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, , , , ; . , , -«», «» . . -, .
, , 1025 % [2]. .
12 000 , . 500 24 [1], 300 [1].
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, , , . , 1 ² -' () 2 , 740 [7]. ( ) . , 800 100 1 ² , [7]. . 8 ² 76 30 , 5,5 ² 87 23 [7].
1 3050 . ( 12 , 34 )[9], Mycetophylax (13 ) Cyphomyrmex (1,53 ) Leptothorax minutissimus , Leptothorax curvispinosus[10] 3 [11].
Camponotus gigas, 20 , 18,3 , 28,1 , 31,3 [12]. (Dinoponera gigantea)[13] Paraponera clavata, 2530 [14]. Dorylus 3 , () 5 [15]. Formicium. 7 , 15 [16].
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, , , Vespoidea Formicoidea[18]. - , 110130 , , . . , , 1967 (Sphecomyrma freyi)[19]. , , (80 ). , Sphecomyrminae.
, , , Leptanillinae Martialinae, , [20]. , 100 , , [21][22][23].
1 % . . , , 20 40 % . , , 10 % . , , 56 % , ( ) 92 % , ( )[21][24].
, , . Isoptera . , , . [25]. (Mutillidae), , [26][27].
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4 5 (Armaniinae, Formiciinae, Sphecomyrminae ), 5 , 121 , 600 . 1967 , ( ) - (). 130 . [28], , .
[]
2008 Martialis heureka Martialinae[20]. « » Nothomyrmecia macrops . 1931 , 1934 , [29], , 1977 [30]. Nothomyrmeciinae[29][31][32].
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21 5 (26 Armaniidae Armaniinae), 54 , 378 , 12 470 4515 [20][22][34].
- [7]. , . , , , , . . , , , . , , , [7].
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Odontomachus , -, [83]. , 126 230 /, 130 . , , [83]. , . . , . - : Anochetus, Orectognathus Strumigenys[83], Dacetini[84], . Camponotus cylindricus , . , , [85]. Forelius pusillus, [86]. , - , , [40].
, . , ()[87]. , , [88]. , , ( ), [89].
, , [90][91]. Cataulacus muticus, , , , [92]. Camponotus anderseni, , [93].
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, , , , , . Temnothorax albipennis (.). «» «». «» «» : «» , «» , , [94]. . , «» «», [95].
Cerapachys biroi , . , . , . , , . , [96].
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: «» , . , . , , , [97]. , , [40].
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. , , . . , , , [46]. , , [6], ; Temnothorax albipennis , . [98]. - , , , . ., [40]. 4 , 10 [46].
. , , [46]. , , Crematogaster impressa, . - , , , , «» [46]. [99].
, [46], , , , [40]. , -[40][46].
(Ecitoninae) Dorylus , - (.), [100].
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, , . . , ( )[7]:
, , [101]. , . Centromyrmex , , . Cerapachyini . - , [7].
, , , (Aphididae), (Coccidae) (Aleyrodidae). - , [102]. . , , [40]. ( ) -[40] , Messor pergandei 97 % [40].
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. 190 [40]. , - Atta Acromyrmex . , , [46]. - , . , , . ; , . [103]. Actinomycetes, , , , [104].
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- 200 [105] , «» . . - , . Cataglyphis fortis (.) [106]. , , . , [107]. [108]. , , [109][110]. [111].
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, , . , , . . , Harpegnathos saltator [112]. , Cephalotes atratus. , , . [113].
- Cataglyphis. , . , 50 70 °C. , « » [46].
. . «» , . . , [40].
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Ecitoninae Dorylinae, . , 22 , Dorylus wilverthi[7]. , . Eciton 23 [7]. [40]. - (.), [116].
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, , [61].
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(, ) . , , , , , , . -, , [119]. Temnothorax , Protomognathus americanus (.), ( )[120].
, , . , . , , [121].
- . Strumigenys xenos . - Strumigenys perplexa[122][123]. , - -. . , , . , - . , [124].
, -, . . , , , [125].
: , [126]. . (Megaponera Termitopone) , (Cerapachyinae) ()[105]. , Nasutitermes corniger (.), [127]. Mischocyttarus drewseni [128]. , . Trigona Melipona , [105].
[]
, «»[46]. , . «»[40][66]. , . «» «» , , , [40]. - - , , «». - . «» [46][119][129]. , , Polyergus, Raptiformica, Rossomyrmex[46] Strongylognathus[40]. 200 [66]. (Epimyrma vandeli), Leptothorax recedens . . , [46].
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, , , , . , , , . . () . , [130][131].
, , . , [132], (, , )[133]. . , , . , . [134]. (, , ) (, , )[133].
