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́ ́ (. Dağlıq Qarabağ, . Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ)  . ́ - , - . - , .

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«» «»  «»  . - . Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ ( ), -  . Dağlıq Qarabağ . Yuxarı Qarabağ. (. Արցախ), .


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IXXI  [20]. IX ( -[21]), «h h»[22], . XIII [23] -   . « » XIIXIII [23][24][25] [26][25][27]. [28], [26].

XVIXVII  [29][30], [31] (, , , ), «»  «». , ( ), XVIII [32][33][34]. I[30]. XIV [35][36].

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XVIII :

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1720-. - [41][30]. I[42][43].

1747  , [44] :     ,   - [45]. [30][46]. , XVIII , , , , [47]. , 1805 .  . - 14 1805 .[48]

- 1813 .

1823  ,   .

1917 , . , . . , . .[49]

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XIX , ( ) , [50] [51] . , : , , 8 21 () , 5 , 3 . , 35 () 38 ( ), ( 90%) [50]. ... , , , , , . , , , , « », , ; XIX [51].

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1923 , 94%; 6% . , , XIX- ; , XIX .

[52][53]

1918 :

, , , , , , , 300.000 , , . , , - 3-4 [54]

, , , XIX ( ), ( )[55].

19181920 ; , () 4 1921 . , (), 5 [56]. 1923 ( ) (). 1937 - ().

1923 157800 149600 (94 %) 7700 (6 %)
1926 125.159 111.694 (89,2 %) 12.592 (10,1 %) 596 (0,5 %)
1939 150.837 132.800 (88,0 %) 14.053 (9,3 %) 3.174 (2,1 %)
10.459 9.079 (86,8 %) 672 (6,4 %) 563 (5,4 %)
27.128 25.975 (95,7 %) 727 (2,7 %) 349 (1,3 %)
40.812 36.453 (89,3 %) 2.833 (6,9 %) 1.244 (3,0 %)
32.298 30.235 (93,6 %) 1.501 (4,6 %) 457 (1,4 %)
29.321 26.881 (91,7 %) 2.014 (6,9 %) 305 (1,0 %)
10.818 4.177 (38,6 %) 6.306 (58,3 %) 256 (2,4 %)
1959 130.406 110.053 (84,4 %) 17.995 (13,8 %) 1.790 (1,6 %)
1970 150.313 121.068 (80,5 %) 27.179 (18,1 %) 1.310 (0,9 %)
1979 162.181 123.076 (75,9 %) 37.264 (23,0 %) 1.265 (0,8 %)

23 %. . : , .[57] , , , 1939 ., , , .

, 1989 , , 23156 , 21,234 (91.7 %) 1,620 (7 %) . 17000 98 % .[58] 1939 : 10818, 6306 (58,3 %) 4177 (38,6 %). , 5424 , . , 1883 25656 , 56,5 % 43,2 % [59], 1920 .[60] 1939 (5,4 %).

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.

  1. Britannica encyclopedia «Armenian Highland»:"mountainous region of Transcaucasia. It lies mainly in Turkey, occupies all of Armenia, and includes southern Georgia, western Azerbaijan, and northwestern Iran. "
  5. .
  6. . , XI, XIV, 4:

    , ; , , , , , , , . , ; . , , ; . , , .

