GNU Free Documentation License . .

: ,
, . ().
 

́ ( . μεταβολή  «, »),   , . , . : ; , , , .

, : 40 . , . , :

  • ;
  • .

, . , , , .[1] , .

, .[2] , , , .[3] , , , .[4][5]

[]

, (, , ), , , ( ) . , . .

()
, ,

[]

, .   . (, ).[6] , , , .[7]

[]

, , , .[7] , , .[8]   , . , , .[9] , , , (), ( ). , ,  .[10]

[]

  , .   . : (, ), ( , ).[7]   , . .[11]

[]

. , ,, , .[7] , , .

- . , - .[12] () .

  .   . .[13]

[]

-. .
:

, .[14] , , .[13] .[15]

()  , . , . , ADP AMP. , .[15] : ,   . .

  , , , , , . . , , .[16] (NADH) B3 (),   . NAD+, NADH. .[17] NAD NADH NADPH. NAD+/NADH , NADP+/NADPH .

. ,   . PDB 1GZX.

[]

. 99 % , , , , , , , , , .[18] (, , ) , , , .[18]

. , , , , , . .[19] . .[20] . , , - , .[21]

, .[22][23] (, ) .[24] , , ( ). - , - (, ).[25][26]

[]

:

, , , . , (). , , , , : , . « »: (, ) . , . , , . , - , , , , , , , , .[27] , .     , , .[28]

. -, , , . , , -. , , , .

[]

: -

, , , , . : , , , - .

,[29][30] , .[31] , , .[32][33]

,

[]

: , ,

, .[34] , (, ) , .[35] () .   - . , NADH FAD. , . , NADH NAD+, .   , NADPH , , , .

. - -, , . , , .

, , .[36] . ; , .   . , - .[37] .[38]

[]

[]

: ,

, (, ), , . , , . .[39] , ( NADH) , .[40]

.[41] -. c- , , .[15]

[]

, , . ,[42] (, , ),[1] (II)[43] .[44] , .[45] , , .[46][47]

[]

, , , . , (. ). (, ).[48][49]

, .[15] , , , ( ). ; , .[50]

, , II , . b6f, .[7] -. I NADP+, .[51]

[]

:

  . , , . , . -, , , , . . , , , , .

. (, ) , . , , . : , .

[]

:
( ), . Plagiomnium affine Mniaceae (Bryophyta)

, . , , , , , . CO2 3- NADPH, . .[52] , (4), CAM . ; C3 CO2 , 4 CAM CO2 . .[53]

. , ,[54] -.[55][56] CO2 , .[57]

[]

:

, , , , . , , , , 3- . -6- , .[35] , , , .[58][59]

, , , - ( ) ( ).[60] , , .[61] , , - , .[60][62]

, () () .[63][64]

[] ,

:
, , .

-. , , , . : I ,[65] II .[66][67]

  .[68] , , , .[69] - ,[70] - -3-.[69][71] , .[72] , .[72][73]

[]

:

20 . 20, 11 .[7] , 9 . , . - . . [74]

, , . ( ). , , . -- - , -.[75] -  , , .[76]

[]

: ,

, , .[77][78] .[77][79] ( ). -, , -. , .[80]

[]

:

, . .[81] , , . , , -,[82] ,[83] S-.[84] : , , . .[85] , , , , , , .[86]

  .[87] , .[88] , .[89][90]

[]

, . , . , , , . , , , .[91] . , .[92]

[]

: ,

. , , , , .[93][94] .[95] , . , , .[96]

. (1), (2). : GLUT-4 (3), (4), (5) (6).

. ; , .[97] .[98] , . , , , , .[99] , .[100]

  .[101] . , , .[102] (, ) (, ). ; , . .[103]

[]

:
. ,   ,   . .

, , , , .[3][104] , , , , .[105][106] , . , .[4][5] .[107]

, . , , , .[108] , , , , , , , .[109] , ; , [110] .[111] «», .[112]

. , , , , .[113] .[114]

[]

: ,
Arabidopsis thaliana. ,   .

, , . , , .[115] , , . ; . , , , .[116]

, , , 43 40 , 45000 .[117] , , .[118] , , , - .[119] , , .[120] , , .[121][122]

  -[123][124][125], , .

  . , , , , , , 1,3- .[126] , , .[127]

[]

, Ars de statica medicina, 1614

. , . - (12131288), , « , ».[128] 1614 . Ars de statica medicina.[129] , , , , , , . , , , , « ».

