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| : «Tanindrazana, Fahafahana, Fandrosoana» «, , » |
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| : «, » | |||||
| 26 1960 ( ) | |||||
- |
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% . |
45- 587 041 ² 7,0 |
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(2008) |
20,042,552 . (58-) 33 ./² |
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(2008) |
21,62 .[1] $ (120-) 1,100[1] $ |
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| ▼ 0.435 (135-) | |||||
| (MGA) | |||||
| - | .mg | ||||
| +261 | |||||
| UTC +3 | |||||
́ ́ (. Repoblikan'i Madagasikara [republiˈkʲan madaɡasˈkʲarə̥], . République de Madagascar) , . 587 . ², 20,7 . (2009 .). .
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, . (2876 ), , . 587 040 ². 1600 , 600 . , .
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, , , , , . : , , , , . , , , , . : , , , , , , , .
: . (900 ²), . (100 ²) . (96-112 ²). . .
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- - . : , . , . : 350 , 140 ( ), 32 , .
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160165 , 6570 . . , . , . (. Cryptoprocta ferox), . , , . , , . , , 2030 [2]. , IIV . . . , . , .
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- , 75 , 17 . , , 10 . - (. Archaeoindris) 200 [3]. .
- , 8 . : (. Galidiinae) (. Euplerinae). [4] (. Cryptoprocta spelea), , , .
- , , 30 . . , (. Limnogale mergulus) , (. Echinops telfairi) .
- Nesomyidae Nesomyinae. , , : , , , . 10 14 . Nesomyidae 2025 .
- 30 , . 7 , Scotophilus borbonicus ( [5]).
- , , , , , . : , , .
- : (. Mesitornithidae), (. Brachyptericias) (. Philepittidae).
[]
: (. Asteropeiaceae), (. Didymelaceae), (. Didiereaceae), Kaliphoraceae, Melanophyllaceae, (. Physenaceae), (. Sarcolaenaceae) (. Sphaerosepalaceae).
[]
, 2007 18 120 , 16 821 , 116- 115- , 124 .[8]. 2007 , , 1 068 (157 ) 878 (161 ).
, . , ( ), , , , , , . : - , [9].
80- , , . (88-93 ), (. Export Processing Zone), 80- 91-96 . 19962001, , . 2002 , , , 2002 12,7 %. 20022005 . , , .
, , . , - . 80 % , 5 % . , , . , , . .
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1975 . 1975 . , . . 1975 , .
2009 , . 7 2009 10 000 , . , , , 40 300 [10]. .
17 2009 , , . , . . 8 , . , , , « »[11]. 20 2009 [12].
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127 4- , (100 ) , .
2007 106 « » (TIM), 1 « » « » (LEADER/Fanilo), 20 .
[] -
[]
:
| № | ² | % | % | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 58 283 | 9,9 % | 4 580 788 | 29,2 % | ||
| 2 | 43 046 | 7,4 % | 1 188 425 | 7,6 % | ||
| 3 | 102 373 | 17,6 % | 3 366 291 | 21,5 % | ||
| 4 | 150 023 | 25,5 % | 1 733 917 | 11,0 % | ||
| 5 | 71 911 | 12,2 % | 2 593 063 | 16,5 % | ||
| 6 | 161 405 | 27,4 % | 2 229 550 | 14,2 % |
6 (. faritany mizakatena) 22 . 1946 , , , 50- . 1992 , . , 1992 , : (. faritra), (. departemanta) (. kaominina). , , - . 1997, « ». 2000 . , 2001 , , Presidents by special delegation (PSD). 2007 , , , .
[]
:
| № | . | , (2004) . |
, ² |
, ./² |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 485 800 | 19 266 | 25,22 | ||
| 2 | 805 300 | 25 518 | 31,56 | ||
| 3 | 643 000 | 6993 | 91,95 | ||
| 4 | 2 811 500 | 16 911 | 166,25 | ||
| 5 | 1 589 800 | 16 599 | 95,78 | ||
| 6 | 326 600 | 16 688 | 19,57 | ||
| 7 | 940 800 | 50 100 | 18,78 | ||
| 8 | 543 200 | 31 046 | 17,50 | ||
| 9 | 236 500 | 30 025 | 7,88 | ||
| 10 | 175 500 | 38 852 | 4,52 | ||
| 11 | - | 877 700 | 31 948 | 27,47 | |
| 12 | 1 117 100 | 21 934 | 50,93 | ||
| 13 | 860 800 | 21 930 | 39,25 | ||
| 14 | 693 200 | 16 141 | 42,95 | ||
| 15 | 1 128 900 | 21 080 | 53,55 | ||
| 16 | - | 1 097 700 | 19 605 | 55,99 | |
| 17 | - | 621 200 | 18 863 | 32,93 | |
| 18 | 189 200 | 26 391 | 7,17 | ||
| 19 | 390 800 | 46 121 | 8,47 | ||
| 20 | - | 1 018 500 | 66 236 | 15,38 | |
| 21 | - | 476 600 | 19 317 | 24,67 | |
| 22 | 544 200 | 25 731 | 21,15 | ||
| 17 573 900 | 587 295 | 29,92 |
[]
[]
21,3 ( 2010).