    • : - . .: , 1956, ., 615
    • . . .  // : . .: , 1979. № I.
    • . . .  // : . .: 1937. № I. . 129-148.
    • Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Erster Band. Stuttgart 1894. p. 1303
    • .  // . . 1846. № 52. . 97.
    • Marquart J. Eranlahr nach der Geogrphle des Ps.Moses Xorenaci. In: Abhandlungen der koniglichen Geselsch. der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen. Philologisch-hisiorische Klasse. Neue Folge B.ffl, No 2, Berlin, 1901,S 358
    • . . . «. » (« » 1875, . XXVI, 1, ., 187)
    • // : 86 (82 . 4 .).  ., 18901907.
    • . , 5, 12; . . VI, 28-29, 39; (IIIII .), « », . XXXVI, . 54,1; . XXXVI, .54,4,5; . XXXVII, . 2, 3, 4; . XXXVI, .53,5; 54,1; (III .), « » , , 103; (III .), « » , , . 34-35; , . II, .8, 65; « VII . ( )», .,1877; , « », . III, .7; . V, .13; , « », 28, « -» , 795 CXII , , XLII, 2,9 ; , VI,37;27; , s.v. Ο τ η ν ή, Ω β α ρ η ο ί
  8. . . 3, . VIII: « V ., , 387 . , , .»
  9. , ., 1989, .3, . 286
  10. .
  11. , ., .2, .769, - IIV . . .
  12. . . .  // : . .: , 1979. № I.
  13. ,  ., 1979, . 135.
  14. . // . . . . XIII. 1946.
  15. Hewsen, Robert H. Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians, in: Samuelian, Thomas J. (Hg.), Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity, Chico: 1982, p. 34: « , , , , , »
  16. V. Minorsky. Studies in Caucasian History.  CUP Archive, 1953.  . 115.:

    Ahar is still the center of the district of Qaraja-dagh (older Maymad), the hilly and wild tract to which, on the opposite northern bank of the Araxes, correspond the highlands of Qara-bagh (ancient Armenian provinces Artsax and Siunik').

  17. . . IV . . . VII . . . ( ).  .-., 1959.  . 294-295.:

    VVII .. , . . , « ». , , , 387 . .

  18. . . .  ., 1915.  . 181219.
  19. . . X XI . . , .
  21. .: . . -- ' - ' -. ( 749947 ). ., 2002, ., 262 (. ., 52)
  22. , . III, . XXIII
  23. 1 2 . . XVI - XIX .  ., 1949.  . 28.: «- , ; - , XIII . - »
  24. . . , ( ), . 447: « , , , , . , ».
  25. 1 2 . « » (   XIII . . .). :" ", 2002  . . 2.: « -, , ( ) »
  26. 1 2 . , . , . . .  .: , 1972.  . 47.:

    ", «», .
    () . .

  27. . . : , / . . .  .: , 2003.  . 236.
  28. Armenia :"A few native Armenian rulers survived for a time in the Kiurikian kingdom of Lori, the Siuniqian kingdom of Baghq or Kapan, and the principates of Khachen (Artzakh) and Sasun."
  29. . . . . , .  .: , 2003.:

    , -XVI .

  30. 1 2 3 4 . . : , / . . .  .: , 2003.  . 199.:

    " (), , . I (15871629) . , , , , , , . , XVIIXVIII . , . , . , , XVIII . "

  31. . . XVI - XIX .  ., 1949.  . 59.:

      []   (), , , ; - ( )

  32. Hewsen, Robert H. «The Kingdom of Arcax» in Medieval Armenian Culture (University of Pennsylvania Armenian Texts and Studies). Thomas J. Samuelian and Michael E. Stone (eds.) Chico, California: Scholars Press, 1984, pp. 52-53
  33. Jayanta Kumar Ray, Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture, Centre for Studies in Civilizations (Delhi, India). Aspects of Indias International relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World, p.63:

    «The real trend towards Armenians settling down in the subcontinent began only in the eighteenth century. In the Persian occupied mountainous region of Karabakh, a group of five Armenian maliks (princes) succeeded in conserving their autonomy and enjoyed even a brief period of independence during the struggle between Perisa and Turkey at the beginning of the eighteenth century.»