, .[130] XIX , , . , «   , , ».[131] , ¸ 1828 ,[132] , , , , .

XX .[133] , .[134] , , .[135][62] , , , -, . .

[] .

[]

  1. 1 2 Friedrich C (1998). «Physiology and genetics of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria». Adv Microb Physiol 39: 23589. DOI:10.1016/S0065-2911(08)60018-1. PMID 9328649.
  2. Pace NR (January 2001). «The universal nature of biochemistry». Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (3): 8058. DOI:10.1073/pnas.98.3.805. PMID 11158550.
  3. 1 2 Smith E, Morowitz H (2004). «Universality in intermediary metabolism». Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 (36): 1316873. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0404922101. PMID 15340153.
  4. 1 2 Ebenhöh O, Heinrich R (2001). «Evolutionary optimization of metabolic pathways. Theoretical reconstruction of the stoichiometry of ATP and NADH producing systems». Bull Math Biol 63 (1): 2155. DOI:10.1006/bulm.2000.0197. PMID 11146883.
  5. 1 2 Meléndez-Hevia E, Waddell T, Cascante M (1996). «The puzzle of the Krebs citric acid cycle: assembling the pieces of chemically feasible reactions, and opportunism in the design of metabolic pathways during evolution». J Mol Evol 43 (3): 293303. DOI:10.1007/BF02338838. PMID 8703096.
  6. Michie K, Löwe J (2006). «Dynamic filaments of the bacterial cytoskeleton». Annu Rev Biochem 75: 46792. DOI:10.1146/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142452. PMID 16756499.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nelson David L. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry.  New York: W. H. Freeman and company, 2005.  P. 841.  ISBN 0-7167-4339-6
  8. Fahy E, Subramaniam S, Brown H, Glass C, Merrill A, Murphy R, Raetz C, Russell D, Seyama Y, Shaw W, Shimizu T, Spener F, van Meer G, VanNieuwenhze M, White S, Witztum J, Dennis E (2005). «A comprehensive classification system for lipids». J Lipid Res 46 (5): 83961. DOI:10.1194/jlr.E400004-JLR200. PMID 15722563.
  9. Nomenclature of Lipids. IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (CBN). 22 2011. 8 2007.
  10. Hegardt F (1999). «Mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase: a control enzyme in ketogenesis». Biochem J 338 (Pt 3): 56982. DOI:10.1042/0264-6021:3380569. PMID 10051425.
  11. Raman R, Raguram S, Venkataraman G, Paulson J, Sasisekharan R (2005). «Glycomics: an integrated systems approach to structure-function relationships of glycans». Nat Methods 2 (11): 81724. DOI:10.1038/nmeth807. PMID 16278650.
  12. Sierra S, Kupfer B, Kaiser R (2005). «Basics of the virology of HIV-1 and its replication». J Clin Virol 34 (4): 23344. DOI:10.1016/j.jcv.2005.09.004. PMID 16198625.
  13. 1 2 Wimmer M, Rose I (1978). «Mechanisms of enzyme-catalyzed group transfer reactions». Annu Rev Biochem 47: 103178. DOI:10.1146/annurev.bi.47.070178.005123. PMID 354490.
  14. Mitchell P (1979). «The Ninth Sir Hans Krebs Lecture. Compartmentation and communication in living systems. Ligand conduction: a general catalytic principle in chemical, osmotic and chemiosmotic reaction systems». Eur J Biochem 95 (1): 120. DOI:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb12934.x. PMID 378655.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Dimroth P, von Ballmoos C, Meier T (March 2006). «Catalytic and mechanical cycles in F-ATP synthases. Fourth in the Cycles Review Series». EMBO Rep 7 (3): 27682. DOI:10.1038/sj.embor.7400646. PMID 16607397.
  16. Stanford School of Medicine Nutrition Courses.  SUMMIT, 2006.
  17. Pollak N, Dölle C, Ziegler M (2007). «The power to reduce: pyridine nucleotidessmall molecules with a multitude of functions». Biochem J 402 (2): 20518. DOI:10.1042/BJ20061638. PMID 17295611.
  18. 1 2 Heymsfield S, Waki M, Kehayias J, Lichtman S, Dilmanian F, Kamen Y, Wang J, Pierson R (1991). «Chemical and elemental analysis of humans in vivo using improved body composition models». Am J Physiol 261 (2 Pt 1): E1908. PMID 1872381.
