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| «» | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 1787 |  |
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| 2 | 12 1787 |  |
46 | 23 | 67 % |
| 3 | 18 1787 |  - |
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| 4 | 2 1788 | .svg){kind=small} |
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| 5 | 9 1788 |  |
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| 6 | 6 1788 |  |
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| 7 | 28 1788 |  |
63 | 11 | 85 % |
| 8 | 23 1788 |  |
149 | 73 | 67 % |
| 9 | 21 1788 |  - |
57 | 47 | 55 % |
| 10 | 25 1788 |  |
89 | 79 | 53 % |
| 11 | 26 1788 |  - |
30 | 27 | 53 % |
| 12 | 21 1789 |  |
194 | 77 | 72 % |
| 13 | 29 1790 |  - |
34 | 32 | 52 % |
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; [16].(.)The operations of the federal government will be most extensive and important in times of war and danger; those of the State governments, in times of peace and security.
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, , , , , , , .(.)We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
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, , - , - .(.)Although that preamble indicates the general purposes for which the people ordained and established the Constitution, it has never been regarded as the source of any substantive power conferred on the government of the United States, or on any of its departments.
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II , . , , , , . - , . , - . , - . 1841 , - . . 1951 , , . , , (). 2 II « » (. principal Officer in each of the executive Departments). .
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, , , , , . , . , , . , , , . [ ], , , . , , [24].(.)It is far more rational to suppose, that the courts were designed to be an intermediate body between the people and the legislature, in order, among other things, to keep the latter within the limits assigned to their authority. The interpretation of the laws is the proper and peculiar province of the courts. A constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning, as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body. If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two, that which has the superior obligation and validity ought, of course, to be preferred; or, in other words, the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute, the intention of the people to the intention of their agents.
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No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
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1913 , , . (, 1895 Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.[31] , , 8 1 ). , . . , [32]. ( 1866 1906 ) [32]. 1893 , [32]. 1907 , . , , [32].
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| № | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| № 1 | , . | 25 1789 | . , 1792 | |
| № 2 | , , . « » | 1 1810 | , 1812 | |
| № 3 | « »: , ( , ). | 2 1861 | , . 13-, 14- 15- , . | |
| № 4 | : . | 2 1924 | , 1937 . 1938 « » (Fair Labor Standards Act), . | |
| № 5 | : | 22 1972 | 22 1979 30 1982 ( )[37] | ( ). |
| № 6 | : ( ) . | 22 1978 | 22 1985 | . |
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, . . ( ) : 1789 1791 . - ( , ). [17]. , . ( , ), , , [17][47].
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- USA History in brief, usinfo.state.gov
- 1 2 National Archives: Delegates to the Constitutional Convention,
- National Archives: the Constitution
- 1 2 National Archives: Delegates to the Constitutional Convention Virginia#Madison
- 1 2 3 4 National Archives: The Creation of the U.S. Constitution
- National Archives: Delegates to the Constitutional Convention Virginia#Randolph
- « »
- National Archives: Delegates to the Constitutional Convention Connecticut#Sherman
- Joeseph Ellis Ch.3 // Founding Brothers, The Revolutionary Generation. 2- . Alfred A. Knopff, 2000. ISBN 0-571-21217-4
- Morris, Richard B. The Forging of the Union, 17811789. 2- . Harpercollins Childrens Books, 1987. . 298-299. 416 . ISBN 0060914246
- Furtwangler, Albert The Authority of Publius: A Reading of the Federalist Papers. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1984. . 17. 152 . ISBN 0801416434
- 1 2 3 Baron de Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat . , plato.stanford.edu (18 2003). 14 2011. 1 2008.
- 1 2 Johne Locke . , plato.stanford.edu (2 2001). 14 2011. 2 2008.
- 1 2 . , plato.stanford.edu (5 2001). 14 2011. 3 2008.
- , , Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered, The Federalist Papers, #45 (26 1788 )
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- Schwartz, Stephan A. ( 2000 .). «George Mason: Forgotten Founder, He Conceived the Bill of Rights». (31.2): 142.
- Adams John Quincy John Quincy Adams' Orations / Manis, Jim. Pennsylvania State University, 1802.
- Gregory Schaaf, From the Great Law of Peace to the Constitution of the United States: A Revision of Americas Democratic Roots, 14 Am. Indian L. Rev. 323 (1989)
- Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11, 22 (1905)
- McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819)
- 1 2 Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803)
- № 78 (28 1788 )
- Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1856)
- Menez Joseph Francis Summaries of Leading Cases on the Constitution. 2003. ISBN 0742532771
- . ( ), . , . , 7 2006 . , 110.
- Hamilton, Alexander. On opposition to a Bill of Rights, The Federalist Papers, #84.
- Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 U.S. 419 (1793)
- Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union
- Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., 158 U.S. 601 (1895)
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- Thomas Jefferson on Politics & Government: Presidential Elections
- Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, 383 U.S. 663 (1966)
- , . - 13 1995. 14 2011. 17 2008. (.)
- Constitutionfacts.com: Proposed amendments
- 1978 30 1982 . , . . 1981 Idaho v. Freeman, , .
- « »
- 1 2 3 Howard, A.E. Dick Toward Constitutional Democracy Around The World: An American Perspective. usinfo.state.gov. 14 2011. 31 2008.
- Criticism of Constitution could have appeal Sabato Larry J. A More Perfect Constitution. 2007.
- Maisel Louis Sandy Parties and Elections in America: The Electoral Process. 2004. ISBN 0742526704
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- Flag-burning amendment fails by a vote. CNN (2006-06-28). 14 2011. 27 2008.
- Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989)
- Bucky, Carl L. The Constitution of May 3, 1791. Polish Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo. 14 2011. 30 2008.
- 1 2 Ro Joseph Barton Starr The United States Constitution: Its Birth, Growth and Influence in Asia // , 1986. Hong Kong University Press, 1988. P. 322. ISBN 9622092012. . 237246
- 1 2 Typos in the US Constitution. BBC, bbc.co.uc (8 2007). 14 2011. 1 2008.
- Fascinating Facts about the U.S. Constitution
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