, , , , [135]. [135]. [135]. . , . , , , , , , . , [136], , , [135]. [135][137].
: , , . [138].
, , . , 19 , 17 15 . - , , , . , , ( ). Dinarda , , [139]. - , , [140].
(, , ) (3 ) - (Myrmecophilus acervorum)[141], , [140].
- , Potosia metallica[142], , - [142].
(, ) , . , [143]. Larvamima (Larvamimidae), [144][145].
- Attini, -, . . Allomerus decemarticulatus - Hirtella physophora (.) , [146].
Myrmelachista schumanni , Duroia hirsuta, . [147]. , , , , [148].
, [149]. [150]. . (, , , .). , , [151].
: , , . (Acacia sphaerocephala, Acacia cornigera, Acacia collinsii) « » ( )[40], , , . , «» -[152].
: , - ( ) . Camponotus schmitzii , [153].
, . Azteca Cecropia, [40]. , , [40]. , [154]. Macaranga (.), [155]. Costus woodsonii , , , : Camponotus platanus [102].
250 [158]. , , , . «» , [159][160][161]. ( ), , .
[] ,
Ophiocordyceps , . , . , [162] , [163]. Laboulbenia formicarum Alternaria tenuis. . , , . . , [164].
, , [165].
Myrmeconema neotropicum, Cephalotes atratus, . , . . , , , [166].
, ( Allantonematidae, Mermithidae ). , (Dicrocoelium lanceatum) Pelodera janeti, [167], ( Mermis). -. , . , . , . . «Hirnwurm» « » [167]. : , . [167].
Eucharitidae [7]. . . , , . . , , . - , [168]. [7].
Myrmecophodius excavaticollis Solenopsis [7]. , . . , , [140].
Bengalia , [169]. Aenictus, [169]. Pseudacteon [170] . . , , , . , [171]. . , , , [172]. , [173].
[]
, [174]. , -, Ochetellus flavipes[175][176], . , , , , [46]. , [177].
, (, ) , . Anoplepis, Camponotus, Crematogaster, Dorylus[178]. , 12 %, 16 % 4 % , , , [179].
[]
. , , , [46]. , . 99,9 % , , [7]. , [7]. , , , . , , . (. . ) (, , .). [46]. , , [180]. 3000 ( 1 % )[181], 275 [180].
.
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[182] |
|
|---|---|
| 2162 | |
| 580 | |
| 180 | |
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| 2080 | |
| 275 | |
| 985 | |
| 42 |
, , , . , [183][184]. , , . , . . , 10 % 20 % ( 25 %) , [2].
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, , -[40] . - ( [40] ), , . , , , . - [185]. , , . , . , . 150200 [186][187].
( ) , , . . , , [191][192][193].
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- , . - , , .
, , , -[188], , Camponotus consobrinus (.), , Tapinoma sessile (.), , . - . , . .
, , 3 , , , , . , , , . [189][190].
[]
Myrmeciinae Ponerinae , . Paraponera clavata, Dinoponera [195], Myrmecia [196]. Myrmecia pilosula[79]. [82].
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, . , , Aneuretus simoni - Adetomyrma [197]. 149 [198]. ( 2 )[199].
[]
. «» (, ) , «escamoles». ( ) , 90 , - , . ( ) , «hormigas culonas» (- Atta laevigata), [200].
() - (, ) - (Oecophylla smaragdina) ( ) [201]. -, , , «yum» (ำ), «yum khai mod daeng» (ำไข่แ) ( - ). - ( )[202]. , « » (Myrmecocystus)[202].
|
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, . . , (-) [204]. (John Lubbock, 1881)[205]. , (), [206]. 1963 ( ) 4 .
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«» (X. 99) , («») , ( I. 51, 9) , [211]. : , « »[212]. « » [213]. « » -, , [214].
. , , «», [215].
, (« ») , [216], , «» ø[217]. « », , , «»[218].
, , , [219].
, « »[220], ( valmīki «» , , ).
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. : - , , , , , [225]. : «», « », «», « », « », « », «», «», « », « », « », « », «, !», « ». «».
[]
: « », « », « ». « », . Minuscule, . - «Happy Tree Friends», «». , «!», « », « », « », «», «». Dorylus Siafu 2008 . , , : , .
The Prodigy. - Stone Temple Pilots «Army Ants» (. « »), «Purple». Adam and the Ants (« ») ( «Antmusic» #2[226] 1981 ). Rammstein «Links 2 3 4» , . .
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[]
[]
- 1 , 2003 [232].
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- 1950- 1970- . , , [234].
- . .
- «Empire of the Ants» [235].
[]
- ().
- ().
- .
- , .
- .
- , .
- , .
- ( «, »)[236] , .
[]
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[]
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