3 % (12- ).
5,1 (20- ).
61 , 65 .
29 %.
[]
, . () , . 20 . «», , «» , «».
. (), , , , , . . - , . , . . . , , , .
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. - , . XVIII . , . , [13]. 90 % . , . , . [14].
XV . .
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, . . , , «». , , « ». , , ( ) , . .
45 % , - . . , , , . . « ». .
( 7 %) , X . , - . , , , , ( ). , .
90- XX .
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, , . X- , XVI- , XX- .
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() (). . [15], , - .
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, . , , ( )[16]. , , . ( ), , . , . , . , .
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, , , . : ( , ), ( ), ( , , , , ), ( , , ), ( ) . , ( ), , , . , .
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, , . , , .
(. valiha), , . (. sodina) , , «» . (. kabosy) , , «» . (. mandoliny). (. marovany) , .
(. jejy voatova), , , (. lokanga), .
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, , , (. : , . gasy: ). , () , . 18- , , , . , , . , , , [17]. , , , [18].
, . , ( ) .
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2007 .
AS Adema SO lEmyrne : 31 2002 149:0 AS Adema, SO lEmyrne .
[]
| . |
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: , , , 18-50 ; 18 ( ) (2004)
, : . 18-49: 3,542,797 . 18-49: 3,551,447 (2005)
, : . 18-49: 2,218,662 . 18-49: 2,408,810 (2005)
, : . 18-49: 187,000 . 18-49: 184,833 (2005)
$329 (2005) % : 7,2 % (2005)
[] .
[]
- 1 2 CIA The World Factbook Madagascar
- http://www.biology.duke.edu/yoderlab/pdfs/ipYoderFlynnNHMad.pdf
- William L. Jungers, Laurie R. Godfrey, Elwyn L. Simons, and Prithijit S. Chatrath (1997 October 28). «Phalangeal curvature and positional behavior in extinct sloth lemurs (Primates, Palaeopropithecidae)». PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94(22): 1199812001.
- Goodman S. M., Rasoloarison R. M. and Ganzhorn J. U. (2004). On the specific identification of subfossil Cryptoprocta (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Madagascar. Zoosystema, 26 (1): 129143. [available at http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/front/medias/publication/1334_z04n1a9.pdf]
- : :
- Moravec Jiří, 2007: A monograph of the genus Pogonostoma. Tiger beetles of Madagascar, volume 1. 30 colour plates, 499 pp. (in English). ISBN 978-80-86447-13-1.
- Moravec Jiří, 2002: A monograph of the genus Physodeutera. Tiger beetles of Madagascar, volume 2. 21 colour plates, 290 pp. (in English).
- CIA The World Factbook Country Comparison :: National product
- Madagascar Country Facts- Goway Travel Experiences
- Blutbad in Madagaskar (.)
- Wechsel in Madagaskar (.)
- «» : news, world | euronews
- Wittmann, Henri (1972). «Le caractère génétiquement composite des changements phonétiques du malgache.» Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences 7.807-10. La Haye: Mouton.[1]
- Ferrand, Gabriel (1905). Les migrations musulmanes et juives à Madagascar. Paris: Revue de lhistoire des religions
- Madagascar: Menus & Recipes from Africa
- ARRrr Recette Madagascar
- Edkvist, Angela. The Performance of Tradition: An Ethnography of Hira Gasy Popular Theatre in Madagascar (Uppsala Studies in Cultural Anthropology, 23). 1997. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet.
- Mauro, Didier. Madagascar, le theatre du peuple de lart Hira Gasy entre tradition et rebellion. 2001. Paris: Karthala.
[]
| ? |
- Madagascar from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Open Directory Project (dmoz).
: : 
- : Wikitravel
- Madagascar online allAfrica.com
- Madagascars National Parks and Reserves -
- Conservation International Madagascar overview pages
- New York Academy of Sciences Conserving Madagascar Podcast by Helen Crowley
- Journal Madagascar Conservation & Development
- WildMadagascar.org , , , . (.) (.)
- Madagascar
- The Palmarium reserve, is situated on the East coast of Madagascar.
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