Êîóýëë, Ãåíðè

Ãåíðè Êîóýëë Henry Cowell
Îñíîâíàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ
Äàòà ðîæäåíèÿ	11 ìàðòà 1897(1897-03-11)
Ìåñòî ðîæäåíèÿ	Ìåíëî-Ïàðê, Êàëèôîðíèÿ
Äàòà ñìåðòè	10 äåêàáðÿ 1965(1965-12-10) (68 ëåò)
Ìåñòî ñìåðòè	Øåéäè, Íüþ-Éîðê
Ñòðàíà	ÑØÀ
Ïðîôåññèè	êîìïîçèòîð, ïèàíèñò, ìóçûêîâåä

Ãåíðè Êîóýëë (Ãåíðè Êàóýëë); àíãë. Henry Cowell; 11 ìàðòà 1897, Ìåíëî-Ïàðê, Êàëèôîðíèÿ, ÑØÀ â 10 äåêàáðÿ 1965, Øåéäè, Íüþ-Éîðê) â àìåðèêàíñêèé êîìïîçèòîð, ïèàíèñò, ìóçûêàëüíûé òåîðåòèê, ïåäàãîã.

Áèîãðàôèÿ

Ðîäèëñÿ â ñåìüå â ñåìüå èðëàíäñêîãî ýìèãðàíòà è øêîëüíîé ó÷èòåëüíèöû (è ôåìèíèñòêè) Êëàðèññû Äèêñîí (Clarissa Dixon). Ðîäèòåëè ðàçâåëèñü â 1903 ãîäó, ïîñëå ÷åãî Êîóýëë îñòàëñÿ æèòü ñ ìàòåðüþ, íî ïðè ýòîì ïîääåðæèâàë îòíîøåíèÿ ñ îòöîì (èìåííî îòåö ïðèâèë åìó ëþáîâü ê èðëàíäñêîé ìóçûêå).

Íà÷àë èãðàòü íà ñêðèïêå â ïÿòü ëåò. Ñî÷èíÿòü ìóçûêó íà÷àë óæå â ïîäðîñòêîâîì âîçðàñòå. Ïåðâûå ñî÷íåíèÿ, îáëàäàþùèå èíäèâèäóàëüíûì ñòèëåì, íàïèñàë â 1914 ãîäó.

Èçó÷àë ãàðìîíèþ ó ×àðëüçà Ñèãåðà (Charles Seeger), Ýäâàðäà Ãðèôôèòà Ñòðèêëåíà (Edward Griffith Stricklen) è êîíòðàïóíêò ó Óîëëåñà Ñàáèíà (Wallace Sabin) â Óíèâåðñèòåòå Êàëèôîðíèè (Áåðêëè), ó÷èëñÿ ó Ðàéìîíäà Xàíòèíãòîíà Âóäìåíà (Woodman, Raymond Huntington) â Íüþ-Éîðêå è ó Ýðèõà Ìîðèöà ôîí Õîðíáîñòåëÿ (Horabostel) â Áåðëèíå. Ïðåïîäàâàë â êðóïíåéøèõ ìóçûêàëüíûõ âóçàõ ÑØÀ. Ñðåäè åãî ó÷åíèêîâ Äæîðäæ Ãåðøâèí, Äæîí Êåéäæ, Ëó Õàððèñîí, Äîìèíèê Àðäæåíòî.

Ïîñëå Íüþ-Éîðêà âåðíóëñÿ â Êàëèôîðíèþ, ãäå áûë âîâëå÷åí â äåÿòåëüíîñòü òåîñîôñêîãî ñîîáùåñòâà. Åãî ëèäåð Äæîí Âàðèàí (John Varian) óêðåïèë èíòåðåñ êîìïîçèòîðà ê èðëàíäñêîìó ôîëüêëîðó è ìèôîëîãèè.

