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| : «Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu » |
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| : «Negaraku ( )» | |||||
| 31 1957[1] ( 16 1963[2] ( |
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| -[3] | |||||
| - | |||||
| - - |
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| . | [4] | ||||
% . |
64- 329 758 ² 0,3 |
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(2011) |
28 310 000 . . (43-) 85,8 ./² |
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(2011) |
447,595 [5] $ (29-) 15 810[5] $ |
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| - | .my | ||||
| +60 | |||||
| +8 | |||||
| a |
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, Melayu Malaiur Malayadvipa, « ».[11][12] . Malai «». - 1826 «», «» «», . 1831 . - «, -».[13] 1850 Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, - .
1957 , , . «» 1963 , , . , «» . , «» .[14]
[]
, 13 - () (11 , 2 ( ) () - . . . - (Yang Dipertuan Besar). . ( ). . 4 , . 4- , - . .
(, - - ), - (-). , . , , , . , -. : . . ( ) , . -, , . , . . .
, , 60 % . , , , [15].
[] -
[]
, , , , . . . 31 1957 . 1963 ( ). , - .
[]
, , () , . , ( ) ( ). . . , 50 ., 25 . . ( 18 ), , , 21 .
[] -
[]
- ( -), : JH
- ( -), :KH
- ( -), :KN
- ( ), : MK
- - ( ), : NS
- ( ), :PH
- ( ), :PK
- ( ), :PS
- ( ), :PP PN
- ( -), : SL
- ( -), :TR
- :
- ( ), :PTJ
- - ( ), : KL
[]
- , . ( -, . ), :SBH
- ( ), :SWK
[]
[]
[]
- . : (- ) ( ), - . 329 847 ² (66- ). ( ), ( ) ( ). ; . . , .
39,7 % 740 322 ( ). ; - (2187 ). 1931 , . 60,3 % , 2607 . , (4095 ).[16] .
[]
, - . . , . , 760 . , 560 , . , 435 . , - . (-), , 5026 . , 260 ², . .
[]
- , . , - , . , , . - , , , .[17] - .
[]
. . . ( ), ( ) ( ). , -, - . . - . .[18]
, , , , , . , , , , , , . . , . , , , , . , . , , , ; .
[]
, , . 27°,[19] 2500 .[20] , , , . : - ( ) - ( ). - -,[21] . - .
, , , . 23° 32° 100 300 . , , . , .
- 9 1998 40,1°. - 1 1978 7,8°. - 6 1967 608 . , 5 687 , , , 2006 . , , 4 128 247 . , , 1746 .[22]
[]
, 2000 , . 1926 15 . 20062007 18 1,5 ; 110 . .[23] . , : , . , , .[24]
[]
. 20 % .[25] . 210 , 250 ( 150 80 ), 150 . 620 .
2 : , . , , , , , , , , . , : , , , , , . 11 300 . ( , ) 500 . , 1200 .
58,2 % . - . 8500 , 15 000 . , 2000 , 240 . , 1 .
[]
, , . 2000 , 140 200 (0,65 % ) .[26] 80 % 60 % . 2020 . , . 40 % 20 , . -. .
. . 40 % . 1,5 .[27] .
[]
2010 , 28 334 135 (44- ).[28] 86 /². , 79,6 % 20,4 % .[29] 70 %. 2,4 %; 34 % 15 .
[]
. ( 60,3 % 2010 ) , . , (50,4 %), , ( 11 %).[30] - . , ( ) . , 600 (30 % ). , 170 . - .
(24,6 % ).[31] , , «» -, «» (41 % ). (7,1 %).[32] , 85 % .
[]
. ( 1960- ) - . , . , , . . , 600 . .
(, , , .), , , . .[33]
[]
, , . 2010 61,3 % ; 19,8 %; 9,2 %; 6,3 %; , 1,3 %. 0,7 % , 1,4 % , , .[34]
.[35] 2010 (83,6 %); 11 % ; 3,4 % ; -. 86,2 % ; 6 % ; 4,1 % . (-) 46,5 % ; 40,4 % .