  19. Sychrová H (2004). «Yeast as a model organism to study transport and homeostasis of alkali metal cations» (PDF). Physiol Res 53 Suppl 1: S918. PMID 15119939.
  20. Levitan I (1988). «Modulation of ion channels in neurons and other cells». Annu Rev Neurosci 11: 11936. DOI:10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.001003. PMID 2452594.
  21. Dulhunty A (2006). «Excitation-contraction coupling from the 1950s into the new millennium». Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 33 (9): 76372. DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04441.x. PMID 16922804.
  22. Mahan D, Shields R (1998). «Macro- and micromineral composition of pigs from birth to 145 kilograms of body weight». J Anim Sci 76 (2): 50612. PMID 9498359.
  23. Husted S, Mikkelsen B, Jensen J, Nielsen N (2004). «Elemental fingerprint analysis of barley (Hordeum vulgare) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, and multivariate statistics». Anal Bioanal Chem 378 (1): 17182. DOI:10.1007/s00216-003-2219-0. PMID 14551660.
  24. Finney L, O'Halloran T (2003). «Transition metal speciation in the cell: insights from the chemistry of metal ion receptors». Science 300 (5621): 9316. DOI:10.1126/science.1085049. PMID 12738850.
  25. Cousins R, Liuzzi J, Lichten L (2006). «Mammalian zinc transport, trafficking, and signals». J Biol Chem 281 (34): 240859. DOI:10.1074/jbc.R600011200. PMID 16793761.
  26. Dunn L, Rahmanto Y, Richardson D (2007). «Iron uptake and metabolism in the new millennium». Trends Cell Biol 17 (2): 93100. DOI:10.1016/j.tcb.2006.12.003. PMID 17194590.
  27. Nealson K, Conrad P (1999). «Life: past, present and future». Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 354 (1392): 192339. DOI:10.1098/rstb.1999.0532. PMID 10670014.
  28. Nelson N, Ben-Shem A (2004). «The complex architecture of oxygenic photosynthesis». Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5 (12): 97182. DOI:10.1038/nrm1525. PMID 15573135.
  29. Häse C, Finkelstein R (December 1993). «Bacterial extracellular zinc-containing metalloproteases». Microbiol Rev 57 (4): 82337. PMID 8302217.
  30. Gupta R, Gupta N, Rathi P (2004). «Bacterial lipases: an overview of production, purification and biochemical properties». Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 64 (6): 76381. DOI:10.1007/s00253-004-1568-8. PMID 14966663.
  31. Hoyle T (1997). «The digestive system: linking theory and practice». Br J Nurs 6 (22): 128591. PMID 9470654.
  32. Souba W, Pacitti A (1992). «How amino acids get into cells: mechanisms, models, menus, and mediators». JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 16 (6): 56978. DOI:10.1177/0148607192016006569. PMID 1494216.
  33. Barrett M, Walmsley A, Gould G (1999). «Structure and function of facilitative sugar transporters». Curr Opin Cell Biol 11 (4): 496502. DOI:10.1016/S0955-0674(99)80072-6. PMID 10449337.
  34. Bell G, Burant C, Takeda J, Gould G (1993). «Structure and function of mammalian facilitative sugar transporters». J Biol Chem 268 (26): 191614. PMID 8366068.
  35. 1 2 Bouché C, Serdy S, Kahn C, Goldfine A (2004). «The cellular fate of glucose and its relevance in type 2 diabetes». Endocr Rev 25 (5): 80730. DOI:10.1210/er.2003-0026. PMID 15466941.
  36. Sakami W, Harrington H (1963). «Amino acid metabolism». Annu Rev Biochem 32: 35598. DOI:10.1146/annurev.bi.32.070163.002035. PMID 14144484.
  37. Brosnan J (2000). «Glutamate, at the interface between amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism». J Nutr 130 (4S Suppl): 988S90S. PMID 10736367.
  38. Young V, Ajami A (2001). «Glutamine: the emperor or his clothes?». J Nutr 131 (9 Suppl): 2449S59S; discussion 2486S7S. PMID 11533293.
  39. Hosler J, Ferguson-Miller S, Mills D (2006). «Energy transduction: proton transfer through the respiratory complexes». Annu Rev Biochem 75: 16587. DOI:10.1146/annurev.biochem.75.062003.101730. PMID 16756489.