 íà÷àëå 20-õ ãîäîâ àêòèâíî êîíöåðòèðîâàë êàê ïèàíèñò â Åâðîïå è Ñåâåðíîé Àìåðèêå, èñïîëíÿÿ ñîáñòâåííûå ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ, â êîòîðûõ øèðîêî èñïîëüçîâàëèñü ïîëèòîíàëüíîñòü, ïîëèðèòìèÿ, àòîíàëüíîñòü è ëàäû âîñòî÷íîé ìóçûêè.

 1928 ãîäó ñòàë ïåðâûì àìåðèêàíñêèì êîìïîçèòîðîì, ïîñåòèâøèì ÑÑÑÐ.

 1932 ãîäó ñîâìåñòíî ñ Ë. Ñ. Òåðìåíîì ñêîíñòðóèðîâàë ðèòìèêîí (Rhythmicon) - èíñòðóìåíò, âîñïðîèçâîäÿùèé îäíîâðåìåííî ðàçëè÷íûå ðèòìû.

 1936-41 ãîäàõ îòáûâàë òþðåìíîå çàêëþ÷åíèå çà ìóæåëîæñòâî (â ýòîò ïåðèîä áûëè íàïèñàíû ìíîãèå åãî ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ, îñíîâàííûå íà àìåðèêàíñêîì ôîëüêëîðå).

 1941 ãîäó æåíèëñÿ íà Ñèäíè Õîóêèíñ Ðîáåðòñîí (Êîóýëë) - ìóçûêîâåäå è ýòíîãðàôå (â ñîàâòîðñòâå ñ íåé íàïèñàë áèîãðàôèþ ×àðëüçà Àéâçà).

 1956 ãîäó ñîâåðøèë êðóãîñâåòíîå ïóòåøåñòâèå.

Íàïèñàë áîëåå 1 000 ìóçûêàëüíûõ ïðîèçâåäåíèé è ìóçûêîâåä÷åñêèõ ðàáîò. Çàíèìàëñÿ ñîáèðàíèåì è èçó÷åíèåì êåëüòñêîãî ìóçûêàëüíîãî ôîëüêëîðà.

Îñíîâàë Ïàíàìåðèêàíñêóþ àññîöèàöèþ êîìïîçèòîðîâ. Äðóæèë ñî ìíîãèìè êîìïîçèòîðàìè Åâðîïû è Àìåðèêè - Àðíîëüäîì ظíáåðãîì, ×àðëçîì Àéâçîì, Áåëîé Áàðòîêîì, Ýäãàðîì Âàðåçîì, Óîëëèíãôîðäîì Ðèããåðîì è ìíîãèìè äðóãèìè.

Ñîçäàë èçäàòåëüñòâî New Music Edition, êîòîðîå èçäàâàëî ñî÷èíåíèÿ ñîâðåìåííûõ êîìïîçèòîðîâ,â ò. ÷. îíî îäíèì èç ïåðâûõ îïóáëèêîâàëî áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ñî÷èíåíèé ×àðëçà Àéâçà.

Òâîð÷åñòâî

Òâîð÷åñòâî õàðàêòåðèçóþò ïîèñêè â îáëàñòè ãàðìîíèè (âïåðâûå ïðèìåíÿë äèññîíàíòíûå ìíîãîçâó÷èÿ â êëàñòåðû), ðèòìà (ñþèòà «Ðèòìèêàíà», 1931, â ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâå ñ Ë. Ñ. Òåðìåíîì) è ôîðìû. Ìíîãî ðàáîòàë ñ ýëåêòðîííîé ìóçûêîé.

Íà÷èíàÿ ñ 1910-õ ãîäàâ ââåë â îáèõîä îïðåäåëåíèÿ tone cluster (çâóêîâîé êëàñòåð, ñîçâó÷èå, ñîñòîÿùåå íå ìåíåå ÷åì èç äâóõ ñåêóíä) è "ýëàñòè÷íàÿ", "ìîáèëüíàÿ" ìóçûêà (ïðèíöèï àëåàòîðèêè, ñâîáîäíîãî ïåðåìåùåíèÿ öåëûõ ôðàãìåíòîâ êîìïîçèöèè èñïîëüçîâàí â åãî êâàðòåòå â„– 3, 1934, â Ìîçàè÷íîì êâàðòåòå, 1935).