[]
: . , , . , , 1996 . , , . , (6 ). 5 .
, . , . 1981 , 1970 , 1982 . , , , .
[]
. . , . , . , ,
[]
|
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | - | 1,809,699 | - - |
8 | - | 617,149 | ||
| 2 | - | 1,321,672 | 9 | - | 579,304 | |||
| 3 | 1,055,207 | 10 | - | 577,301 | ||||
| 4 | - | 895 509 | 11 | - | 543,415 | |||
| 5 | - | 756,309 | 12 | 525,351 | ||||
| 6 | 710,798 | 13 | 515,961 | |||||
| 7 | 658,562 | 14 | 479,121
|
|||||
[]
( ) 6,5 % 1957 2005 . 2010 414,400 . $ ( 29- ).[36] 1970- , , ; 1980- . . 1997 , .[37]
, , .[38] , . 4,3 ; Petronas. -, ,[39] . .[40]
, . - (1- ). ( Proton). 2002 .[41][42] .[43]
[]
, , . 7 % 2005 .[44] 2009 9- , . , , .[45]
, . , , . , , .
[]
, 98 721 , 80 280 , 1 821 (expressways).[46] 966 . , . .
1 849 . 134 . . 57 , - . .
58 , 37 . 8 , - (Kuala Lumpur International Airport); - (Kota Kinabalu International Airport). Malaysia Airlines. , 38 - -, .
[]
. , , , . . , .
1971 , . , ; , .[47] , , .[48] , , . , .
[]
, ( ), XV . . , . . , . XIX , . XX , . « », « » (Sulalatus Salatin), XV , XVI . « » (Hikayat Hang Tuah) .
, . 1971 , « », « », « »
[]
, . . , . . . . . , , -. ; . , , , .
[]
[]
[]
.[49] , . , , , , , .[50] , .[51] , . , .
, . : , ; , , , , . , . , . , , . , . ; .
[]
. , . , ; , . (-), 31 1957 . , 16 1963 . (1 ) ( ).
: - (- ), - (- ) - (-). . , . , . (-). , .
[]
« » (RTM). , -. 1 1946 ., « » ( 1963 . « »). « » 22 7 , , . , 15 1963 . « », 8 (, , , , , , , ) 168 . « » ( ).
28 1963 . 28 1978 . (TV-1 TV-2). 131, 206 (126 TV-1 80 TV-2). 1 1984 . TV-3 24 , 31 1997 96 . 1 1995 . 4- «», 3,3 .
, 1968 . 1 1984 . . (). , , , , , , , , .
56 (14 , 12 , 18 , 4 , 4 4 ) 1 801 (959 , 495 , 255 , 62 30 ). 2006 «» (), . « » (1961), (« », « », « », « », « ») (« », « », « », « ») 1,5 , « () » (1938), (« » , « » ) (« ») 700 . . : «» « » ( 170 .), « » (145 .), « » (210 .), « » (30 .), « » (110 .). 2012 . . 1974 . , .
[] .
[]
- Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 (.). 1957 encisource. 22 2011. 17 2011.
- Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore (.). encisource. 22 2011. 29 2010.
- 2007
- Malaysia
- 1 2 (2010)
- 1 2 United Nations Member States (2006) (.). - encisource. 22 2011. 17 2011.
- , ,
- 30 1963 No. 8029 ,
- No. 8809,
- Govind Chandra Pande India's Interaction with Southeast Asia: History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 1, Part 3. Munshiram Manoharlal, 2005. P. 266. ISBN 9788187586241
- Lallanji Gopal The economic life of northern India: c. A.D. 7001200. Motilal Banarsidass, 2000. P. 139. ISBN 9788120803022
- «On the Islands of the Great Ocean». The Journal of Pacific History (Taylor & Francis, Ltd) 38 (2).