  40. Schultz B, Chan S (2001). «Structures and proton-pumping strategies of mitochondrial respiratory enzymes». Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 30: 2365. DOI:10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.23. PMID 11340051.
  41. Capaldi R, Aggeler R (2002). «Mechanism of the F(1)F(0)-type ATP synthase, a biological rotary motor». Trends Biochem Sci 27 (3): 15460. DOI:10.1016/S0968-0004(01)02051-5. PMID 11893513.
  42. Friedrich B, Schwartz E (1993). «Molecular biology of hydrogen utilization in aerobic chemolithotrophs». Annu Rev Microbiol 47: 35183. DOI:10.1146/annurev.mi.47.100193.002031. PMID 8257102.
  43. Weber K, Achenbach L, Coates J (2006). «Microorganisms pumping iron: anaerobic microbial iron oxidation and reduction». Nat Rev Microbiol 4 (10): 75264. DOI:10.1038/nrmicro1490. PMID 16980937.
  44. Jetten M, Strous M, van de Pas-Schoonen K, Schalk J, van Dongen U, van de Graaf A, Logemann S, Muyzer G, van Loosdrecht M, Kuenen J (1998). «The anaerobic oxidation of ammonium». FEMS Microbiol Rev 22 (5): 42137. DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00379.x. PMID 9990725.
  45. Simon J (2002). «Enzymology and bioenergetics of respiratory nitrite ammonification». FEMS Microbiol Rev 26 (3): 285309. DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00616.x. PMID 12165429.
  46. Conrad R (1996). «Soil microorganisms as controllers of atmospheric trace gases (H2, CO, CH4, OCS, N2O, and NO)». Microbiol Rev 60 (4): 60940. PMID 8987358.
  47. Barea J, Pozo M, Azcón R, Azcón-Aguilar C (2005). «Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere». J Exp Bot 56 (417): 176178. DOI:10.1093/jxb/eri197. PMID 15911555.
  48. van der Meer M, Schouten S, Bateson M, Nübel U, Wieland A, Kühl M, de Leeuw J, Sinninghe Damsté J, Ward D (July 2005). «Diel variations in carbon metabolism by green nonsulfur-like bacteria in alkaline siliceous hot spring microbial mats from Yellowstone National Park». Appl Environ Microbiol 71 (7): 397886. DOI:10.1128/AEM.71.7.3978-3986.2005. PMID 16000812.
  49. Tichi M, Tabita F (2001). «Interactive control of Rhodobacter capsulatus redox-balancing systems during phototrophic metabolism». J Bacteriol 183 (21): 634454. DOI:10.1128/JB.183.21.6344-6354.2001. PMID 11591679.
  50. Allen J, Williams J (1998). «Photosynthetic reaction centers». FEBS Lett 438 (12): 59. DOI:10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01245-9. PMID 9821949.
  51. Munekage Y, Hashimoto M, Miyake C, Tomizawa K, Endo T, Tasaka M, Shikanai T (2004). «Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I is essential for photosynthesis». Nature 429 (6991): 57982. DOI:10.1038/nature02598. PMID 15175756.
  52. Miziorko H, Lorimer G (1983). «Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase». Annu Rev Biochem 52: 50735. DOI:10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.002451. PMID 6351728.
  53. Dodd A, Borland A, Haslam R, Griffiths H, Maxwell K (2002). «Crassulacean acid metabolism: plastic, fantastic». J Exp Bot 53 (369): 56980. DOI:10.1093/jexbot/53.369.569. PMID 11886877.
  54. Hügler M, Wirsen C, Fuchs G, Taylor C, Sievert S (May 2005). «Evidence for autotrophic CO2 fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle by members of the epsilon subdivision of proteobacteria». J Bacteriol 187 (9): 30207. DOI:10.1128/JB.187.9.3020-3027.2005. PMID 15838028.
  55. Strauss G, Fuchs G (1993). «Enzymes of a novel autotrophic CO2 fixation pathway in the phototrophic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus, the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle». Eur J Biochem 215 (3): 63343. DOI:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18074.x. PMID 8354269.
  56. Wood H (1991). «Life with CO or CO2 and H2 as a source of carbon and energy». FASEB J 5 (2): 15663. PMID 1900793.
  57. Shively J, van Keulen G, Meijer W (1998). «Something from almost nothing: carbon dioxide fixation in chemoautotrophs». Annu Rev Microbiol 52: 191230. DOI:10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.191. PMID 9891798.
  58. Boiteux A, Hess B (1981). «Design of glycolysis». Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 293 (1063): 522. DOI:10.1098/rstb.1981.0056. PMID 6115423.
  59. Pilkis S, el-Maghrabi M, Claus T (1990). «Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in control of hepatic gluconeogenesis. From metabolites to molecular genetics». Diabetes Care 13 (6): 58299. DOI:10.2337/diacare.13.6.582. PMID 2162755.
  60. 1 2 Ensign S (2006). «Revisiting the glyoxylate cycle: alternate pathways for microbial acetate assimilation». Mol Microbiol 61 (2): 2746. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05247.x. PMID 16856935.
  61. Finn P, Dice J (2006). «Proteolytic and lipolytic responses to starvation». Nutrition 22 (78): 83044. DOI:10.1016/j.nut.2006.04.008. PMID 16815497.
  62. 1 2 Kornberg H, Krebs H (1957). «Synthesis of cell constituents from C2-units by a modified tricarboxylic acid cycle». Nature 179 (4568): 98891. DOI:10.1038/179988a0. PMID 13430766.
  63. Opdenakker G, Rudd P, Ponting C, Dwek R (1993). «Concepts and principles of glycobiology». FASEB J 7 (14): 13307. PMID 8224606.
  64. McConville M, Menon A (2000). «Recent developments in the cell biology and biochemistry of glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipids (review)». Mol Membr Biol 17 (1): 116. DOI:10.1080/096876800294443. PMID 10824734.
  65. Chirala S, Wakil S (2004). «Structure and function of animal fatty acid synthase». Lipids 39 (11): 104553. DOI:10.1007/s11745-004-1329-9. PMID 15726818.
  66. White S, Zheng J, Zhang Y (2005). «The structural biology of type II fatty acid biosynthesis». Annu Rev Biochem 74: 791831. DOI:10.1146/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133524. PMID 15952903.
  67. Ohlrogge J, Jaworski J (1997). «Regulation of fatty acid synthesis». Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 48: 109136. DOI:10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.109. PMID 15012259.
  68. Dubey V, Bhalla R, Luthra R (2003). «An overview of the non-mevalonate pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis in plants» (PDF). J Biosci 28 (5): 63746. DOI:10.1007/BF02703339. PMID 14517367.
  69. 1 2 Kuzuyama T, Seto H (2003). «Diversity of the biosynthesis of the isoprene units». Nat Prod Rep 20 (2): 17183. DOI:10.1039/b109860h. PMID 12735695.
  70. Grochowski L, Xu H, White R (May 2006). «Methanocaldococcus jannaschii uses a modified mevalonate pathway for biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate». J Bacteriol 188 (9): 31928. DOI:10.1128/JB.188.9.3192-3198.2006. PMID 16621811.
  71. Lichtenthaler H (1999). «The 1-Ddeoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants». Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 50: 4765. DOI:10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.47. PMID 15012203.
  72. 1 2 Schroepfer G (1981). «Sterol biosynthesis». Annu Rev Biochem 50: 585621. DOI:10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.003101. PMID 7023367.
  73. Lees N, Skaggs B, Kirsch D, Bard M (1995). «Cloning of the late genes in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiaea review». Lipids 30 (3): 2216. DOI:10.1007/BF02537824. PMID 7791529.
  74. Guyton Arthur C. Textbook of Medical Physiology.  Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2006.  P. 8556.  ISBN 0-7216-0240-1
  75. Ibba M, Söll D (2001). «The renaissance of aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis». EMBO Rep 2 (5): 3827. PMID 11375928.
  76. Lengyel P, Söll D (1969). «Mechanism of protein biosynthesis». Bacteriol Rev 33 (2): 264301. PMID 4896351.
  77. 1 2 Rudolph F (1994). «The biochemistry and physiology of nucleotides». J Nutr 124 (1 Suppl): 124S127S. PMID 8283301.
  78. Zrenner R, Stitt M, Sonnewald U, Boldt R (2006). «Pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis and degradation in plants». Annu Rev Plant Biol 57: 80536. DOI:10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105421. PMID 16669783.
  79. Stasolla C, Katahira R, Thorpe T, Ashihara H (2003). «Purine and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism in higher plants». J Plant Physiol 160 (11): 127195. DOI:10.1078/0176-1617-01169. PMID 14658380.
  80. Smith J (1995). «Enzymes of nucleotide synthesis». Curr Opin Struct Biol 5 (6): 7527. DOI:10.1016/0959-440X(95)80007-7. PMID 8749362.
  81. Testa B, Krämer S (2006). «The biochemistry of drug metabolisman introduction: part 1. Principles and overview». Chem Biodivers 3 (10): 1053101. DOI:10.1002/cbdv.200690111. PMID 17193224.
  82. Danielson P (2002). «The cytochrome P450 superfamily: biochemistry, evolution and drug metabolism in humans». Curr Drug Metab 3 (6): 56197. DOI:10.2174/1389200023337054. PMID 12369887.
  83. King C, Rios G, Green M, Tephly T (2000). «UDP-glucuronosyltransferases». Curr Drug Metab 1 (2): 14361. DOI:10.2174/1389200003339171. PMID 11465080.
  84. Sheehan D, Meade G, Foley V, Dowd C (November 2001). «Structure, function and evolution of glutathione transferases: implications for classification of non-mammalian members of an ancient enzyme superfamily». Biochem J 360 (Pt 1): 116. DOI:10.1042/0264-6021:3600001. PMID 11695986.
  85. Galvão T, Mohn W, de Lorenzo V (2005). «Exploring the microbial biodegradation and biotransformation gene pool». Trends Biotechnol 23 (10): 497506. DOI:10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.08.002. PMID 16125262.
  86. Janssen D, Dinkla I, Poelarends G, Terpstra P (2005). «Bacterial degradation of xenobiotic compounds: evolution and distribution of novel enzyme activities». Environ Microbiol 7 (12): 186882. DOI:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00966.x. PMID 16309386.
  87. Davies K (1995). «Oxidative stress: the paradox of aerobic life». Biochem Soc Symp 61: 131. PMID 8660387.
  88. Tu B, Weissman J (2004). «Oxidative protein folding in eukaryotes: mechanisms and consequences». J Cell Biol 164 (3): 3416. DOI:10.1083/jcb.200311055. PMID 14757749.
  89. Sies H (1997). «Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants» (PDF). Exp Physiol 82 (2): 2915. PMID 9129943.
  90. Vertuani S, Angusti A, Manfredini S (2004). «The antioxidants and pro-antioxidants network: an overview». Curr Pharm Des 10 (14): 167794. DOI:10.2174/1381612043384655. PMID 15134565.
  91. von Stockar U, Liu J (1999). «Does microbial life always feed on negative entropy? Thermodynamic analysis of microbial growth». Biochim Biophys Acta 1412 (3): 191211. DOI:10.1016/S0005-2728(99)00065-1. PMID 10482783.
  92. Demirel Y, Sandler S (2002). «Thermodynamics and bioenergetics». Biophys Chem 97 (23): 87111. DOI:10.1016/S0301-4622(02)00069-8. PMID 12050002.
  93. Albert R (2005). «Scale-free networks in cell biology». J Cell Sci 118 (Pt 21): 494757. DOI:10.1242/jcs.02714. PMID 16254242.
  94. Brand M (1997). «Regulation analysis of energy metabolism». J Exp Biol 200 (Pt 2): 193202. PMID 9050227.
  95. Soyer O, Salathé M, Bonhoeffer S (2006). «Signal transduction networks: topology, response and biochemical processes». J Theor Biol 238 (2): 41625. DOI:10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.05.030. PMID 16045939.
  96. Westerhoff H, Groen A, Wanders R (1984). «Modern theories of metabolic control and their applications (review)». Biosci Rep 4 (1): 122. DOI:10.1007/BF01120819. PMID 6365197.
  97. Salter M, Knowles R, Pogson C (1994). «Metabolic control». Essays Biochem 28: 112. PMID 7925313.
  98. Fell D, Thomas S (1995). «Physiological control of metabolic flux: the requirement for multisite modulation». Biochem J 311 (Pt 1): 359. PMID 7575476.
  99. Hendrickson W (2005). «Transduction of biochemical signals across cell membranes». Q Rev Biophys 38 (4): 32130. DOI:10.1017/S0033583506004136. PMID 16600054.
  100. Cohen P (2000). «The regulation of protein function by multisite phosphorylationa 25 year update». Trends Biochem Sci 25 (12): 596601. DOI:10.1016/S0968-0004(00)01712-6. PMID 11116185.
