| London Underground |
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408 |
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270 (260 ) |
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11 |
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3,04-3,4 [1] |
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1090 |
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́ ́ (. London Underground) (), . , , --, 1863 [2]. ́ , , . 1890 , [3]. the Underground («») Tube («»), . 2010 270 , 253 (408 ). . 2008 1090 , 3 .
, . 1933 , , (London Passenger Transport Board). 1985 , London Underground (London Underground Limited)[4]. 2003 London Underground Limited (LUL) Transport for London (TfL), , [5].
. [6]. . 2007 , , 10 . . , .
, , [7].
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24 1868 , « ». , «he District», 1864 . «he District» , , .
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XX , , . , , . , , . , . , , , - (Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead), 1 1900 , . 1901 , «he District», « » (Metropolitan District Electric Traction Company) 15 1901 . , (Great Northern and Strand Railway Brompton and Piccadilly Circus Railway) 1901 , 1902 . GN&SR (Great Northern and Strand Railway) B&PCR (Brompton and Piccadilly Circus Railway) . 9 1902 MDET ( ) Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL). UERL 1855 1933 , London General Omnibus Company, «he Combine», 1930-.
, «he District» 1903 , « » . . 1904 , . 1910 - «he District» « ». , . , 1933 . 1905 , .
--- 1906 , 1907 . - . & , . Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton 1906 . , 200 (61 ) , . - . . 1907 - . - . . , . - (Golders Green), . ( ).
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, 1 1913 UREL : . , « » , . 1913 , , « » . .
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1915 , . Queens Park, 1817 , - , . , 29 . , . -, 1920 .
- , . 1922-24 . 1924 , . Edgware, 1926 . (Clapham Common) . (Morden), , [18]. -, 1920-30 , [19].
« » 1925 , . . 1892 . (Stanmore), .
1933 , . . Cockfosters. (Manor House) (Turnpike Lane), , , . , [20]. 1933 UERL (Underground Electric Railways Company of London) , , , . , .
[] «London Transport»
1933 , «he Combine», « » (LPTB), , 1 1933 , . LPTB, , «London Transport» (LT).
, LT . «» . , LT , , , , , ( ), ( ). 1937 , , , . -- LT, 1937 , , , . LT , «New Works Programme, 19351940», . . 1930-40- , . (Loughton) , .
LT , . 1936 , LT . , . .
. 1940 , ( ), , . 177 500 . 200 000 . , , 22 000 , . . , ( 8 000 .), , . ( ) , . , [21]. .
, , LT . . (West Ruislip) 1948 , . 1949 . . . (Ongar) LT 1957 .
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1 1948 , London Transport - , (British Transport Commission), ( ). (London Transport Executive). «New Works Programme, 19351940» .
, , , , , . 1960 , . . , , 9 1961 , « » . 1971 [17]. 1963 , , , .
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1 1970 , «London Transport» . , , . 1980 , «Fares Fair», . , . - , . , , (Transport (London) Act 1969). , «Fares Fair» , , 1982 , , . - «London Transport» 1984 , 1986 .
[]
, 1984 , «London Transport» LT (London Regional Transport), . , . , 1 1985 London Underground Limited , .
1987 , , :
| , London Underground Ltd , . 1985-86 ., 762 , , 1948 , 720 . , «Driver-only operation» ( , ). (Underground Ticketing System). 1986 . 1988 , 125 , [22]. |
1994 , , --, . (Epping Ongar) , , , .
1999 -. . - 1999 .
[] - -
18 1987 , 19:30 , - - , 31 . «- -» , , . . - . , 1985 , (Oxford Circus) 1984 , - - , [23]. . 19:30 , , . 19:43 . , , , . . , , , . . 18 , . , - , . , , , , , . . , «» , , . . . , , 30 . . 7,5 : . , 800 °C, . , . 30° . , , , . 500600 °C , , .
, , , , 200 000 , 16 10 , 14 2[24]. , 18 . , .
[] -
2000 , Transport for London (TfL) . 2003 , - , («Metronet» «Tube Lines»), 30- . London Underground Limited Transport for London. , , , , , . , «Metronet», 18 2007 , - [25][26]. - , , «Metronet» 2 . , «Metronet» 70 000 000 , . , 2003 , . [27]. Transport for London «Metronet» . , Transport for London, TfL , «Metronet». TfL. Transport for London. , - , [28].
, «Tube Lines», . «Tube Lines» - , , «Tubes Lines» [29]. 2009 , «Tube Lines» TfL £1,75 . Transport for London , £400 [30]. . 7 2010 , , Transport for London «Bechtel» «Amey plc» Tube Lines £310 «Metronet» , - , Transport for London[31][31].
- 2004 , - , , London Underground Ltd £180 , - , £275 [32].
23 2007 () . . 27 2010 Overground, 2012 .
[] Transport for London
Transport for London 2000 , , , 2003 London Underground Limited[17].
TfL , , [33]. : London Transport Insurance (Guernsey) Ltd., the TfL Pension Fund Trustee Co. Ltd. Transport Trading Ltd (TTL). TTL , London Underground Limited.