  34. James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas Charles Pappas. An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires, p.44:

    «Only pockets such as Karabagh (Karabakh) and Zangezur in eastern Armenia and Sasun and Zeitun in western Armenia remained autonomous»

  35. Cyril Toumanoff. Armenia and Georgia // The Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: 1966. . IV: The Byzantine Empire, part I chapter XIV. . 593637.:

    The title of King of Armenia was inherited by the Lusgnans of Cyprus and, from them, by the House of Savoy. Only in Old Armenia could some vestiges of the once imposing structure of the Armenian polity be found in the houses of dynasts (meliks) in Qarabagh

  36. James Stuart Olson. An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires.  Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994.  . 44.:

    The acceptance of Islam by the Mongols around 1300, the resurgence of the Turks under the Ottomans, and the European abandonment of the Levant sounded the death knell of the last Armenian kingdom, which fell to the Mamluks (or Mamelukes) in 1375. Only pockets such as Karabagh (Karabakh) and Zangezour in eastern Armenia and Sasun and Zeitun in western Armenia remained autonomous.

  37. . , / - . . . . , ( ), . 447
  39. ,., .100/3, 1797-1799 . .464,.191-192.
  40. .., . . - ., 1898, . № 211
  41. Armenia and Iran Encyclopædia Iranica. G. Bournoutian:

    Having only recently shaken off the yoke of the qezelbāš, the Armenian people reengaged in a struggle for liberation, this time against Ottoman occupation troops. The armed Armenian forces waged heroic battles on the outskirts of Erevan, in Qarabā, in the mountainous regions of Siwnikʿ and elsewhere.

  42. Franco Cardini. Europa und der Islam, 2001, p. 179 :

    The Russians had already tested the Caucasus area in 1722-3, with an expedition designed to inflame the hearts of the Armenians in the mountainous regions of Karabagh and Siwnik

  43. Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times.  Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.  . II.  . 88.:

    In order to assume control of Eastern Armenia and Georgia, as well as to safeguard these strategic neighboring provinces from Russia, the Turks violated the 1639 agreement and entered Transcaucasia in 1723. The Georgians sent urgent messages to Peter but Russia, fearing to antagonize the Ottomans, concentrated its effort on the Caspian coast. Russian assurances of support, however, had encouraged the Armenians to armed resistance, and, together with the Persians, they fiercely defended Erevan and Ganja. Although the Turks were successful in capturing those fortresses, as well as most of northeastern Persia in 1724, the Armenian region of Karabagh-Zangezur fought on. The Armenians there were armed and had found a formidable leader in the person of Davit Bek.

  44. Richard G. Hovannisian. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Foreign dominion to statehood : the fifteenth century to the twentieth century, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p.96:

    «The Armenians of Ganja had also been reduced to a minority. Only in the mountains regions of Karabakh and Zangezur did the Armenian manage the maintain a solid majority»

  45. . .
  46. Michael P. Croissant, The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict: causes and implications, p.11:

    Importantly, disunion amongst the five princes allowed the establishment of a foothold in mountainous Karabakh by a Turkic tribe around 1750. This event marked the first time that Turks were able to penetrate the eastern Armenian highlands

  47. . . : , / . . .  .: , 2003.  . 200.:

    " , XVIII . . () , XIXII ., XVIII . . XVIII . ."

  48. . II. 1868 . . 705.
  49. Armenian Research Center // FACT SHEET: NAGORNO-KARABAGH // The University of Michigan-Dearborn; April 3, 1996
  50. 1 2 George A. Bournoutian. The Politics of Demography: Misuse of Sources on the Armenian Population of Mountainous Karabakh  (.) // Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies. Society for Armenian Studies, 1999. Vol. 9. P. 99103.

    An uncited Russian survey of 1832 and my article are used as the main sources for this statement. The survey lists the Armenian population of the whole of Karabakh at 34.8 percent (slightly over one-third) and that of the Azeris at 64.8 percent. This time Altstadt confuses the reader by identifying the whole of Karabakh with Mountainous Karabakh. The Armenian population of Karabakh (as will be demonstrated below) was concentrated in 8 out of the 21 districts or mahals of Karabakh. These 8 districts are located in Mountainous Karabakh and present-day Zangezur (then part of Karabakh). Thus 34.8 percent of the population of Karabakh populated 38 percent of the land. In other words the Armenians, according to the survey cited by Altstadt, formed 91.58 percent of the population of Mountainous Karabakh.