  101. Lienhard G, Slot J, James D, Mueckler M (1992). «How cells absorb glucose». Sci Am 266 (1): 8691. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican0192-86. PMID 1734513.
  102. Roach P (2002). «Glycogen and its metabolism». Curr Mol Med 2 (2): 10120. DOI:10.2174/1566524024605761. PMID 11949930.
  103. Newgard C, Brady M, O'Doherty R, Saltiel A (2000). «Organizing glucose disposal: emerging roles of the glycogen targeting subunits of protein phosphatase-1» (PDF). Diabetes 49 (12): 196777. DOI:10.2337/diabetes.49.12.1967. PMID 11117996.
  104. Romano A, Conway T (1996). «Evolution of carbohydrate metabolic pathways». Res Microbiol 147 (67): 44855. DOI:10.1016/0923-2508(96)83998-2. PMID 9084754.
  105. Koch A (1998). «How did bacteria come to be?». Adv Microb Physiol 40: 35399. DOI:10.1016/S0065-2911(08)60135-6. PMID 9889982.
  106. Ouzounis C, Kyrpides N (1996). «The emergence of major cellular processes in evolution». FEBS Lett 390 (2): 11923. DOI:10.1016/0014-5793(96)00631-X. PMID 8706840.
  107. Caetano-Anolles G, Kim HS, Mittenthal JE (2007). «The origin of modern metabolic networks inferred from phylogenomic analysis of protein architecture». Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 (22): 935863. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0701214104. PMID 17517598.
  108. Schmidt S, Sunyaev S, Bork P, Dandekar T (2003). «Metabolites: a helping hand for pathway evolution?». Trends Biochem Sci 28 (6): 33641. DOI:10.1016/S0968-0004(03)00114-2. PMID 12826406.
  109. Light S, Kraulis P (2004). «Network analysis of metabolic enzyme evolution in Escherichia coli». BMC Bioinformatics 5: 15. DOI:10.1186/1471-2105-5-15. PMID 15113413. Alves R, Chaleil R, Sternberg M (2002). «Evolution of enzymes in metabolism: a network perspective». J Mol Biol 320 (4): 75170. DOI:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00546-6. PMID 12095253.
  110. Kim HS, Mittenthal JE, Caetano-Anolles G (2006). «MANET: tracing evolution of protein architecture in metabolic networks». BMC Bioinformatics 19 (7): 351. DOI:10.1186/1471-2105-7-351. PMID 16854231.
  111. Teichmann SA, Rison SC, Thornton JM, Riley M, Gough J, Chothia C (2001). «Small-molecule metabolsim: an enzyme mosaic». Trends Biotechnol 19 (12): 4826. DOI:10.1016/S0167-7799(01)01813-3. PMID 11711174.
  112. Spirin V, Gelfand M, Mironov A, Mirny L (June 2006). «A metabolic network in the evolutionary context: multiscale structure and modularity». Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 (23): 87749. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0510258103. PMID 16731630.
  113. Lawrence J (2005). «Common themes in the genome strategies of pathogens». Curr Opin Genet Dev 15 (6): 5848. DOI:10.1016/j.gde.2005.09.007. PMID 16188434. Wernegreen J (2005). «For better or worse: genomic consequences of intracellular mutualism and parasitism». Curr Opin Genet Dev 15 (6): 57283. DOI:10.1016/j.gde.2005.09.013. PMID 16230003.
  114. Pál C, Papp B, Lercher M, Csermely P, Oliver S, Hurst L (2006). «Chance and necessity in the evolution of minimal metabolic networks». Nature 440 (7084): 66770. DOI:10.1038/nature04568. PMID 16572170.
  115. Rennie M (1999). «An introduction to the use of tracers in nutrition and metabolism». Proc Nutr Soc 58 (4): 93544. DOI:10.1017/S002966519900124X. PMID 10817161.
  116. Phair R (1997). «Development of kinetic models in the nonlinear world of molecular cell biology». Metabolism 46 (12): 148995. DOI:10.1016/S0026-0495(97)90154-2. PMID 9439549.
  117. Sterck L, Rombauts S, Vandepoele K, Rouzé P, Van de Peer Y (2007). «How many genes are there in plants (... and why are they there)?». Curr Opin Plant Biol 10 (2): 199203. DOI:10.1016/j.pbi.2007.01.004. PMID 17289424.
  118. Borodina I, Nielsen J (2005). «From genomes to in silico cells via metabolic networks». Curr Opin Biotechnol 16 (3): 3505. DOI:10.1016/j.copbio.2005.04.008. PMID 15961036.
  119. Gianchandani E, Brautigan D, Papin J (2006). «Systems analyses characterize integrated functions of biochemical networks». Trends Biochem Sci 31 (5): 28491. DOI:10.1016/j.tibs.2006.03.007. PMID 16616498.
