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́ ́ ́ ( Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, [xoˈliɬaɬa manˈdeːla][1]; . 18 1918, , ) 10 1994 14 1999, , 27 , 1993. ( )[2].
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, ( )[9]. [10] ( Rolihlahla « » «»)[11]. , . «». , « . , , . , . , »[12].
, , [9]. , . , , . - , (. Junior Certificate)[13]. , 1937 -, , [14]. [10].
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. , 1941 [17], [18]. , , . , , - , . , [16]. , , - [18]. 1942 - [en], 1943 , ( , )[19].
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1948 , . , [20]. 1943 , , (). , , . 1944 [en], . , , [20]. , , , [18].
1948 , [21], . 1948 , 1949 , 1950 . 1952 , . « », [22]. 1955 , [en], . , [23][24]. 1952 Mandela and Tambo, [25].
5 1956 150 . . , 1956 1961 , [29]. 1952 1959 , «», , [30]. , , [30]. , , , [30]. , , 1955 , , , 100 . - [31][32]. 2003 , 1955 . . , .
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1961 , , « » ( « »)[34]. , [35]. , [35].
: « 16 1961 , , , . , , »[36]. : « »[37].
, 1980- , « » , [35]. , . , , [en][39].
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5 1962 , , [42]. , [43][44][45]. 1961 . 25 1962 [46].
11 1963 . . , , , [47]. , ( )[47][48]. , , -, - [49].
20 1964 [50]. , [51]. , , , . [51]. , , «Umkhonto we Sizwe» . , [52]. : « . , . , . , . , »[38].
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, [53]. , [54]. [55]. , [56]. [57]. , D- [58]. e - [37].
1982 ( , .) [en][58]. , , , [60]. , [en], [61].
1985 « »[62]. , , , [63]. , , : « , ? . »[61].
, «Free Nelson Mandela!» ( « !»)[66]. 1989 [67].
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1990 , , [68][69]. , , 11 1990 [70].
[71]. , , , : « 1960 , , , . , , . , . , , , ». , , , [71].
1993 . , , 1991 , «, ». 1992 , [en], , [74]. , [en], 1992 , [37].
1993 [75]. [76]. , , , 27 1994 [61].
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1994 62 % . 10 1994 , , , . , [77]. 1994 1999 , [78].
- , . :
- 1994 , , [79];
- « », - ( );
- 13 % 1996/1997 , 13 % 1997/1998 , 7 % 1998/1999 [80];
- ( , , ) ;
- [80];
- ( 25 % 1996/1997 , 7 % 1997/1998 4 % 1998/1999 )[80];
- 1994 , , 1913 , [81];
- 1996 , , . , 65 [82];
- 1998 , [83];
- 1998 , [80];
- 1995 , , ;
- 1997 , ;
- 1998 , ;
- 3 [84];
- 500 [84];
- 2 [84];
- 750 , 3 [84];
- 3 [84];
- 6-14 [85];
- 3,5-5 [86];
- 1996 , [87];
- 1996 , [88].
[]
50 .
, 1999 , . , , .
, , , .
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20 :
- (1 ; , 2002)[93],
- (, 1995)[94],
- (, 1984),
- (, 1984),
- (1993),
- (, 1995),
- (, 1996),
- (, 1997),
- (1997),
- (1998)[95],
- (, 1998),
- 1 (, 3 1998),
- (1999),
- (, 1999),
- (2000),
- (, 2002),
- - (),
- (),
- (),
- « » (),
- (, 2010)[96],
- II ()[97]
- (1990).
[]
- The Specials A.K.A. «Nelson Mandela».
- ( ) (.) .
- [98].
- [99].
- 1988 , .
- 2009 / «» , .
- 2012 Google , .[100]
[]
:
- Long Walk to Freedom (),
- The Struggle Is My Life,
- Nelson Mandela Speaks: Forging a Democratic, Nonracial South Africa.
[]
- / .: . . (. .) . .: , 1990. ISBN 5-250-00513-6
[]
- Madibas Many Names Nelson Mandela Foundation
- 1 2 South Africa: Celebrating Mandela At 90. AllAfrica.com (17 July 2008). 25 2011.
- So, where do we come from?. beta.mnet.co.za (19 September 2004). 25 2011.
- Kopkind, Andrew. Book Review Higher than Hope. Entertainment Weekly (16 1990). 25 2011.
- 1 2 Mafela, Munzhedzi James. The revelation of African culture in Long Walk to Freedom. Indigenous Biography and Autobiography. Australian National University (October 2008). 25 2011.
- Mandela 1996, pp. 16, 17
- Guiloineau Jean Nelson Mandela: the early life of Rolihlahla Mandiba. North Atlantic Books, 2002. P. 13. ISBN 1556434170
- 1 2 3 Aikman (2003), pp 70-71
- 1 2 Mandela, Nelson Mandela: The Authorized Portrait. Kansas City, Mo.: Andrews McMeel Pub, 2006. P. 13. ISBN 0-7407-5572-2
- Mandela 1996, p.7
- Mandela 1996, p. 9.
- Mandela celebrates 90th birthday, BBC (17 July 2008). 25 2011.
- Healdtown Comprehensive School. Historic Schools Project: South Africa. 25 2011.
- Mandela 1996, pp. 18-19.
- 1 2 Nelson Mandela. Childhood and education (1918-1930s) (.). South African History Online. 6 2011. 6 2011.
- Mandela 1996, pp. 10, 20.
- 1 2 3 Nelson Mandela Biography Early Years. Nelson Mandela Foundation. 25 2011.
- Sam Davidson. Print this post Print this post Nelson Mandela & the Jews. Counter-Currents Publishing. 25 2011. 25 2011.
- 1 2 Timeline: Nelson Mandela 1940 - 1949 (.). South African History Online. 6 2011. 6 2011.
- The 1948 election and the National Party Victory. South African History Online. 27 2011.
- Mandela 1996, . 167.
- The Defiance Campaign. African National Congress. 13 2008. 27 2011.
- Congress of the People, 1955. African National Congress. 27 2011.
- Callinicos Luli Oliver Tambo: Beyond the Engeli Mountains. New Africa Books, 2004. P. 173. ISBN 0864866666
- Mandela, Nelson. The Sacred Warrior, Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century (31 1999). 27 2011.
- Bhana, Surendra; Vahed, Goolam The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 18931914. 2005. P. 149.
- Bhalla, Nita. Mandela calls for Gandhi's non-violence approach (29 2007). 27 2011.
- Nelson Mandela's Testimony at the Treason Trial 195660. African National Congress. 27 2011.
- 1 2 3 ANC Statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. African National Congress (August 1996). 27 2011.
- Shillington Kevin Encyclopedia of African History. CRC Press, 2005. P. 1449. ISBN 1579582451
- The Freedom Charter. African National Congress. 3 2008. 28 2008.
- Leeman Bernard The PAC of Azania in Africa Today / Alexander, Peter; Hutchison, Ruth; Schreuder, Deryck. The Humanities Research Centre, The Australian National University Canberra: The Australian National University Canberra, 1996. ISBN 0731524918
- Umkhonto is Born. African National Congress. 28 2011.
- 1 2 3 Whittaker David J. The Terrorism Reader. Updated. Routledge, 2003. P. 244. ISBN 0415301017
- Tell me about the bomb at the brickworks Frontline The Long Walk of Nelson Mandela. PBS. 4 2012. 28 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 Mandela Nelson Long Walk to Freedom. Little, Brown and Company, 1994.
- 1 2 Mandela, Nelson "I am Prepared to Die" Nelson Mandela's statement from the dock at the opening of the defence case in the Rivonia Trial. African National Congress (20 1964). 28 2011.
- Mandela admits ANC violated rights, too, Financial Times (2 November 1998).
- BBC News: US shamed by Mandela terror link (10 April 2008). 28 2011.
- Mandela taken off US terror list, BBC News (1 July 2008). 28 2011.
- 5 August This day in history. The History Channel. 4 2012. 29 2011.
- Blum., William How the CIA sent Nelson Mandela to prison for 28 years. Third World Traveller. 4 2012. 29 2011.
- Stein., Jeff Our Man in South Africa. Salon.com (14 1996). 29 2011.
- Weiner Tim Legacy of Ashes. Penguin Group, 2007. P. 362. ISBN 978-1-846-14046-4
- Katwala, Sunder.. The Rivonia Trial, The Guardian (11 2001). 29 2011.
- 1 2 ANC Lilliesleaf Farm arrests. South African History Online (11 1963). 29 2011.
- 1 2 Toward Robben Island: The Rivonia Trial. African National Congress. 29 2011.
- Joffe Joel The State vs. Nelson Mandela. One World Publications, 2007. P. 272278.
- Mandela, Nelson.. An ideal for which I am prepared to die, The Guardian (20 April 1964). 29 2011.
- 1 2 The Sharpeville Massacre, TIME (4 April 1960). 29 2011.
- Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe. African National Congress (16 December 1961). 29 2011.
- Mandela's jail overrun by rabbits, BBC (15 2008). 30 2011.