  51. 1 2 . - : «-, ( ) . XX . , , , . , ,   ., , (Heradstveit, 1993, . 22; Hunter, 1994, . 97,104105; Loken, 1995, . 10), (Chorbajian,Donabedian, Mutafian, 1994, . 6, 11) (Altstadt, 1992, . 78, 195196).»
  52. Bradshaw Michael J Contemporary World Regional Geography: Global Connections, Local Voices.  New York: Mcgraw-Hill, 2004.  P. 164.  ISBN 0-0725-4975-0
  53. Yamskov, A. N. «Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh». Theory and Society, Vol. 20, No. 5, Special Issue on Ethnic Conflict in the Soviet Union October 1991, 659. Retrieved on February 13, 2007.
  54. , , 10 1918 . , . 200, . 1, . 49, .6-9 .// 19181923 . . . , 1991, 11.
  55. Author(s): Adil Baguirov and Cameron Brown. Source: Middle East Journal, Vol. 59, No. 2, Changing Geopolitics (Spring, 2005), pp. 342347. Published by: Middle East Institute :344-345. : Now, this is the epitome of great mis- statements and misunderstanding of history and facts. First, there is no evidence what- soever of Armenian ethnic majority until the 20th century  all official censuses, counts, tax and land records, conducted by Mongols, Ottomans, Iranians, Azerbaijanis and imperial Russia, since the 13th century, attest to that. Second, the very definition of historical Karabakh changed to suit the needs of the Armenian minority, which shrank it. Then a flawed agricultural (!) census was conducted in 1921 (not 1920 as Dilip Hiro mistakenly believes) and the num- ber 94 % produced by a researcher, R. Kocharyan in a 1926 book, and repeated ever since. The rest is history. It is important to note that the first official Soviet census was conducted only in 1926, and that all the censuses favored more settled Armenians as opposed to many Azerbaijanis who were cattle breeders and were absent in the Karabakh mountains dur- ing the winter (this fact is actually recognized by both Armenian and Russian historians and researchers). Note that according to the Russian imperial authorities and their early census (actually, a tax inventory  a much more precise and accurate census than agricul- tural) of all of Karabakh done in 1823 (the year after the Karabakh khanate was abol- ished and Karabakh ceased to exist as an administrative, political unit), Azerbaijanis were 78 %, Armenians 22 %. By 1871, there were 73 % Azerbaijanis and 24 % Armenians. By 1897, only 57 % were Azerbaijanis, whilst 42 %  Armenians! However, de- spite a constant influx of Armenians, higher births among Azerbaijanis were able to slow down the inevitable. According to 1912 real estate (land purchases) records and the 1917 agricultural census, the permanent residents of Karabakh were 62 % Azerbaijani and 36 % Armenian. How Azerbaijanis could drop from 62 % in 1917 to mere 5 % in 1921 can be explained easily: falsifications and mas- sacres of the peaceful civilian population.
  56. 4 1921 . , . 85, . 18, . 58, . 17. 5 : , . 85, . 18, . 58, . 18.// 19181923 . . . , 1991, 649650.
  57. - 2.
  58. Amirbayov, Elchin. «Shushas Pivotal Role in a Nagorno-Karabagh Settlement» in Dr. Brenda Shaffer (ed.), Policy Brief Number 6, Cambridge, MA: Caspian Studies Program, Harvard University, December 2001.
  59. // : 86 (82 . 4 .).  ., 18901907.
  60. Giovanni Guaita Armenia between the Bolshevik hammer and Kemalist anvil // 1700 Years of Faithfulness: History of Armenia and its Churches.  Moscow: FAM, 2001.  ISBN 5898310134

  • // : 86 (82 . 4 .).  ., 18901907.
  • 1921
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