  120. Duarte NC, Becker SA, Jamshidi N, et al. (February 2007). «Global reconstruction of the human metabolic network based on genomic and bibliomic data». Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (6): 177782. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0610772104. PMID 17267599.
  121. Goh KI, Cusick ME, Valle D, Childs B, Vidal M, Barabási AL (May 2007). «The human disease network». Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (21): 868590. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0701361104. PMID 17502601.
  122. Lee DS, Park J, Kay KA, Christakis NA, Oltvai ZN, Barabási AL (July 2008). «The implications of human metabolic network topology for disease comorbidity». Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (29): 98809885. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0802208105. PMID 18599447.
  123. Csete M, Doyle J (2004). «Bow ties, metabolism and disease». Trends Biotechnol. 22 (9): 44650. DOI:10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.07.007. PMID 5249808.
  124. Ma HW, Zeng AP (2003). «The connectivity structure, giant strong component and centrality of metabolic networks». Bioinformatics 19 (11): 142330. DOI:10.1093/bioinformatics/btg177. PMID 12874056.
  125. Zhao J, Yu H, Luo JH, Cao ZW, Li YX (2006). «Hierarchical modularity of nested bow-ties in metabolic networks». BMC Bioinformatics 7: 386. DOI:10.1186/1471-2105-7-386. PMID 16916470.
  126. Thykaer J, Nielsen J (2003). «Metabolic engineering of beta-lactam production». Metab Eng 5 (1): 5669. DOI:10.1016/S1096-7176(03)00003-X. PMID 12749845. González-Pajuelo M, Meynial-Salles I, Mendes F, Andrade J, Vasconcelos I, Soucaille P (2005). «Metabolic engineering of Clostridium acetobutylicum for the industrial production of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol». Metab Eng 7 (56): 32936. DOI:10.1016/j.ymben.2005.06.001. PMID 16095939. Krämer M, Bongaerts J, Bovenberg R, Kremer S, Müller U, Orf S, Wubbolts M, Raeven L (2003). «Metabolic engineering for microbial production of shikimic acid». Metab Eng 5 (4): 27783. DOI:10.1016/j.ymben.2003.09.001. PMID 14642355.
  127. Koffas M, Roberge C, Lee K, Stephanopoulos G (1999). «Metabolic engineering». Annu Rev Biomed Eng 1: 53557. DOI:10.1146/annurev.bioeng.1.1.535. PMID 11701499.
  128. Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), «Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher», Symposium on Ibn al Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf. Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher, Encyclopedia of Islamic World [1]).
  129. Eknoyan G (1999). «Santorio Sanctorius (15611636) - founding father of metabolic balance studies». Am J Nephrol 19 (2): 22633. DOI:10.1159/000013455. PMID 10213823.
  130. Williams, H. S. (1904) A History of Science: in Five Volumes. Volume IV: Modern Development of the Chemical and Biological Sciences Harper and Brothers (New York) Retrieved on 2007-03-26
  131. Dubos J. (1951). «Louis Pasteur: Free Lance of Science, Gollancz. Quoted in Manchester K. L. (1995) Louis Pasteur (18221895)chance and the prepared mind». Trends Biotechnol 13 (12): 511515. DOI:10.1016/S0167-7799(00)89014-9. PMID 8595136.
  132. Kinne-Saffran E, Kinne R (1999). «Vitalism and synthesis of urea. From Friedrich Wöhler to Hans A. Krebs». Am J Nephrol 19 (2): 2904. DOI:10.1159/000013463. PMID 10213830.
  133. Eduard Buchners 1907 Nobel lecture at http://nobelprize.org Accessed 2007-03-20
  134. Kornberg H (2000). «Krebs and his trinity of cycles». Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 1 (3): 2258. DOI:10.1038/35043073. PMID 11252898.
  135. Krebs HA, Henseleit K (1932). «Untersuchungen über die Harnstoffbildung im tierkorper». Z. Physiol. Chem. 210: 3366.Krebs H, Johnson W (April 1937). «Metabolism of ketonic acids in animal tissues». Biochem J 31 (4): 64560. PMID 16746382.

[]

«/w/index.php?title=&oldid=44545016»