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́ (. Melbourne /ˈmɛlbə(r)n/, [ˈmælbən, -bn̩]) , , -. 3,8 ( 2007 )[1]. - .
, . « » , [2]. , , . 1956 , 2006 [2]. 1981 , 2006 G20, . 2011 The Economist [3].
1835 ( 47 )[4]. 1865 [5]. XX [6].
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, -, , . , 40 000 [4]. 1803 , -, [8].
1835 , , , -, 600 000 (2400 ²) [4]. , « », , « -». , , , , , , , «» 30 1835 . , . , , , [4]. , , , , , [4].
1836 -, , 1837 , « ». , - , , 2- , , , . 25 1847 [9].
1851 , . 1850- , - . 50- 60- XIX , : , , , , , , , . , . : - . 1861 .
80- XIX . , [10]. . , 1885 , « ». , XX . , 1888 . . , , « », [11]. , , - . , , . , , [9].
, 1891 , [11]: 16 , 133 . , 90- XIX , 1893 . , , . , XX .
1 1901 . 9 1901 . 1927 , - 1930 . XX .
- 1942 1944 . , . , 1956 . , . . 60- 70- XX . , . 70- , , , [12].
1989 1992 . . 1992 , . , , . , 1. , , , -, - ( , ). , , , , .
1997 , . , , . 2006 , 2000 [13].
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, - . , ( --, - ), . - - . , , - . . , , - -.
- - , -, -, -, , , , , . , , 85 , .
[]
| , °C | 45,6 | 46,4 | 41,7 | 34,9 | 28,7 | 22,4 | 23,1 | 26,5 | 31,4 | 36,9 | 40,9 | 43,7 | 46,4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| , °C | 25,9 | 25,8 | 23,9 | 20,3 | 16,7 | 14,0 | 13,4 | 15,0 | 17,2 | 19,7 | 21,9 | 24,2 | 19,8 |
| , °C | 20,1 | 20,2 | 18,6 | 15,6 | 12,7 | 10,5 | 9,7 | 10,9 | 12,6 | 14,6 | 16,6 | 18,6 | 15,0 |
| , °C | 14,3 | 14,6 | 13,2 | 10,8 | 8,6 | 6,9 | 6,0 | 6,7 | 8,0 | 9,5 | 11,2 | 12,9 | 10,2 |
| , °C | 5,5 | 4,5 | 2,8 | 1,5 | 1,1 | 2,2 | 2,8 | 2,1 | 0,5 | 0,1 | 2,5 | 4,4 | 2,8 |
| , | 47,7 | 47,4 | 50,4 | 57,1 | 55,7 | 49,1 | 47,6 | 50,2 | 58 | 66,4 | 60,1 | 59,3 | 649,2 |
| , °C | 22 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 20 | 21 | 19 |
| : , | |||||||||||||
|
48
25.8
14.2
|
48
25.8
14.5
|
50
23.8
13.2
|
58
20.3
10.7
|
56
16.7
8.6
|
49
14
6.9
|
48
13.4
6
|
50
14.9
6.6
|
59
17.2
7.9
|
67
19.6
9.5
|
60
21.9
11.1
|
59
24.2
12.9
|
| °C : Bureau of Meteorology[14] |
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ʸ[15] . , , , -. , , . « » [16].
, , , . 21 1869 , 2,8 °C[17]. . 10 1986 . . 10 2005 [18], 15 2006 25 2006[19]. .
, , [20]. 1891 , 305 . 1897 - -, - -. 1908 . 2 1918 , - , , . «», F3 . 13 1939 45,6 °C, , [21]. « », , ( ). 1951 , [17]. 1972 , - [22]. 8 1983 . 16 1983 , XX . « ». 2004 2005. 9 2006 - [23]. 200 . 2008 [24].
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| |
||
|---|---|---|
| 156 457 | ||
| 73 801 | ||
| 57 926 | ||
| 54 726 | ||
| 52 453 | ||
| 52 279 | ||
| 50 686 | ||
| 30 594 | ||
| 29 174 | ||
| 27 568 | ||
| 21 182 | ||
| 18 951 | ||
| 17 317 | ||
| 17 287 | ||
| 16 917 | ||
| 16 439 | ||
| 15 367 | ||
| 14 645 | ||
| 14 581 | ||
| 14 124 | ||
| : , 2006[25] |
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. , , 233 , 180 116 [26]. , , - .
, , , , , . . 20 000 (0,6 % )[27].
. , . 50- XIX . 75 %, 25 40 [8]. , , , 1865 [5]. , .
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, , . 2001 , 151 785 [28]. 47 % [29]. « ».
, . , , , - - , , , , , , -, , , , , .
, , 34,8 % ( 23,1 %). 4,7 % , (2,4 %), (1,9 %) (1,3 %).
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| |
||
|---|---|---|
| 1836 | 177 | |
| 1854 | 123 000 | |
| 1880 | 280 000 | |
| 1956 | 1 500 000 | |
| 1981 | 2 806 000 | |
| 1991 | 3 156 700 | |
| 2001 | 3 366 542 | |
| 2006 | 3 744 373 | |
| 2011 | 3 872 918 | |
| 2021 | 4 253 367 | |
| 2031 | 4 591 846 | |
| : [30] |
||
2006 , 28,3 % (1 018 113) [31]. , 20,0 % (717 717), 12,1 % (433,564), 5,9 % (212 887) 4, 0 % (143 552)[31]. , , , , 7,5 %. . , [32].
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, , 50 000 , 2003 . , - , . , [33][34]. , , , . , , 2028 [35].
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1835 1,6 0,8 . (. Hoddle Grid), , . . , - -, [36]. , , , . , , , - , XX [37].
, , XX , , . . , « ».
, «-», « » XIX . . , .
, , 2002[38], 2004 2005 [39]. , , , , . 36- 2- [40].
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, , , , -. : , , , , , . , , . , ́ .
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́ , , . , [46].
. , , 60 000 , . AUD$ 19,8 , AUD$ 615 [47].
- . , « » , NAB ANZ, - . [48]. .
. 2004 4,6 1,88 - [49]. 2008 [50].
, , , ( ), ANZ, BHP Billiton, National Australia Bank, Rio Tinto Telstra[51]. .
. 2006 - 5000 . AUD$ 1 .
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,[55]. , . , . , .
17 . , , . . - . 1926 [56]. , . -.
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: 7,1 % [57], - [58]. 3,6 22 320 , [57].
. , . , Jetstar Airlines Tiger Airwais Australia, Australian Air Express Toll Priority, Qantas Virgin Blue. Jetstar. -, AirAsia X.[60] , . , . , - , , , . , , , .[61]
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: Seven, Nine Ten, : ABC, SBS C31. ( : 3MBS, Triple J, Fox FM, 3AW, SEN 1116), : DMG Radio Australia, Austereo Southern Cross Broadcasting.
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[]
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