Øèðîêî ýêñïåðåìåíòèðîâàë ñî çâóêîèçâëå÷åíèåì.  20-õ ãîäàõ ñîçäàë ñî÷èíåíèÿ, ïîëíîñòüþ èñïîëíÿåìûå íà ñòðóíàõ ôîðòåïèàíî: â Ýîëîâîé àðôå (Aeolian Harp, 1923) èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äîñòàòî÷íî "òðàäèöèîííûå" çàùèïûâàíèÿ ñòðóí (ýòî ñòàíåò îáûäåííûì ïðèåìîì âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå ÕÕ âåêà), à â ïüåñå Áàíüøè (The Banshee, 1925) çâóê èçâëåêàåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè òðåíèÿ ñòðóí. Äëÿ óäàðîâ ïî ñòðóíàì ÷àñòî èñïîëüçîâàë ëàäîíè, êóëàêè è ïðåäïëå÷üå. Ïðèìåðíî äî 1916 ãîäà áûëè íàïèñàíû ïåðâûå ñî÷èíåíèÿ äëÿ ôîðòåïèàíî ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèå êëàñòåðîâ. Íàïðèìåð, Ðåêëàìíîå îáúÿâëåíèå (îêîëî 1914) èëè Äèíàìè÷åñêîå äâèæåíèå (1914 èëè 1916).

×àñòî äàâàë ñâîèì ïüåñàì íåîáû÷íûå, óðáàíèñòè÷åñêèå íàçâàíèÿ - Ðåêëàìíîå îáúÿâëåíèå, Ôàáðèêà è ò. ï.

Èñïîëüçîâàë èðëàíäñêèé, êåëüòñêèé ìóçûêàëüíûé ôîëüêëîð, ýëåìåíòû èíäèéñêîé ðàãè è ÿïîíñêîé òðàäèöèîííîé ìóçûêè (13-ÿ ñèìôîíèÿ Ìàäðàñ; 2 êîíöåðòà äëÿ êîòî ñ îðêåñòðîì, 1962-65). 20 ñèìôîíèé (1918-65), êàìåðíî-èíñòðóìåíòàëüíûå, âîêàëüíî-ñèìôîíè÷åñêèå ñî÷èíåíèÿ.

Ïðèçíàíèå

Âèðäæèë Òîìñîí â íà÷àëå 1950-õ ãîäîâ íàçâàë ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå ñî÷èíåíèÿ Êîóýëëà Áèáëèåé ìîëîäûõ ìóçûêàíòîâ.

Áåëëà Áàðòîê, âîñõèùåííûé ìóçûêîé ìîëîäîãî Êîóýëëà, "ïðîñèë ó íåãî ðàçðåøåíèÿ" èñïîëüçîâàòü êëàñòåðû.

Åãî Ñêåðöî èç Ñèìôîíèåòòû (1928) èñïîëíÿëîñü â Âåíå ïîä óïðàâëåíèåì Àíòîíà Âåáåðíà.

Ñ 1951 ãîäà Êîóýëë - ÷ëåí Íàöèîíàëüíîé àêàäåìèè èñêóññòâà è ëèòåðàòóðû.

