine in general. I believe that it is heuristically useful to make this distinction of TCM as a modern subset of contemporary Chinese medicine, because it allows us a certain consensus among scholars».
  2. 1 2 3 Atwood K. A Partial Book Review: Chinese Medicine in Early Communist China, 1945-63: a Medicine of Revolution, by Kim Taylor
    The Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that has been fostered in the PRC is not traditional. The very adjective Traditional, in regard to Chinese medicine, was not formally used in China until the mid-1950s, and even then was applied «exclusively in English language literature produced by the Chinese mainland press» (Taylor, p. 86)
  3. Hong Hai Kuhn and the Two Cultures of Western and Chinese Medicine // Journal of Cambridge Studies, Vol 4. No.3 September 2009, p.20
    «Chinese medicine henceforth became known as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to refer to the state-sanctioned practice of Chinese medicine. It was traditional only in the sense of having originated from the classics of Chinese medicine and being a different system from modern Western medicine. But in fact it was a new system that reflected the social and political milieu of modern China.
    The first national textbook appeared in 1958, titled Outline of Chinese Medicine (Zhongyixue gailun 中医). It was superseded by other specialized texts covering foundational theory, diagnostics, acupuncture and moxibustion, material medica, prescriptions, internal medicine, pediatrics, gynecology, skin diseases so forth. The structural similarity of these textbooks to their Western medical counterparts was obvious and deliberate. The textbooks constituted a massive systematization of medical theory and practice, the first to appear in Chinese history».
  4. Jackson J. P. What is acupuncture? // UKSkeptics
  5. 1 2 Modern China 1912AD ~ present / TCM History. Shen-Nong.org
  6. Atwood K. A Partial Book Review: Chinese Medicine in Early Communist China, 1945-63: a Medicine of Revolution, by Kim Taylor
    «They should learn how to use modern science to explain the principles of Chinese medicine. They should translate some classical Chinese medicine books into modern language, with proper annotations and explanations. Then a new medical science, based on the integration of Chinese and Western medicine, can emerge. That would be a great contribution to the world».
  7. 1 2 3 http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2006/Paton-Michael-ASAA2006.pdf
  8. Introduction / TCM History. Shen-Nong.org
  9. 1 2 3 NIH Consensus Development Program Acupuncture -- Consensus Development Conference Statement. National Institutes of Health (November 35, 1997). 23 2011. 17 2007.
    «Despite considerable efforts to understand the anatomy and physiology of the acupuncture points, the definition and characterization of these points remains controversial. Even more elusive is the basis of some of the key traditional Eastern medical concepts such as the circulation of Qi, the meridian system, and the five phases theory, which are difficult to reconcile with contemporary biomedical information but continue to play an important role in the evaluation of patients and the formulation of treatment in acupuncture».
  10. 1 2 3 Beyerstein B.L., Sampson W. Traditional Medicine and Pseudoscience in China: A Report of the Second CSICOP Delegation (Part 1) // Skeptical Inquirer 20(4):18-26, 1996.
    «Although the delegation found this force dismally inaccurate when the Qigong masters invoked it to diagnose illnesses, it is the same energy that TCM advocates say runs through acupuncture meridians to effect healing. It has always struck us as odd that proponents can accept that this mysterious energy is unable to interact with the physical matter in the sensors of measuring instruments (which could confirm its existence) while it is still able to interact with the physical matter of bodily organs to read their state of health and produce a cure».
    «8. For instance, no reputable scientist has ever found an anatomical basis in the circulatory, nervous, or lymphatic systems for the meridians through which the health-enhancing vital energies posited by TCM are supposed to flow».
  11. 1 2 3 Barrett S. Be Wary of Acupuncture, Qigong, and «Chinese Medicine» // quackwatch.com, 2008.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Charlton B. G. Philosophy of medicine: alternative or scientific  (.) // Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1992 August. № 85(8). . 437.
  13. 1 2 Zhaori Ge-tu Face challenges with confidence when we review the great achievements at the 60th birthday of the peoples republic // Chinese Medical Journal, 2009;122(19):2205-2208
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 . . . .: -, 1991
  15. . : «Balbe», 2003.
  16. NCAHF Position Paper on Acupuncture (1990) // The National Council Against Health Fraud, Inc.
    «NCAHF believes: 1) Acupuncture is an unproven modality of treatment; 2) Its theory and practice are based on primitive and fanciful concepts of health and disease that bear no relationship to present scientific knowledge»
    «The life force, Chi, has no basis in human physiology. The meridians are imaginary; their locations do not relate to internal organs, and therefore do not relate to human anatomy. Acupuncture points are also imaginary».
  17. 1 2 3 4 http://www.sesp.northwestern.edu/docs/publications/6074956944509ac426aaa6.pdf

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