| : | |
| . 1000 | |
| 74 505 ² | |
| 3027 | |
|
|
|
| (2000 ) | 1 895 000 . |
| 25,435 ./² | |
(. Kepulauan Maluku), , . . 74 505 ², 2,3 .
(),[1] , , XVII . XX , , .
|
|
[]
[]
[]
- ,
- -
[]
2 , 1 % .[3]
130 , - , .[3]
.[3] 4 . .[4] , . - , , . , , .[3]
[]
[]
, , . . , 15 ' ' - -, XIV , . - , , , (orang kaya) , . (. ).
, 1200 1500 , , , , . , , , , . , , . , , , , .
- , , . XVII XVIII , , , , . , . 6000 .
1512 , .
1663 .
1945 .
[]
32 , , , , . 10 15 . , 200 . . . , , , , , VI VII .
, , , . , ( ).
, XIV , . , , , , . , , .[5]
[]
, - , .[6] XVI .[7] 1511 , , ' , ' [8], . ' ', , .[9] ( ) 1512 . , . , , 1511 . , .[7]
, , . , , , , [7]. . , , , .[7] 1535 (.) . . , , , 1545 . , . 1575 .
1513 , . , (15701583) .[10] , - , , . 1521 , 1580 . , , .
, , , , .[10] 1560- 10000 , , 1590- 50000 60000, .[10] .
, lingua franca XIX . , pesta (''), sabun (''), bendera (''), meja (''), Minggu (''), . , , , , , , , . , .
[]
1603 , . - . 15461547 , . 1663 , . .
[]
- , , : , . , , . XVII , - , , .
, , , , 1636 1646 . , .
. , . . 1949 , . .
[]
25 1950 (.) (-). , , ( ) , . , . 1960- ( ) ( ), . .
[] 19992003
1999 . 18 , , 500000 , .[11] 12 . 2004 .
[]
850000 ², 90 % .[12] 1027 .[3] , , .[3]
. , . (3027 ) . , (1721 ), , , , . 500 70 .[3]
[]
, , , , ( ) ( ). , , , . ; , 1 15 , . ; , , , . , .[13]
; « » (.). , , . (.).: « » « ».[15]
, , . - , .[3] 1997 , 2004 -, .
, , , .[3] 100 . .[3] , , , , .[3]
, , , . , . , , ; , , , .[16]
[]
, . 30 °C, 23 °C. , . , .[3]
[]
, , . , . , . : , .[3]
[]
1979. "" , , , .
[]
- IRJA.org
- Monk K.A. The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd., 1996. P. 7. ISBN 962-593-076-0
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Witton Patrick Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet, 2003. P. 818. ISBN 1-74059-154-2
- Taylor Jean Gelman Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003. P. 5-7. ISBN 0-300-10518-5
- Lape, PV. (2000). Contact and Colonialism in the Banda Islands, Maluku, Indonesia; Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin 20 (Melaka Papers, Vol.4); http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/237/227
- Ricklefs M.C. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition. London: MacMillan, 1991. P. 26. ISBN 0-333-57689-6
- 1 2 3 4 Ricklefs M.C. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition. London: MacMillan, 1991. P. 24. ISBN 0-333-57689-6
- Lach, DF. (1994) Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery (Vol 1), Chicago University Press
- E. C. Abendanon and E. Heawood (December 1919). «Missing Links in the Development of the Ancient Portuguese Cartography of the Netherlands East Indian Archipelago». The Geographical Journal (Blackwell Publishing) 54 (6): 347355. DOI:10.2307/1779411.
- 1 2 3 Ricklefs M.C. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition. London: MacMillan, 1991. P. 25. ISBN 0-333-57689-6
- Troubled history of the Moluccas, BBC News (26 June 2000). 17 2007.
- Monk K.A. The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd., 1996. P. 9. ISBN 962-593-076-0
- 1 2 Monk (1996), page 9
- Monk, K.A. The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd., 1996. P. 9. ISBN 962-593-076-0
- Monk, K.A. The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd., 1996. P. 4. ISBN 962-593-076-0
- 1 2 Monk, K.A. The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd., 1996. P. 1. ISBN 962-593-076-0
- Beller, W., P. dAyala, and P. Hein. 1990. Sustainable development and environmental management of small islands. Paris and New Jersey: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation and Parthenon Publishing Group Inc.; Hess, A, 1990. Overview: sustainable development and environmental management of small islands. In Sustainable development and environmental management of small islands. eds W. Beller, P. dAyala, and P. Hein, Paris and New Jersey: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organisation and Parthenon Publishing Group Inc. (both cited in Monk)
[]
- George Miller (editor), To The Spice Islands And Beyond: Travels in Eastern Indonesia, Oxford University Press, 1996, Paperback, 310 pages, ISBN 967-65-3099-9
- Severin, Tim The Spice Island Voyage: In Search of Wallace, Abacus, 1997, paperback, 302 pages, ISBN 0-349-11040-9
- Bergreen, Laurence Over the Edge of the World, Morrow, 2003, paperback, 480 pages
- Bellwood, Peter (1997). Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian archipelago. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1883-0.
- Andaya, Leonard Y. (1993). The World of Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the Early Modern Period. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1490-8.
- Donkin, R. A. (1997). Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-248-1.
- Monk, Kathryn A., Yance De Fretes, Gayatri Reksodiharjo-Lilley (1997). The Ecology of Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Singapore: Periplus Press. ISBN 962-593-076-0.
- Van Oosterzee, Penny (1997). Where Worlds Collide: The Wallace Line. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8497-9.
- Wallace, Alfred Russel (2000; originally published 1869). The Malay Archipelago. Singapore: Periplus Press. ISBN 962-593-645-9.
| · · · · · - · · Ƹ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · - · · | |
| · · · · · · · · · · · | |
| Ƹ · · · Ƹ · · · Ƹ · Ƹ · - · · · · · - · Ƹ - · (-) · · · · Ƹ · · - · - · · Ƹ · · - · · · · · - · · Ƹ · · · · · · Ƹ · · - · · -- · Ƹ - · Ƹ - · - · Ƹ · · · -- · · · · · · · - · Ƹ · | |
| · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · - · · · · · · · · · · | |