(- ), ( ) , .[1]
. , , , . . ( . native code), - .[2]
, . , A B, A «» B. A , B, B A.
( RISC-, MISC-) ( CISC-; , x86 8 120 ).
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, , , . . IBM System/360 : 8 64 , .
. System/360 IBM , IBM 1401/1440/1460 IBM S/360 model 40.
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(. absolute code) , [1], , (, , ). .COM , MBR. - ( , ).
- (. position-independent code) , , (, ). , , , .[1]
- . , , , , -. x86 , , , - . , .
[] «Hello, world!»
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«Hello, world!» x86 ( DOS, BIOS Int 10h) ( ):
- BB 11 01 B9 0D 00 B4 0E 8A 07 43 CD 10 E2 F9 CD 20 48 65 6C 6C 6F 2C 20 57 6F 72 6C 64 21
[] .
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- 1 2 3 = Dictionary of Computing / . . .: . . . . .; . . . . .: , 1990. 560 . 70 000 (.) . ISBN 5-217-00617-X (), ISBN 0-19-853913-4 ()
- Kate Gregory. Managed, Unmanaged, Native: What Kind of Code Is This? (28 2003). 27 2012.
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