Ñî÷èíåíèÿ

• Îïåðà Îâ™Õèããèíñ èç ×èëè (1949, íå çàêîí÷åíà).
• Áàëåòû Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî Áàíáû (The building of Banba, 1922), Àòëàíòèêà (1926).
• 20 ñèìôîíèé (ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì ïðîãðàììíûå,1918-65, 20-ÿ íå çàêîí÷åíà).
• Óâåðòþðû - Àêêóðàòíàÿ (Shipshape, 1939), Ïðàçäíè÷íàÿ (Festival, äëÿ 2 îðê., 1946).
• Ïüåñû äëÿ ñèìôîíè÷åñêîãî, êàìåðíîãî è äóõîâîãî îðêåñòðîâ, â òîì ÷èñëå Ñèíõðîííîñòü (Synchrony, 1930), Ñòàðèííûå àìåðèêàíñêèå ñåëüñêèå ìåëîäèè (Old American country set, äëÿ ôîðòåïèàíî ñ îðêåñòðîì, 1937), Àìåðèêàíñêèé ïèðîã (American melting pot, 1940), Ñêàçêè ñåëüñêîé ìåñòíîñòè (Tales of the countryside, 1941), Ãèìí è ôóãèðîâàííûé íàïåâ (Hymn and fuguing tune), 8 ïüåñ, îñíîâàííûõ íà ãèìíàõ Áèëëèíãñà (1943-47), Áàáóøêèíà ðóìáà (Grandmaâ™s rumba, 1945), Ìóçûêà äëÿ îðêåñòðà (Music for orchestra, 1957), Àíòèôîíèÿ (Antiphony, 1959), Ïîëèôîíèêà äëÿ 12 èíñòðóìåíòîâ (1930), Ïåðñèäñêèé öèêë (äëÿ êàìåðíîãî îðêåñòðà, 1956), Ïîñâÿùåíèå Èðàíó (Homage to Iran, 1957), Æèãà äëÿ îðêåñòðà, Èðëàíäñêàÿ ñþèòà (1929), Êåëüòñêèé öèêë (Celtic Set, 1939).
• Êîíöåðòû ñ îðêåñòðîì äëÿ ôîðòåïèàíî (1928), óäàðíûõ (1958), Êîðîòêèé êîíöåðò äëÿ àêêîðäåîíà (Concerto brevis, 1962), Ìàëåíüêèé êîíöåðò äëÿ ôîðòåïèàíî (Concerto piccolo, 1942), ãàðìîíèêè (1960), àêêîðäåîíà (1960), àðôû (1965), äâà êîíöåðòà äëÿ ÿïîíñêîé öèòðû êîòî ñ îðêåñòðîì (1962, 1965), Ðèòìèêàíà (ïüåñà äëÿ ðèòìèêîíà ñ îðêåñòðîì, 1931).
• Ñî÷èíåíèÿ äëÿ áýíäà.
• Êàìåðíî-èíñòðóìåíòàëüíûå àíñàìáëè 7 ïàðàãðàôîâ äëÿ ñòðóííîãî òðèî (1925), ôîðòåïèàííîå òðèî (1965), 5 ñòðóíííûõ êâàðòåòîâ (1916-56), õîðû, äëÿ ôîðòåïèàíî Ìóçûêà äëÿ ôîðòåïüÿíî (Music pour piano, 1960), ïüåñû äëÿ îðãàíà, äëÿ êëàâåñèíà.
• Ïüåñû äëÿ ôîðòåïèàíî - â òîì ÷èñëå Ýîëîâà àðôà (Aeolian Harp, 1923) è "Áàíüøè" (The Banshee, 1925).

Ëèòåðàòóðíûå ñî÷èíåíèÿ

• New musical resources, N. Y.-L., 1930.
• Charles Ives and his music, N. Y., 1955, 1969 (ñîâìåñòíî ñ S. Cowell).
• La France et la musique occidentale, R., 1956.
• Â ðóññêîì ïåðåâîäå Âëèÿíèå Âîñòîêà íà ìóçûêó Çàïàäà, â ñáîðíèêå: Ìóçûêà íàðîäîâ Àçèè è Àôðèêè, [âûï. 1], M., 1969.

