GNU Free Documentation License . .

: ,
\vec L = \left[\vec r \times \vec p\,\right]

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2··1

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\scriptstyle{\mathbf p} \scriptstyle{\mathbf L}

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\mathbf L - :

~\mathbf{L}=\mathbf{r}\times\mathbf{p},

~\mathbf r  - , ~\mathbf p  .

() :

~\mathbf{L}=\sum_i\mathbf{r}_i\times\mathbf{p}_i,

~\mathbf r_i, \mathbf p_i  - , , .

( , , ~\mathbf{L}=\int\mathbf{r}\times\mathbf{dp}, \mathbf{dp}  ).

-; ·.

: , , , , :

\mathbf{L}_\Sigma = \sum\limits_i \mathbf{L}_i.

  • : ( ); ( ) ).

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, , ~\mathbf r ~\mathbf p. , , , , . , , .

L = |\mathbf{r}||\mathbf{p}|\sin \theta_{r,\;p},

~\theta_{r,\;p}  ~\mathbf r ~\mathbf p, , ~\mathbf r ~\mathbf p , . , .

~\mathbf r ~\mathbf{r} = \mathbf{r_{\parallel}}+\mathbf{r_{\perp}}, ~\mathbf{r_{\parallel}}  -, , ~\mathbf{r_{\perp}}  , . ~\mathbf{r_{\perp}} , , ~\mathbf p, «». : - ~\mathbf{p_{\parallel}} ~\mathbf{p_{\perp}}. , , , , ~L.

\mathbf{L} = \mathbf{r}\times\mathbf{p} = (\mathbf{r_{\perp}}+\mathbf{r_{\parallel}})\times \mathbf{p} = \mathbf{r_{\perp}}\times \mathbf{p} + \mathbf{r_{\parallel}}\times \mathbf{p} = \mathbf{r_{\perp}}\times \mathbf{p}.
\mathbf{L} = \mathbf{r}\times\mathbf{p} =  \mathbf{r}\times  (\mathbf{p_{\perp}}+\mathbf{p_{\parallel}}) = \mathbf{r}\times\mathbf{p_{\perp}}.

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4-

( ): ( ) .

:

\tau = \frac{d\mathbf{L}}{dt} = \frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt} \times \mathbf{p} + \mathbf{r} \times \frac{d\mathbf{p}}{dt} = \mathbf{r} \times \mathbf{F},

, () :

\mathbf{L}_{\mathrm{system}} =  \mathrm{constant} \leftrightarrow \sum \tau_{\mathrm{ext}} = 0,

~\tau_{\rm ext}  , . ( , , ).

, . ~\delta \varphi, - ~i ~\delta \mathbf{r}_i  = \delta \varphi \times \mathbf{r}_i,   ~\delta \mathbf{v}_i  = \delta \varphi \times \mathbf{v}_i. ~\mathcal L , .

\delta \mathcal L = \mathcal L(\mathbf{r}_i + \delta\mathbf{r}_i,\; \mathbf{v}_i + \delta\mathbf{v}_i) - \mathcal L(\mathbf{r}_i,\; \mathbf{v}_i) = \sum \limits_i  \left( \frac{\partial \mathcal L}{\partial \mathbf r_i} \delta \varphi \times\mathbf r_i + \frac{\partial  \mathcal L}{\partial  \mathbf v_i} \delta \varphi \times \mathbf v_i \right)= 0.

\frac{\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial {\mathbf v_{i}}} = \mathbf {p_{i}},\; \frac{\partial \mathcal {L}}{\partial \mathbf {r_{i}}} = \mathbf {\dot p_{i}}, ~\mathbf p_i  ~i- ,

\dot {\mathbf p_i} \,\delta \varphi \times \mathbf r_i + \mathbf p_i\,\delta \varphi \times \mathbf {\dot r_i}.

, , , , :

\delta \mathcal L = \delta \varphi  \sum \limits_i  \left( \mathbf r_i \times \dot {\mathbf p_i} + \dot {\mathbf r_i} \times \mathbf p_i \right) = \delta \varphi  \frac{d}{dt} \sum \limits_i (\mathbf r_i \times \mathbf p_i) = \delta \varphi  \frac{d \mathbf L}{dt}  = 0,

, \mathbf L = \sum \mathbf L_i = \sum \mathbf r_i \times \mathbf p_i  . \delta \varphi, \delta \mathcal L = 0 ~\frac{d \mathbf L}{dt} = 0.

:

\mathbf{L}_{\mathrm{total}} = \mathbf{L}_{\mathrm{spin}} + \mathbf{L}_{\mathrm{orbit}}
.

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, ~p . , ~ \mathbf{L} = \mathbf{r} \times  \mathbf{p} . , « »:

~ \mathbf{p} -\frac {e \mathbf{A} }{c},

~e  , ~c  , ~A  . , () m :

 H =\frac{1}{2m} \left( \mathbf{p} -\frac {e \mathbf{A} }{c}\right)^2 + e\varphi,

~\varphi  . . « » :

K= \mathbf{r} \times \left( \mathbf{p} -\frac {e \mathbf{A} }{c}\right).

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[]

, « » . , , , \hbar (h ), , , 2 \pi . , , . \hbar/2 . , \hbar/2.

6 ~r_x, ~r_y, ~r_z, ~p_x, ~p_y, ~p_z. , , , . , . , ,   .

,   ,   , . :

\hat{\mathbf{L}} = \hat{\mathbf{r}} \times \hat{\mathbf{p}},

\hat{\mathbf{r}} \hat{\mathbf{p}}  , ,   , . , , :

\hat{\mathbf{L}}=-i\hbar(\mathbf{r}\times\nabla),

\nabla  . , , :

[L_i,\; L_j ] = i \hbar \varepsilon_{ijk} L_k, \quad\left[L_i,\; \mathbf{L}^2 \right] = 0, \varepsilon_{ijk}  _-;

:

\left[L_i,\; H \right] = 0

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. :

 -\frac{1}{\hbar^2} \mathbf{L}^2 = \frac{1}{\sin\theta}\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}\left( \sin\theta \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}\right) + \frac{1}{\sin^2\theta}\frac{\partial^2}{\partial \varphi^2}

, :

 L^2 \mid l,\; m \rang = {\hbar}^2 l(l+1) \mid l,\; m \rang
 L_z \mid l,\; m \rang = \hbar m \mid l,\; m \rang,

\lang \theta ,\; \varphi \mid l,\; m \rang = Y_{l,\;m}(\theta,\;\varphi)

.

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~m, ~\mathbf{v} , - ~\mathbf{r}, :

~\mathbf{L} = \mathbf{r} \times m\mathbf{v},

\times  .

, , :

\mathbf L = \int\limits_V {\mathbf{dL}} = \int\limits_V {\mathbf r\times \mathbf v \, dm}.

\rho:

\mathbf L = \int\limits_V {\mathbf r\times \mathbf v \rho dV}.

( , \rho(x,y,z)  , , , , , ).

, ( ) (,   ),

~\mathbf{L}= I \boldsymbol{\omega},

~I  , ~\boldsymbol\omega  .

( ):

\mathbf{L} = \hat I \boldsymbol{\omega}
  • , , . (), .


[] .

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  • ., . . . 1. .: , 1984.  302 .
  • . . . 5- . , 1976.  664 .
  • . : . .: , 1990.  720c.
  • . ., . ., . . . .: , 1975.