- States of Malaysia. Statoids (Administrative Divisions of Countries). 2 2012. 23 2010.
- , . (30 2009). 22 2011. 30 2009 .
- Richmond Simon Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei. Lonely Planet. P. 366. ISBN 9781741048872
- www.britannica.com
- Malays Travel Guide:Climate of Malaysia, Circle of Asia. 28 2008.
- Saw Swee-Hock The population of Peninsular Malaysia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2007. P. 12. ISBN 978-981-230-730-9
- Weather phenomena. Malaysian Meteorological Department. 20 2008. 31 2008.
- General Climate Information, Malaysia Meteorological Department. 28 2008.
- Flood and Drought Management in Malaysia, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia (21 2007). 1 2008. ( )
- Keseismikan Malaysia (Malay), Meteorological Department of Malaysia. 30 2008.
- Alexander James Malaysia Brunei & Singapore. New Holland Publishers, 2006. P. 4650. ISBN 1860113095
- Malaysia: Environmental Profile. Mongabay.com. 2 2012. 6 2010.
- Malaysia - Environment. Environment of the Nations. 6 2010.
- Population (Updated 2 July 2010). Department of Statistics Malaysia (2 July 2010). 2 2012. 22 2009.
- Population, Household and Living Quarters (2010), Department of Statistics, Malaysia.
- CIA World Factbook Based on 2004 estimate
- Slightly more men than women in Malaysian population
- West Barbara Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, Volume 1. New York: Facts on File inc., 2009. P. 486. ISBN 0-8160-7109-8
- Kumar Soundrapandian Social: Indian Malaysian Online. Indianmalaysian.com. 2 2012. 21 2010.
- Taburan Penduduk dan Ciri-ciri Asas Demografi. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. 2 2012. 9 2011.
- Imran Imtiaz Shah Yacob. Doing the Impossible: Quitting Islam in Malaysia, Asia Sentinel (27 April 2007). 16 2011.
- Country Comparison :: GDP (Purchasing Power Parity). CIA. 1 2011.
- Bożyk Paweł Newly Industrialized Countries // Globalization and the Transformation of Foreign Economic Policy. Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2006. P. 164. ISBN 0754646386
- The Security of The Straits of Malacca and Its Implications to The South East Asia Regional Security. Office of The Prime Minister of Malaysia. 2 2012. 21 2010.
- TED Case Studies: MALAYTIN: Historical Tin Mining in Malaysia. American University. 2 2012. 27 2010.
- Gooch, Liz. A Path to Financial Equality in Malaysia, International Herald Tribune, The New York Times Company. 27 2010.
- Agensi Angkasa Negara About Us - Our Organization. Government of Malaysia, National Space Agency (ANGKASA). 2 2012. 5 2011.
- Kent, Jonathan. Malaysia has high hoped for moon, BBC News (28 August 2005). 30 2011.
- Pike, John Malaysia Defence Industry. Globalsecurity.org. 24 2010.
- Malaysia escapes, but not unscathed, Asia Times (January 4, 2005). 28 2008.
- Heidi Munan Malaysia. Benchmark Books, 2001. P. 28, 3637. ISBN 0761413510
- Malaysia. Cia.gov. 26 2010.
- Cultural Tourism Promotion and policy in Malaysia. School of Housing, Building and Planning (22 October 1992). 2 2012. 6 2010.
- Van der Heide William Malaysian cinema, Asian film: border crossings and national cultures. Amsterdam University Press, 2002. P. 9899. ISBN 9053565809
- Eckhardt Robyn Kuala Lumpur Melaka & Penang. Lonely Planet. P. 42.
- Far Eastern cuisine: Fancy a Malaysian? Features, Food & Drink, The Independent (13 2010). 3 2010.
- «Malaysian Food.» Malaysianfood.net. Accessed July 2011.
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- . . .: , 1987, 368 .
- , . . . . .: -, 2000, 352 .
[]
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- Open Directory Project (dmoz).
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