Èçáðàííàÿ äèñêîãðàôèÿ

Piano works 1. The Tides of Manauaun (The Building of Bamba) (1917) (2:29) 2. Exultation (1919) (1:50) 3. Harp of Life (1924) (4:22) 4. Lilt of the Reel, irish dance (1925) (2:02) 5. Advertisment (Second Encore to Dynamic Motion) (1914) (1:09) 6. Antimony (Second Encore to Dynamic Motion) (3:07) 7. Aeolian Harp (1923) (3:43) 8. Anger Dance (Musical Letter) (1:54) 9. The Banshee (1925) (2:35) 10. Fabric (1917) (1:24) 11. What's This (Second Encore to Dynamic Motion) (1914) (0:59) 12. Amiable Conversation (Second Encore to Dynamic Motion) (0:53) 13. Fairy Answer (1923) (2:55) 14. Irish Jig (2:11) 15. Snows of Fujiyama (1925) (2:20) 16. Voice of Lir (1920) (3:09) 17. Dynamic Motion (3:15) 18. The Trumpet of Angus Og (3:24) 19. Tiger (1930) (3:32) 20. Henry Cowell's Comments (13:16)

Henry Cowell, piano 1963

Irish Suite for Piano & Orchestra (1929) 1. The Banshee (4:29) 2. The Leprechaun (6:24) 3. The Fairy Bells (5:54)

Cheryl Seltzer, piano Continuum Ensemble Joel Sachs, cond.

Orchestral works Persian Set (1957) I. Moderato (5:10) II. Allegretto (3:53) III. Lento (5:08) IV. Presto (1:51) Hymn and Fuguing Tune for Strings (1944) I. Hymn (2:20) II. Fuguing Tune (4:32) American Melting Pot (1940) I. Chorale (Teutonic American) (2:14) II. Air (African-American) (1:37) III. Satire (French-American) (2:21) IV. Alapria (Oriental American) (3:19) V Slavic Dance (Slavic American) (2:22) VI. Rhumba with an added eighth note (Latin American) (3:36) VII. Square Dance (Celtic American) (1:37) Air for Solo Violin and String Orchestra (1952) (6:14) Old American Country Set (1937) I. Blarneying Lilt (1:49) II. Meeting House (2:41) III. Comallye (2:32) IV. Charivari (4:36) V. Cornhuskin' Hornpipe (2:26) Adagio from Ensemble for String Orchestra (1924) (3:48)

Manhattan Chamber Orchestra Richard Auldon Clark, cond.

Concerto for Piano and Orchestra (1928) I. Polyharmony. Allegro (3:51) II. Tone Cluster. Lento- Allegro-Lento (8:15) III. Counter Rhythm. Allegro (3:48)

Stefan Litwin, piano Radio Symphony Orchestra Saarbriicken Michael Stern, director

Concerto Grosso for flute, oboe, clarinet, cello, harp & strings (1963) I. Maestoso II. Allegretto III. Andante IV. Allegro V. Allegro

Manhattan Chamber Orchestra Richard Auldon Clark, cond.

Ëèòåðàòóðà

• Hicks M. Henry Cowell, bohemian.â Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002.
• Lichtenwanger W. The Music of Henry Cowell: A Descriptive Catalogue.â Brooklyn, N.Y.: Brooklyn College Institute for Studies in American Music, 1986.
• Harrison L. Learning from Henry / The Whole World of Music: A Henry Cowell Symposium, 1997, ed. Nicholls; pp. 161167.
• Kirkpatrick J. et al. 20th-Century American Masters: Ives, Thomson, Sessions, Cowell, Gershwin, Copland, Carter, Barber, Cage, Bernstein.â New York and London: W. W. Norton, 1997 (1988). ISBN 0-393-31588-6
• Nicholls D. American Experimental Music 18901940.â Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1991(1990). ISBN 0-521-42464-X
• The Whole World of Music: A Henry Cowell Symposium / Nicholls D., ed.â Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Press, 1997. ISBN 90-5755-003-2
• The Cambridge History of American Music / Nicholls D., ed.â Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-521-45429-8
• Ewån D. American composers to day, N. Y., 1949 (new. Ed., Composers since 1900, [N. Y.], 1969).
• Brant H. H. Cowell, Musician and citizen, Etude, "MQ", 1957, February-April.
• Weisgall H. The music of H. Cowell, "MQ", 1959, v. 45, No 4.
• Slonimsky N. Henry Cowell, â êí.: American composers on American music, N. Y. [1962].
• Bartok, Peter, Moses Asch, Marian Distler, and Sidney Cowell; revised by Sorrel Hays (1993 [1963]). Liner notes to Henry Cowell: Piano Music (Smithsonian Folkways 40801).
• Boziwick, George "Henry Cowell at the New York Public Library: A Whole World Of Music," Notes [Music Library Association], 57.1 (available online) (2000).
• Cage, John "History of Experimental Music in the United States" (available online), in Silence (1971 [1961]), pp. 6775. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6028-6 (1959).
• Gann, Kyle The Music of Conlon Nancarrow. Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-02807-8 (1995).
• Harrison, Lou "Learning from Henry," in The Whole World of Music: A Henry Cowell Symposium, ed. Nicholls; pp. 161167 (1997).
• Hicks, Michael Henry Cowell, Bohemian. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02751-5 (2002).
• Kirkpatrick, John 20th-Century American Masters: Ives, Thomson, Sessions, Cowell, Gershwin, Copland, Carter, Barber, Cage, Bernstein. New York and London: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-31588-6, et al. (1997 [1988]).
• Lichtenwanger, William The Music of Henry Cowell: A Descriptive Catalogue. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Brooklyn College Institute for Studies in American Music. ISBN 0-914678-26-4 (1986).
• Mead, Rita H. Henry Cowell's New Music, 19251936. Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI Research Press (excerpted online). ISBN 0-8357-1170-6 (1981).
• Nicholls, David American Experimental Music 18901940. Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42464-X (1991 [1990]).
• Nicholls, David The Whole World of Music: A Henry Cowell Symposium. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Press. ISBN 90-5755-003-2, ed. (1997).
• Nicholls, David The Cambridge History of American Music. Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45429-8, ed. (1998).
• Oja, Carol J. Liner notes to Henry Cowell: Mosaic (Mode 72/73). (1998).
• Oja, Carol J. Making Music Modern: New York in the 1920s. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505849-6 (2000).
• Sollberger, Harvey Liner notes to Percussion Music: Works by Varèse, Colgrass, Saperstein, Cowell, Wuorinen (Nonesuch 9 79150-2). (1992 [1974]).
• Sublette, Ned Cuba and Its Music: From the First Drums to the Mambo. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 1-55652-516-8 (2004).
• Thomson, Virgil Virgil Thomson: A ReaderâSelected Writings 19241984. Edited by Richard Kostelanetz. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93795-7 (2002).
• Carwithen, Edward R. Henry Cowell: Composer and Educator. Ph.D. dissertation. Gainesville: University of Florida (1991).
• Galván, Gary âCowell in Cartoon: A Pugilistic Pianistâ™s Impact on Pop Culture.â Hawaii International Conference on Arts and Humanities, January 1114, 2006, Conference Proceedings. ISSN 1541-5899Øàáëîí:Full (2006).
• Galván, Gary Henry Cowell in the Fleisher Collection. Ph.D. dissertation. Gainesville: University of Florida (2007).
• Johnson, Steven "Henry Cowell, John Varian, and Halcyon." American Music 11, no. 1 (Spring): 1-27 (1993).
• Saylor, Bruce The Writings of Henry Cowell: A Descriptive Bibliography. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Brooklyn College Institute for Studies in American Music. ISBN 0-914678-07-8 (1977).
• Spilker, John D. "Substituting a New Order": Dissonant Counterpoint, Henry Cowell, and the Network of Ultra-Modern Composers. Ph.D. dissertation, Tallahassee: Florida State University (2010).
• Ñèãèäà Ñ. Þ. Êîóýëë, Ãåíðè Äèêñîí // Ìóçûêàëüíàÿ ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ â 6 òîìàõ, ÁÑÝ, Ì., 1973 - 1982, Ò. 3, ñ. 17-18.

Ññûëêè

• Boziwick G. Henry Cowell at the New York Public Library: A Whole World Of Music // Notes (2000). [Music Library Association], 57.1 (available online).
• Mead R. H. Henry Cowell's New Music, 19251936.â Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI Research Press, 1981. (excerpted online). ISBN 0-8357-1170-6
• Âèäåî