- Nelson Mandela Biography. Nobelprize.org. The Nobel Foundation (1993). 4 2012. 30 2011.
- A monument to Mandela: the Robben Island years, The Independent, UK: Independent Print Limited (2 2007). 30 2011.
- Political prisoner recalls time on Robben Island. The Michigan Daily (17 2002). 4 2012. 30 2011.
- Holmes, Steven A.. Robben Island Journal; South Africa Ponders Fate of Apartheid's Bastille, NY Times (22 1994). 30 2011.
- 1 2 Kathrada Ahmed Memoirs. Zebra, 2004. P. 246. ISBN 1868729184
- 1 2 The Big Read: Nelson Mandela: a living legend. Daily Observer (25 2008). 4 2012. 30 2011.
- Hallengren, Anders. Nelson Mandela and the Rainbow of Culture. Nobelprize.org. The Nobel Foundation (11 2001). 30 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 Sparks Allister Tomorrow is Another Country. Struik, 1994.
- Cowell, Alan.. South Africa hints at conditional release for jailed black leaders, NY Times (1 1985). 30 2011.
- Mandela's response to being offered freedom. ANC. 30 2011.
- Key Dates in South African History. Nelson Mandela Children's Fund. 30 2011.
- http://www.samedia.uovs.ac.za/cgi-bin/getpdf?id=2164009
- Free Nelson Mandela. ANC (July 1988). 30 2011.
- PW Botha, unrepentant defender of apartheid, dies aged 90, The Independent, Independent Print Limited (2006-11-1). 30 2011.
- Malam John The Release of Nelson Mandela: 11 February 1990. Cherrytree Books, 2002. ISBN 1842341030
- 1990: Freedom for Nelson Mandela, BBC (11 1990). 1 2011.
- Ormond, Roger. Mandela free after 27 years, The Guardian (12 1990). 1 2011.
- 1 2 Nelson Mandela's address to Rally in Cape Town on his Release from Prison. ANC (11 1990). 1 2011.
- A Crime Against Humanity Analysing the Repression of the Apartheid State. South African History Online. 4 2012. 1 2011.
- Profile of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela. African National Congress. 1 2011.
- Boipatong Massacre. African National Congress (18 1992). 1 2011.
- Chris Hani assassinated. (Obituary). Social Justice. 4 2012. 1 2011.
- Statement of the President of the ANC, Nelson Mandela on the assassination of Martin Chris Hani (10 1993). 4 2012. 1 2011.
- Mandela becomes SA's first black president, BBC (10 1994). 2 2011.
- The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 Presentation Speech. Nobelprize.org. 4 2012. 2 2011.
- South African Child Gauge 2006 - FINAL.pdf (PDF). 4 2012. 2 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 Democracy and governance review: Mandelas legacy 19941999 by Yvonne G. Muthien, Meshack M. Khosa, and Bernard Magubane
- Land Redistribution: A Case for Land Reform in South Africa. NGO Pulse. 4 2012. 2 2011.
- Antonio Antonino Fabbriciani LAND REFORM POLICIES AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A SOUTH AFRICAN CASE STUDY (.) (27 March 2007). 4 2012. 2 2011.
- ME BIYASE A SIMPLE ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF CHILD SUPPORT GRANT ON THE FERTILITY RATE IN SOUTH AFRICA (.). 4 2012. 2 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 5 The making and unmaking of democracy: lessons from history and world politics by Theodore K. Rabb and Ezra N. Suleiman
- EISA South Africa: The presidency of Nelson Mandela (1994-1999). Eisa.org.za. 4 2012. 2 2011.
- Wessel Visser SHIFTING RDP INTO GEAR. THE ANC GOVERNMENTS DILEMMA IN PROVIDING AN EQUITABLE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL SECURITY FOR THE NEW SOUTH AFRICA.* (.). 4 2012. 2 2011.
- Mining Health and Safety Legislation in South Africa. Mining Safety. 4 2012. 2 2011.
- http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/1623/01Chapter1.pdf?sequence=4
- Delphic Ambassadors. // delphic-games.com. 15 2012. (.)
- Brief chronology of Nelson Mandela's life
- -
- The Order of Mapungubwe. List of Recipients. (.)
- 24.08.1995 № 871 « . .»
- Order of Canada. Nelson Mandela, C.C (.)
- The Golden Jubilee Medal President Nelson Mandela, C.C. (.)
- Cape Town finally takes the time to honour Nelson Mandela (The Observer). (.)
- Nelson Mandela statue is unveiled. BBC News, 29 August 2007
- Nelson Mandela Digital Archive Project
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| (19011925) | (19261950) | (19511975) | (19762000) | (20012025) |
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