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, Kelu-1 ( 30 ).
[]
- Gliese 229B, Gliese 229A (20 ). () , , . , 5- , .
- 1998 . , . Cha Halpha 1, M8 I, , .
- 15 1999 . . 2- LP 944-20 (60
, 16 ). - 27 2000 . ( ). LP 944-20 Nature.
[]
. , , , . , - , , .
, 1999 , .
2005 Chameleon I, , , [11]. , Cha 110913-773444. 500 - . , , , , . Cha 110913-773444 (8+73
). , , , [12].
2006 - . SCR, 12,7 . , , 750 .
[]
| . |
, , , - . M. : L T. Y, , . : , , .
[] M
[] L
M, , , (II) (II). GD 165B, , , GD 165, , . L. M. , , FeH, CrH, MgH, CaH. .
2005 , 400 L.
[] T
GD 165B L-. , 229B , T-. () L- (CO), - 229B (CH4). . FeH CrH, L-, .
T, . - « »[13].
, L- . T- . T- 7 % 70 . T -. 7001300 . 2010 200 T[13].
2010 , « »[13].
[] Y
. - [16]. 700 K ( 400 °C), , , « ».
2011 [17] 97±40 °C[18]. CFBDSIR 1458+10 B .
: (CFBDS J005910.90-011401.3, ULAS J133553.45+113005.2 ULAS J003402.77005206.7) 500600 (200300 °C) 9. 1,55 ( )[19].
2011 , 300500 : WISE J014807.25720258.8, WISE J041022.71+150248.5, WISE J140518.40+553421.5, WISE J154151.65225025.2, WISE J173835.52+273258.9, WISE J1828+2650 WISE J205628.90+145953.3. WISE J01487202, 9.5, Y . WISE J1828+2650 ~ 25 °C, WISE 1541-2250, 9 (2,8+1,30,6 ), Ross 154 [20].
[]
[]
« » . «» 2 - .
«» (K. Schroeder, «Permanence») - .
[] .
[]
- David S. Spiegel; Adam Burrows & John A. Milsom (2010), "The Deuterium-Burning Mass Limit for Brown Dwarfs and Giant Planets", arΧiv:1008.5150v2 [astro-ph] (.) . . 2, 6.
- G. Chabrier; I. Baraffe; F. Allard & P.H. Hauschildt (2005), "Review on low-mass stars and brown dwarfs", arΧiv:astro-ph/0509798v1 [astro-ph] (.) . . 16. : []The distinction between BD and giant planets has become these days a topic of intense debate. In 2003, the IAU has adopted the deuterium-burning minimum mass, mDBMM 0.012M⊙ (Saumon et al. 1996, Chabrier et al. 2000b) as the official distinction between the two types of objects.[] : [] - . 2003 (.). mDBMM 0,012M⊙ (Saumon et al. 1996, Chabrier et al. 2000b) .[]
- Burrows, A., Hubbard, W. B., Saumon, D., Lunine, J. I. An expanded set of brown dwarf and very low mass star models (.) // The Astrophysical Journal : . . . 1993. . 406. № 1. . 158-171. ISSN 0004-637X. DOI:10.1086/172427 Bibcode: 1993ApJ...406..158B . . 160.
- Fred C. Adams & Gregory Laughlin (U. Michigan) (1997), "A Dying Universe: The Long Term Fate and Evolution of Astrophysical Objects", arΧiv:astro-ph/9701131 [astro-ph] (.) . . 5.
- Ngoc Phan-Bao et al. First Confirmed Detection of a Bipolar Molecular Outflow from a Young Brown Dwarf (.) // The Astrophysical Journal : . . . 2008. . 689. № 2. . 11411144. ISSN 0004-637X. DOI:10.1086/595961. arΧiv:0810.2588.
- . , . 12
- . (.). . (17 2006). 9 2012. 9 2012.
- : XXI / .-. .. . : « 2», 2008. . 140. ISBN 978-5-85099-181-4
- S. P. Goodwin, A. Whitworth. Brown dwarf formation by binary disruption (.) // Astronomy and Astrophysics : . . . 2007. . 466. № 3. . 943-948. ISSN 0004-6361. DOI:10.1051/0004-6361:20066745. arΧiv:astro-ph/0703106.
- Dimitris Stamatellos, David A. Hubber, Anthony P. Whitworth. Brown dwarf formation by gravitational fragmentation of massive, extended protostellar discs (.) // Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society : . . . 2007. . 382. № 1. . L30-L34. ISSN 0035-8711. DOI:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00383.x. arΧiv:0708.2827.
- 1 2 K. L. Luhman, Paola D'Alessio, Nuria Calvet et al. Spitzer Identification of the Least Massive Known Brown Dwarf with a Circumstellar Disk (.) // The Astrophysical Journal : . . . 2005. . 620. № 1. . L51L54. ISSN 0004-637X. DOI:10.1086/428613. arΧiv:astro-ph/0502100.
- K. L. Luhman, Lucía Adame, Paola D'Alessio et al. Discovery of a Planetary-Mass Brown Dwarf with a Circumstellar Disk (.) // The Astrophysical Journal : . . . 2005. . 635. № 1. . L93L96. ISSN 0004-637X. DOI:10.1086/498868. arΧiv:astro-ph/0511807.
- 1 2 3 «» (.), (23 2010). 24 2010.
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- Davy Kirkpatrick. An Artist's View of Brown Dwarf Types (.). (26 June 2002). Artist's renditions by Dr. Robert Hurt of the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center. 9 2012. 9 2012.
- N. R. Deacon, N. C. Hambly. The possiblity of detection of ultracool dwarfs with the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (.) // Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society : . . . 2006. . 371. № 4. . 17221730. ISSN 0035-8711. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10795.x. arΧiv:astro-ph/0607305.
- Michael C. Liu et al. (2011), "CFBDSIR J1458+1013B: A Very Cold (>T10) Brown Dwarf in a Binary System", arΧiv:1103.0014v2 [astro-ph] (.)
- . (.). Membrana.ru (11 2011). 9 2012. 9 2012.
- S. K. Leggett et al. The Physical Properties of Four ~600 K T Dwarfs (.) // The Astrophysical Journal : . . . 2009. . 695. № 2. . 15171526. ISSN 0004-637X. DOI:10.1088/0004-637X/695/2/1517
- . (.). (24 2011). 9 2012.
- Whitney Clavin, Trent Perrotto. NASA's Wise Mission Discovers Coolest Class of Stars (.). JPL (23 August 2011). 9 2012. 9 2012.
- DrMichael. , , ... ! (.). (25 2011). 9 2012. 9 2012.
[]
[]
- DwarfArchives.org. Archives of photometry, spectroscopy and parallaxes for all known L and T dwarfes
- S. S. Kumar, Low-Luminosity Stars. Gordon and Breach, London, 1969 an early overview paper on brown dwarfs.
- Kulkarni 1997 overview paper
- The Columbia Encyclopedia
[]
- «». .
- A geological definition of brown dwarfs, contrasted with stars and planets (via Berkeley)
- Neill Reids pages at the Space Telescope Science Institute:
- On spectral analysis of M dwarfs, L dwarfs, and T dwarfs
- Temperature and mass characteristics of low-temperature dwarfs
- X-ray flare
- Brown Dwarfs and ultracool dwarfs (late-M, L, T) D. Montes, UCM
[]
- Cha Halpha 1 stats and history
- A census of observed brown dwarfs (not all confirmed), ca 1998
- Epsilon Indi Ba and Bb, a pair of brown dwarfs 12 ly away
- Luhman et al., Discovery of a Planetary-Mass Brown Dwarf with a Circumstellar Disk
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