Transport for London . . Transport for London. , (Peter Hendy)[34].
, TfL. , . TfL Transport for London. 2000 «London TravelWatch», [35].
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11 : . , --, , , , , , --, . 12 , 2007 , 2010 (London Overground)[36].
| * | (.) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metropolitan Line |
1863 | 1863 | 66,7 | 34 | S |
58 000 | ||||||
District Line |
1858 | 1868 | 64 | 60 | C69/C77 D78 |
188 000 | ||||||
Circle Line |
1863 | 1884 | 27 | 36 | C69/C77 | 74 000 | ||||||
Northern Line |
1867 | 1890 | 58 | 50 | 1995 | 206 987 | ||||||
| --** Waterloo & City Line |
1898 | 1898 | 2,5 | 2 | 1992 | 9 616 | ||||||
Central line |
1856 | 1900 | 74 | 49 | 1992 | 199 000 | ||||||
Bakerloo line |
1906 | 1906 | 23,2 | 25 | 1972 | 104 000 | ||||||
Piccadilly Line |
- | 1869 | 1906 | 71 | 53 | 1973 | 176 177 | |||||
Victoria Line |
1968 | 1968 | 21 | 16 | 2009 | 183 000 | ||||||
Jubilee line |
1879 | 1979 | 36,2 | 27 | 1996 | 127 584 | ||||||
| -- Hammersmith & City line |
1858 | 1988 | 26,5 | 29 | C69/C77 | 50 000 | ||||||
| * , , , - . ** 1994 , ( ) |
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, . . , . . , , . , . 1890 , .
1960 2009 . , , , ( Stock) , --, , , , 1995, . , , , : D. , S, . , , , .
London Underground Limited Alstom, Bombardier Siemens , «Evo» ( . evolution ), , 1972, 1973, 1992. Siemens . , - , . , 11 % [37]. ( 30 ), , 17 % 30 % [38]. , , , , -- [39].
, . . « ». , . , , . , . 420 , « », 210 , 630 . , « » 630 , « » 0 [40].
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, , 2018 [41]. - (Chelsea-Hackney) 2, 1 2018 . , . - - - , , . .
: , , (Automatic train operation, . ), , [42]. , (Communications-Based Train Control . CBTC) , , [43].
--[44] , , , 2012, [45]. , : Vodafone, Orange, T-Mobile, Hutchison 3G O2[45].
, - , 47 °C 2006 , [46]. 20062007 . . , [47]. S, , , , -- [48].
. 14 2011 [49]. 2014 2016 [50].
, , ( )[51].
,[52][53] -, , [54][55], , . , -, [56]. , (Nine Elms) ( )[57]. - (West Ruislip) . , 40 (-[ru] ()) , 2021 . , , 2017 [58].
[]
- , - ( Blake Hall, 1981 6 ). . #.
- «» - Metropolitan Railway (« »), , «».
- « , , ». , , , 40 . , , , 93 . 3 , , . 50 . « , 50 », «». , , .
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- Aldwych «Tomb Raider III. Adventures of Lara Croft»
[] .
[]
- http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/corporate/tfl-annual-report-2010-11-final-interactive.pdf
- Wolmar (2004), p. 18.
- Wolmar (2004), p. 135.
- History. Transport for London. 31 2007.
- Board members. Transport for London. 12 2011.
- Barboza, David. Expo Offers Shanghai a Turn in the Spotlight, The New York Times (29 April 2010). 31 2010.
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- Wolmar (2004), p. 4.
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- Underground Journeys: Moving Underground. Royal Institute of British Architects. 20 2011.
- Underground Journeys: Integrated Design. Royal Institute of British Architects. 20 2011.
- Underground Journeys: Changing the face of London Underground. Royal Institute of British Architects. 20 2011.
- Conner J.E. Down Street // London's Disused Underground Stations. London: Capital Transport, 1999. P. 33. ISBN 185414-250-X
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- Fennell 1988. P. 111.
- Smolowe, Jill, Flamini, Roland. Britain Escalator to An Inferno, Time (30 November 1987).
- Metronet calls in administrators, BBC News (18 July 2007). 21 2007.
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- Template error: argument title is required.
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- Bombardier Transportation (14 June 2011). Bombardier to Deliver Major London Underground Signalling. -. 6 February 2012.
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- 1 2 Mobile coverage coming to London's Tube by the 2012 Olympics. ThinkBroadband (20 September 2010). 1 2010.
- Griffiths, Emma. Baking hot at Baker Street, BBC News (18 July 2006). 11 2008.
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- Metropolitan Line air-conditioned Tube trains launched, BBC News (2 August 2010). 30 2010.
- Binnie, Adam. Croxley Rail Link plan approved by Government, The Watford Observer (13 December 2011). 6 2012.
- Best and final funding bid: Croxley Rail Link. Croxley Rail Link (September 2011). 15 2011.
- Boris Moots Bakerloo Line Extension. The Londonist (blog). 12 2011.
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- urbanrail.net (.)
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